Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Seedling Age on Inbred and Hybrid Rice Varieties

Transcription

1 American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 11 (5): , 011 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 011 Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Seedling Age on Inbred and Hybrid Rice Varieties 1 3 A.K.M. Salem, W.M. ElKhoby, A.B. Abou-Khalifa and M. Ceesay 1 Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia 1 Department of Field Crops Research, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt 3 National Agricultural Research Institute, Brikama, Gambia Abstract: Two field experiments were conducted at the Rice Research and Training Center (RRTC), Sakha, Kafr-El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt during summer seasons 009 and 010 to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and seedling age on Giza 178, H1 and Sakha 101. Four nitrogen levels were used (0, 55, 110 and 165 kg N/ha) and three seedling age i.e. 0, 30 and 40 days from sowing. The results indicated that number of tillers/hill, days from sowing up to panicle initiation, heading dates, leaf area index, leaf area ratio, chlorophyll content,1000-grain weight, panicles length, agronomic efficiency, utilization efficiency and grain yield (ton/ha) were increased by increasing nitrogen levels up to 165kg N /ha. The 0 days seedling age recorded the highest values of each studied attributes. Sakha 101 variety surpassed than other varieties for all studied characters. The interaction between H1 hybrid rice variety and application of 164 kg N/ha gave the highest value of utilization efficiency (kg/ha), agronomic efficiency, leaf area ratio. Seedling age (0 days from sowing) with H1 hybrid rice gave the highest value of utilization efficiency (kg/ha), agronomic efficiency, leaf area ratio, while H1 hybrid rice at 0 days age of seedling without nitrogen application gave the lowest value of utilization efficiency (kg/ha), agronomic efficiency, leaf area ratio. Key words:rice Crop growth rate Nitrogen uptake Seedling age Hybrid rice Physiological characters Nitrogen utilization efficiency Agronomic efficiency INTRODUCTION a mean yield advantage of 10-15% over inbred varieties. Growth and development processes associated with Rice is a major cereal cultivated in Egypt and the higher grain yields of rice hybrids include a more vigorous world. It is the main food crop for a majority of the world s and extensive root system [4, 5]. Increased growth rate population. In the year 000, the area under rice during vegetative growth gives more efficient sink cultivation in Egypt was about 0.66 million hectares formation and greater sink size [6, 7], greater carbohydrate (1.57 million feddans) and total rice production reached translocation from vegetative plant parts to the spikelets about 6 million tons with national average yield of 9.10 [8] and larger leaf area index (LAI) during the grain-filling t/ha. This average yield ranked the highest among all rice period, but the physiological basis for heterosis remains cultivating countries in the world [1]. In Egypt, varietal unknown [9]. Specific characteristics of the uptake and improvement plays an important role in increasing rice physiology of N in hybrid rice appear to a key role in yields. Increases in rice production depend on the characteristics of N uptake and N use by hybrid rice. availability of high yielding varieties []. Varieties differ in Nitrogen taken up during early growth stages their ability to impact productivity. Harbir et al. [3] accumulates in the vegetative parts of the plant and is reported that in India, medium duration rice cultivars gave utilized for grain formation. A large portion of the nitrogen maximum value on grain yield and its components, is absorbed during differentiation. The leaves and compared with short duration cultivars. Rice hybrids have stems contain a large portion of the nitrogen taken up by Corresponding Author: B.A. Abou-Khalifa, Rice Research and Training Center (RRTC), Sakha, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt. 640

2 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 11 (5): , 011 the plant [10]. Nitrogen fertilization has a vital role in study the effect of nitrogen levels (0, 55, 110 and 164 determining the percentage nitrogen in the rice grains and kg/ha) and seedling age (0, 30 and 40 days) on some rice nitrogen uptake by the rice plants [11]. Kumar et al. [1] varieties namely, H1 (SK-034H), Sakha 178 and Sakha and Maske et al. [13] reported that increasing nitrogen 101. Soil samples from the experimental site were collected levels up to 10 kg N/ha significantly increased plant randomly from 0-30 cm depth for chemical analysis height, leaf area, yield component and grain yield. Rice according to Black et al. [1]. The results of analysis are growth characteristics namely plant height, tillers /m, presented in Table 1. leaf area index, dry matter content, grain yield and its Three seedling ages 0, 30 and 40 days were components (i.e., number of panicles/m, number of transplanted in hills spaced at 0x0 cm and plot sizes of grains/panicle, percentage filled grain and 1000-grain 3x5m. Recommended agricultural practices were applied weight) were significantly increased when rice was with all variety under study. The experimental design fertilized with 144kg N/ha (60 kg/n fed.) as double-split was a split-split plot design with four replications. application (/3 or ½ of the dose was incorporated in dry Seedling age was allocated to the main-plot, nitrogen soil: immediately before planting and the rest at panicle levels to the sub-plot and rice varieties to the sub-sub initiation [, 14, 15]. Abou-Khalifa [16] found that plot. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the urea form maximum tillering, panicle initiation, heading date, crop (46.5%N) in two splits (/3 the total dose was applied and growth rates, leaf area index and grain yield were increase mixed in the dry soil before flooding. The remaining 1/3 by increased nitrogen levels of up to 165 kg N/ha. Among was added at panicle initiation stage). Number of days the various factors that influence rice productivity, from sowing to 50% heading was recorded for each seedling age is rated high because it has tremendous variety. After 100% heading, leaf area index and total leaf effect on plant height, tiller production, panicle length, chlorophyll content was recorded using chlorophyll grain formation and other grain yield contributing meter 5 SPAD-50 Minolta Camera Co. Ltd., Japan []. characters [17]. Islam and Ahmed [18] also reported Before harvest, plant height was measured as the distance that 30-day old seedlings gave higher grain yield. between soil surface up to the top of the main panicle. Abou-Khalifa [19] found that seedling age 5 days gave Number of tillers/hill was counted. Average number of the highest value of leaf area index, sink capacity, tillers for five hills was recorded. The hills were carefully number of spikelets/m, 1000-grain weight, spikelets leaf pulled to keep the whole root system and then ratio, panicle weight, number of filled grains, grain filling transferred to the laboratory to determine plant attributes. period and grain yield. Abou-Khalifa [0] found that Plant height (cm) was determined for each sample in cm interaction between age of seedling with H5 cultivar gave from the base to the tip of the tallest leaf blade. Grain yield the highest value of number of filled grains/panicle, was measured from 1m (3x4 m) in the center of sub-plot. harvest index and grain yield. The lowest value was Grain yield was adjusted to 14% moisture content obtained from sowing of Sakha 10 using 35 days old determined according to Yoshida [3]. Other parameters seedling. measured included Harvest index, where HI = Economic yield/biological yield, according to RRTC [4], Sink MATERIALS AND METHODS capacity = number of spikelets per m according to Yoshida and Parao [5], Spikelets-leaf area ratio = number Two field experiments were conducted at the of spikelets/unit leaf area according to RRTC [4]. Rice Research and Training Center (Sakha-Kafr El Ten panicles were randomly collected from each Sheikh Egypt), in 009 and 010 summer seasons to sub-plot to determine 1000-grain weight and number of Table 1: Soil chemical analysis of the experimental site Soil character Mean ph EC ds/m Organic matter (%) Total N (%) Available P (ppm) Available K (ppm) Available Zn (ppm)

3 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 11 (5): , 011 Table : Number of tillers, panicle initiation, light penetration and leaf area index to some rice varieties as affected by Nitrogen Levels under deferent seedling age No. of tillers /hill Days to panicle initiation Light penetration Leaf area Index Treatments Seedling age (day ) CV % LSD at 5 % CV % LSD at 5 % Giza H 1 Hybrid Sakha CV % LSD at 5 % grains/per panicle. Crop growth rate (CGR) (g/cm /week) While 40-days seedlings gave the lowest value for all was determined as the increase of plant height in unit of former characters, number of tillers/hill, panicle initiation ground area / m every 7 days as the following equation: and leaf area index were significantly increased by CGR (g/cm /week) = (W-W 1)/T-T 1. Where W 1 and increasing nitrogen levels from zero up to 164 kg/ha, W refer to sample weight at time (weeks) T 1and except light penetration was significantly decreased by T, respectively. Light penetration was determined by increasing nitrogen levels. It is clear that H1 hybrid rice lux/meter Pu 150 (K-Pu). Utilization Efficiency was variety gave the highest value of number of tillers /hill, determined according to the methods obtained by panicle initiation and leaf area index followed by Giza 178. De-Datta [6] as follow: UE = (Grain yield treat - Grain On the other hand, light penetration was significantly yield content)/ kg N absorbed at heading x 100. decreased with H1 hybrid rice variety, while the highest Agronomy Efficiency: was determined as the methods was obtained with Sakha 101. This was however expected, obtained by De-Datta [6] as follow: Agronomy since H1 hybrid variety is characterized by high tillering Efficiency = (grain yield treat grain yield content/n ability. Nitrogen encourages biomass development. It is applied kg) x 100. Number of panicles/ m was determined an essential element that plays prominent role in building at harvest time by counting the number of panicles / m new meristematic cells, enhancing cell elongation and randomly in each plot. increasing photosynthetic activities of the plant. These results are in harmony with those obtained by Abd Statistical Analysis: Data collected were subjected to EL-Wahab [], Ebaid and Ghanem [11], Kumar et al. [1], statistical analysis of variance according to Gomez and Maske et al. [13], Hamissa et al. [14], Mahrous et al. [15], Gomez [7] using IRRISTAT computer program. Abou-Khalifa [16] and Abou-Khalifa [19]. Data in Table 3 showed that crop growth rate during RESULTS AND DISCUSSION three different growth periods and chlorophyll content were significantly increased for the 0-day seedlings. Data in Table showed that 0-days seedlings gave This can be associated to prolific root growth resulting the highest value for number of tillers/hill, number of days from none destruction of the root system during to panicle initiation and leaf area index. However, light uprooting and transplanting. Forty-day old seedlings penetration was significant decreased. gave the lowest value for crop growth rate and 64

4 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 11 (5): , 011 Table 3: Crop growth rate and chlorophyll content of some rice varieties as affected by nitrogen levels under different age seedling Crop growth rate (g/cm /week) Chlorophyll content DAS DAS DAS (mg/g fresh weight) Treatments Seedling age (day) CV % LSD at 5 % CV % LSD at 5 % Giza H 1 Hybrid Sakha CV % LSD at 5 % Table 4: 1000-grain weight, N-uptake (kg/ha) at heading stage, N-uptake (kg/ha) in grains, utilization efficiency (kg/ha) and agronomic efficiency of some rice varieties as affected by nitrogen levels and seedling age N-uptake N-uptake Utilization Agronomic 1000-grain weight (g) (kg/ha) at heading (kg/ha) in grains efficiency efficiency Treatments Seedling age (day) CV % LSD at 5 % CV % LSD at 5 % Giza H 1 Hybrid Sakha CV % LSD at 5 % chlorophyll content. Crop growth rate and chlorophyll This might be attributed to its relatively high content were gradually increased with increasing biomass and leaf area index. These results are in nitrogen levels from zero to 164 kg/ha. H1 hybrid rice agreement with those obtained by Abd El-Wahab [], surpassed the other varieties under study in crop Harbir et al. [3], Ebaid and Ghanem [11], Kumar et al. growth rate crop rate during the three intervals [1], Maske et al. [13], Abou-Khalifa [16] and recorded and in chlorophyll content as well. Abou-Khalifa [19]. 643

5 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 11 (5): , 011 Fig. 1: Nitrogen utilization efficiency (kg N absorbed/kg N applied) of some rice varieties as affected by nitrogen application levels Fig. 3: Agronomic efficiency (kg grains / kg N applied) of some rice varieties as affected by nitrogen application levels Fig. : Nitrogen utilization efficiency (kg N absorbed/kg Fig. 4: Agronomic efficiency (kg grains / kg N applied) N applied) of some rice varieties as affected by of some rice varieties as affected by seedling age seedling age Data in Table 4 showed that 0-day old seedlings Fig. 1 illustrated that the interaction between scored the highest value for 1000-grain weight, N-uptake H1 hybrid rice and 165 Kg N /ha gave the (kg/ha) at heading stage, N-uptake (kg/ha) in grains, highest value for nitrogen utilization efficiency, utilization efficiency (kg/ha) and agronomic efficiency. while Sakha 101 with 55 kg N/ha recorded the On contrary, 40-day old seedlings gave the lowest values lowest value. for these parameters grain weight, N-uptake (kg/ha) Fig. showed that the highest nitrogen utilization at heading stage, N-uptake (kg/ha) in grains, utilization efficiency was obtained with cultivation H1 hybrid efficiency (kg/ha) and agronomic efficiency were seedlings 0-days old, while the lowest was obtained with increased with increasing nitrogen levels, although there Sakha 178 at 40-days old seedling. was significant disparity among the three varieties tested. Fig. 3 showed that the interaction between H1 hybrid H1 hybrid variety scored the maximum 1000-grain weight, rice and 165 kg N/ha gave the highest value for agronomic N-uptake (kg/ha) at heading stage, N-uptake (kg/ha) in efficiency, while Sakha 101 with 55 kg N/ha application grains, utilization efficiency (kg/ha) and agronomic level gave the lowest. efficiency followed by Giza 178 variety. Sakha 101 variety Fig. 4 showed that 0-days old seedlings of H1 produced the minimum values for the same parameters. hybrid gave the highest value of agronomic efficiency, Similar results were obtained by, Li [4], Yang and Sun [5], while the interaction between 40-days old seedlings of Kabaki [6], Peng [9] and Mikkelson [10]. Giza 178 gave the lowest. 644

6 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 11 (5): , 011 Table 5: Panicle length, number of grain/panicle, leaf area ratio (spikelets/la), sink capacity and grain yield (t/ha) of some rice varieties as affected by different nitrogen levels under different seedling ages Number of Leaf area ratio Panicle length (cm) grains /panicle (Spikelets/LA) Sink capacity Grain yield (t/ha) Treatments Seedling age (day) CV % LSD at 5 % CV % LSD at 5 % Giza H 1 Hybrid Sakha CV % LSD at 5 % Data in Table 5 revealed that panicle length, number REFERENCES of grains/panicle, leaf area ratio (spikelets/la), sink capacity and grain yield (t/ha) were increased at 0-days 1. Badawi, A.T., 000. Highlights on the results of rice old seedlings. Panicle length, number of grains/panicle, program. Ministry of Agric. and Land Reclamation, leaf area ratio, sink capacity and grain yield (t/ha) Agric. Res. Center, Rice Program, Egypt. were gradually increased with increasing nitrogen. Abd El-Wahab, A.E., Physiological behaviour levels from zero to 164 kg/ha. H1 hybrid variety had the of some Egyptian rice cultivars under different highest values followed by Giza 178, while Sakha 101 gave nitrogen levels. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci., 13(4): the lowest values. These results are in harmony with 3. Harbir, S., K.T. Ingram and H. Sting, Variety and those obtained by Li [4], Yang and Sun [5], Kabaki [6], water deficit effect on phenology, growth and Peng [9], Mikkelson [10], Ebaid and Ghanem [11], Kumar evapotranspiration efficiency in rice crop. Res. Hisar, et al. [1] and Maske et al. [13]. 11(): CONCLUSION 4. Li, Z.B Biological basis of heterosis utilization in rice plant. In: Research and practice of hybrid rice Beijing: Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Nitrogen application level of 164 kg/ha enhanced pp: plant growth and development culminating to significant 5. Yang, X. and X. Sun, Characteristics of f1 increases in grain yield for the all the varieties. hybrid rice roots. In: Hybrid rice. Manila However, using 0-days old seedlings had additive effect. (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute, Use of 0-days seedlings gave the highest value for pp: number of tillers/hill, number of days to panicle initiation, 6. Kabaki, N., Growth and yield of japonica-indicia leaf area index, chlorophyll content. The rice variety hybrid rice. Japan. Agric. Res., Q.7: H1 Hybrid out performed the other test varieties. It has 7. Yamauchi, M., Physiological bases of higher significantly longer panicles, more grains per panicle, yield potential in F1 hybrids In: Virmani SS, editor. better N-uptake at heading and grain yield. Cumulatively, Hybrid rice technology: new developments and the effect of nitrogen application at 164 kg/ha had greater future prospects. Manila (Philippines): International impact than both variety and seedling age. Rice Research Institute, pp:

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