Chemical Sensing Array Platform for Continuous and Autonomous Event Monitoring

Transcription

1 Chemical Sensing Array Platform for Continuous and Autonomous Event Monitoring Margie L. Homer (PI), Abhijit V. Shevade, Kenneth S. Mannatt, Hanying Zhou 2017 California Institute of Technology, Government sponsorship acknowledged

2 Normalized DR SENSING ARRAY PLATFORM: ELECTRONIC NOSE (ENose) An electronic nose is an array of semiselective chemical sensors. The JPL ENose is 32 chemiresistive sensors which respond to changes in the composition of the environment. The sensing array responds in fingerprint patterns to a broad suite of target analytes. Fingerprints are deconvoluted for identification and quantification. The JPL ENose provides rapid, early identification and quantification of targeted chemical species. Targets: leaks and spills of selected VOCs leaks and spills of CO, NH 3, Hg, SO 2 cleanup processes cm The Third Generation JPL ENose Sensor Unit Volume ~820 cm 3, Mass ~840 g. A PDA, laptop computer or Interface Unit can be used to record and analyze data in real-time. 50 ppm CH 3 50 ppm concentration detection range: parts-per-million (ppm) / parts-per-billion (ppb) levels Sensor

3 THREE GENERATIONS OF JPL ENOSES 17.5 cm Generation 1 Experiment on STS-95, TRL 6-7 funded by AEMC Volume: 2000 cm 3 inc. computer Mass: 1.4 kg including computer Power: 1.5 W ave., 3 W peak Detect/ID/Quant 10 compounds at 1 hour SMAC. No real-time data analysis; data acquisition and device control with HP 200LX computer. 6 day flight experiment successful. Generation 2 Ground Testing, TRL 5-6 funded by AEMC Volume: 750 cm 3 w/o computer Mass: 800 g w/o computer Power: 1.5 W ave., 3 W peak Detect/ID/Quant 21 compounds at 24 hour SMAC. Data acquisition and device control possible with PDA computer; real time data analysis with ultra micro computer. Extensive ground testing in environmental chamber. AEMC requested that Gen 2 functions be transferred to Gen 3. Generation 3 Tech. Demo. on ISS, TRL 4 funded by AEMC Volume: 3-4 L inc. computer Mass: Power: 3-4 kg inc. computer 5-8 W ave., ~ 14 W peak Detect/ID/Quant 10 compounds at defined concentrations, including Hg, SO 2. Deconvolute mixtures, id unknowns by functional group. Data acquisition, device control, real time data analysis, display included. Extensive ground testing in environmental chamber; then seven month test on-orbit.

4 3 rd Gen ENOSE SENSING ARRAY Sensor unit Array of 32 sensors on 4 alumina substrates Polymer-carbon black and inorganic composite sensing films. Sensors for Temperature, Relative Humidity, Pressure Sensor array can be tailored based on target analyte list

5 WHY USE THE ENOSE? ENose is an event monitor which fills the gap between an alarm (no identification or quantification) and analytical instruments ID and quantification of trained-for chemical species Wide dynamic range: fractional ppm to 10,000 ppm Array based sensing; can be trained to detect new species and training data can be uplinked Runs continuously (30 to 360 data points/hr) and autonomously Identification and quantification response time 5-40 minutes from event start Minimal crew interaction required Requires no consumables Low mass, volume, power Microgravity-insensitive, robust, rugged Readily integrated with larger devices and with monitoring/control systems

6 THE JPL ELECTRONIC NOSE (ENOSE) ENose Generation 3 Technology Demonstration on ISS funded by ESMD/AEMC Volume 3.6 L Mass: 3.4 kg Power 12 W avg, 20 W peak OBJECTIVE: Detect/ID/quantify selected chemical species at defined concentrations in environmental conditions of ISS acetone mercury ammonia methanol dichloromethane 2-propanol ethanol sulfur dioxide formaldehyde toluene Freon month test on-orbit in ISS Launched on STS-126; Nov. 14, 2008 Activated Dec. 9, 2008; deactivated July 15, 2009 Returned on STS-128, Sept 11, 2009

7 JPL ENose ISS TECH DEMO TARGET ANALYTES ANALYTE TARGET CON (ppm) TARGET CON (mg/m 3 ) JUSTIFICATION 24 HOUR SMAC* (ppm) ODOR THRESHOLD + (ppm) TIER 1 Ammonia Thermal control system external coolant; potential leak into cabin Mercury High profile; used in ISS Hg vapor lamps and certain payloads odorless Sulfur Dioxide 1 3 Thionyl chloride battery leakage potential (no longer on ISS) TWA = 2 STEL = 5 3 TIER 2 Acetone Frequently detected in ISS atmosphere Dichloromethane Always detected in ISS atmosphere Ethanol Frequently detected in ISS atmosphere; ECLS concern Freon Russian A/C coolant; leaks have occurred; ECLSS concern 11,000 na Methanol Frequently detected in ISS atmosphere Propanol Frequently detected in ISS atmosphere; ECLS concern Toluene Represents aromatic compounds; frequently detected TIER 3 Formaldehyde Prevalent off gas product; health concern; allergen sensitivity SOURCE: * JSC Document 20584, Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Airborne Contaminants, June US Coast Guard, Chemical Hazards Response Information System; National Institutes of Health, Hazardous Substance Data Bank; OSHA standard TWA = Time Weighted Average; STEL = Short Term Exposure Limit; ECLSS = Environmental Control and Life Support System(NASA)

8 3rd Gen JPL ELECTRONIC NOSE (ENOSE) ISS Operations Summary Installed on EXPRESS Rack 2 in US Lab on ISS December 9, 2008; operated continuously while powered Total time unpowered in ~7 months was 15 days (June 24 - July 10) Real-time, continuous access to sensor and instrument data when there is space-to-ground signal Weekly downlinks of full data files Biweekly events created by crew to confirm that ENose was operating correctly ( confirmational events ) Experiment ended July 15, 2009 after last downlink; unit returned on STS-128 (17A), Sept 11, Returned to JPL Oct

9 ENOSE ISS MISSION ISS Data Analysis Summary Species No. of Events Min Con (ppm) Max Con (ppm) Ethanol Methanol Formaldehyde Freon Unknown Confirm. Event No event lasted longer than 2 hours; most minutes No identified event exceeded Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration (SMAC) for the period it lasted Ethanol and methanol may be cleaning solvent released when equipment is removed from packaging Formaldehyde may be released when exercise equipment is used Freon 218 is known to be released from Russian cooling equipment and was detected by ANITA (ESA Technology Demonstration) Unknown events identified as SF 6 with sensor response models and experimentally validated (85% pattern overlap.) ANITA experiment detected SF6 at ppm level.

10 ENOSE ISS MISSION OPERATION JPL ELECTRONIC NOSE (ENOSE) Deployed on ISS EXPRESS Rack 2

11 ENOSE ISS MISSION OPERATIONS DATA & COMMUNICATIONS ENose on ISS EXPRESS Rack Remote Computer - JPL Trek Rack Interface Controller (RIC) POIC at MSFC Ethernet Internet ISS Infrastructure NASA Telescience Center Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

12 ENOSE ISS MISSION OPERATIONS 3rd Gen JPL ENose GUI, showing instrument operating parameters

13 3 rd Generation ENose in the MSFC REMS Laboratory Module Simulator (LMS) Regenerative ECLSS Module Simulator (REMS) Node 1 Simulator JPL ENose in REMS chamber for ~2 months Several test volunteers enter REMS daily to exercise on equipment hygiene activities cooking and eating food (frozen dinners) cleaning with hygiene wipes Activities, weight change after exercise and use of water are logged for condensate information Exercise clothing is hung up to dry in REMS after exercise JPL ENose in REMS Results from REMS experiment Identified and quantified analyte events correlated with volunteer activities Correlated ethanol events with topical medication of one volunteer Additional results from re-analysis using RASCal algorithms show that number of volunteers and level of activity can also be determined

14 (For ground test, gas bottles with ppm concentrations of these gases were procured and known concentrations were delivered to the sensor unit under a humid air background) Monitoring lithium-ion battery operational safety using JPL ENose - Lithium-ion battery thermal runaway products Major components* -Carbon monoxide -Carbon dioxide -Hydrogen -Methane -Ethane -Ethylene -Propylene 15 cm JPL ENose sensor unit (*Reference: D.P. Abraham et al., Diagnostic examination of thermally abused high-power lithium-ion cells, Journal of Power Sources 161 (2006) ) - Performed ground tests using the JPL ENose sensor unit to demonstrate parts-per-million (ppm) level of detection of few of these gases and hence demonstrated the capability of a sensor array autonomous platform for the continuous monitoring of lithium-ion battery operational safety.

15 Heat-to-Vent Experiments for Lithium ion cells Performed heat-to-vent experiments on coin cells in an environmental test chamber, to detect vented gaseous products using the chemical sensing arrays in the JPL Electronic Nose (ENose) sensor unit. Coin cells used in this investigation were fabricated in the laboratory. These laboratory coin cells contain actual electrodes and electrolytes as used in the commercial lithiumion coin cells. These cells are electrically inactive with no lithium-ion salt. This was done for safety reasons, since we are not setup to do a thermal run away experiment of an electrically active lithium ion cell.

16 Heat-to-Vent Experiments for Lithium ion cells Environmental chamber Vented products detected by JPL Electronic Nose (ENose) sensing arrays. ENose connected externally to the chamber Heat-to-vent Setup with Lithium ion cells 15 cm JPL ENose sensor unit Environmental chamber: Designed with recirculating air flow to replicate ISS air flow conditions

17 Monitoring lithium-ion battery operational safety Sensor array response to trace methane and ethane (ppm concentrations) methane(36ppm) Ethane (11ppm) Methane, 36 ppm Ethane, 11 ppm Normalized sensor response Normalized sensor response Sensor# Sensor# We are looking for different sensor array response patterns Notice change in sensor array response patterns with different gases

18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The JPL ENose Technology development program was supported by Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control Project of the Life Support and Habitation Program, ESMD, NASA. The JPL ENose experiments to demonstrate the potential for monitoring lithium-ion battery operational safety, were a part of a seed effort supported by JPL Research and Technology Development Funds. The Heat-to-Vent experiments to demonstrate the potential for monitoring lithium-ion battery operational safety using the JPL ENose Technology was supported by NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC). The research reported here was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.