An enzyme is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst that is, it speeds up a metabolic reaction without itself being permanently charged.

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Baldwin McDonald
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1 Enzyme Enzymes are globular proteins. Like all globular proteins, enzyme molecules are coiled into a precise three dimensional shape, with hydrophilic R groups (side chains) on the outside of the molecule ensuring that they are soluble. An enzyme is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst that is, it speeds up a metabolic reaction without itself being permanently charged. The substance present at the start of an enzyme catalysed reaction is called the substrate. The product is the new substance or substances formed. Explain the mode of action of enzymes in terms of an active site, enzyme/substrate complex, lowering of activation energy and enzyme specificity; The active site of an enzyme is a region, usually a cleft or depression, to which another molecule or molecules can bind. The shape of the active sit allows the substrate to fit perfectly. The idea that the enzyme has a particular shape into which the substrate fit exactly is known as the lock and key hypothesis. The substrate is the key whose key whose shape fits the lock of the enzyme. The substrate is held in place by temporary bonds which form between the substrate and some of the R groups of the enzyme s amino acids. This combined structure is termed the enzyme - substrate complex. Each type of enzyme will usually act on only one type of substrate molecule. This is because the shape of the active site will only allow one shape of the molecule to fit. The enzyme is said to be specific for this substrate. The modern hypothesis for enzyme action is known as the induced fir hypothesis. It is basically the same as the lock and key hypothesis, but adds the idea that the enzyme, and sometimes the substrate, can change shape slightly as the substrate molecule enters the enzyme, in order to ensure a perfect fit. This makes the catalysis even more efficient. An enzyme may catalyse a reaction in which the substrate molecule is split into two or more molecules. Alternatively, it may catalyse the joining together of two molecules, as when making a dipeptide. Interactions between the R groups of the enzyme and the atoms of the substrate can break, or encourage formation of, bonds in the substrate molecule, forming one, two or more products. When the reaction is complete, the product leave the active site. The enzyme is unchanged by this process, so it is now available to receive another substrate molecule. The rate at which substrate molecules can bind to the enzyme s active site, be formed into products and leave can be very rapid. Activation energy

Substrates generally need to be supplied with energy to cause them to change into products. The energy required to do this is called activation energy.

They reduce the activation energy needed to make the reaction take place.

2 Substrates generally need to be supplied with energy to cause them to change into products. The energy required to do this is called activation energy. In a laboratory, you might supply energy by heating to cause two substances to react together. Enzymes are able to make substances react even at low temperatures. They reduce the activation energy needed to make the reaction take place. They do this by distorting the shape of the substrate molecule when it binds at the enzyme s active site. Follow the progress of an enzyme-catalysed reaction by measuring rates of formation of products (for example, using catalase) or rates of disappearance of substrate (for example, using amylase);

Investigate and explain the effects of temperature, ph, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on the rate of enzymecatalysed reactions; Temperature At low temperatures, enzyme and

4 Investigate and explain the effects of temperature, ph, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on the rate of enzymecatalysed reactions; Temperature At low temperatures, enzyme and substrate molecules have little kinetic energy. They move slowly, and so collide infrequently. This means that the rate of reaction is low. If the temperature is increased, then the kinetic energy of the molecules increases. Collision frequency therefore increases, causing an increase in the rate of reaction.

Above a certain temperature, however, hydrogen bonds holding the enzyme molecule in shape begin to break. This causes the tertiary structure of the enzyme to change, an effect called denaturation.

5 Above a certain temperature, however, hydrogen bonds holding the enzyme molecule in shape begin to break. This causes the tertiary structure of the enzyme to change, an effect called denaturation. This affects the shape of its active site. It becomes less likely that the substrate molecule will be able to bind with the enzyme, and the rate of reaction slows down. The temperature, at which an enzyme works most rapidly, just below, that at which denaturation begins, is called its optimum temperature. Enzymes in the human body generally have an optimum temperature of about 37cel, but enzymes from organisms that have evolved to live in much higher or lower temperature may have much higher it lower optimum temperatures.

Some, however, require a very ph; one example is the protein digesting enzyme pepsin found in the human stomach, which has an optimum ph of 2.

7 ph ph affects ionic bonds that hold protein molecules in shape. Because enzymes are proteins, their molecules are affected by changes in ph. Most enzymes molecules only maintain their correct tertiary structure within a very narrow ph range, generally around ph 7. Some, however, require a very ph; one example is the protein digesting enzyme pepsin found in the human stomach, which has an optimum ph of 2. Enzyme Concentration The greater the concentration of enzyme, the more frequent the collisions between enzyme and substrate, and therefore the faster the rate of the reaction. However, at very high enzyme concentrations, the concentration of substrate may become a limiting factor, so the rate does not continue to increase if the enzyme concentration is increased.

However, at high substrate concentrations, the concentration of enzyme may become a limiting factor, so the rate does not continue to

9 Substrate concentration The greater the concentration of substrate, the more frequent the collisions between enzyme and substrate, and therefore the faster the rate of the reaction. However, at high substrate concentrations, the concentration of enzyme may become a limiting factor, so the rate does not continue to increase if the substrate concentration is increased. Explain the effects of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on the rate of enzyme activity; An inhibitor is a substance that slow done the rate at which an enzyme works.

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What can you tell me about this picture? ENZYMES A protein with catalytic properties due to its power of specific activation 1. Anabolic reactions: Define the following terms: Reactions that build up molecules