Effect of moisture stress on yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Genotypes by moisture stress indices

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1 2017; 6(4): E-ISSN: P-ISSN: JPP 2017; 6(4): Received: Accepted: Ravi Kumawat Dhirendra Singh Kana Ram Kumawat Madhu Choudhary Sarla Kumawat Effect of moisture stress on yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Genotypes by moisture stress indices Ravi Kumawat, Dhirendra Singh, Kana Ram Kumawat, Madhu Choudhary and Sarla Kumawat Abstract Drought and moisture stress is the most limiting factor affecting growth and productivity of crop plants. In order to study the response of thirty genotypes of coriander to drought stress, an experiment was conducted in RBD with three replications under two environments namely, (i) normal condition (E1) and (ii) limited moisture condition (E2) during rabi at Agronomy Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. Eight drought tolerance indices including stress tolerance (TOL), stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield index (YI), stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI) and modified stress tolerance index (MSTI) were calculated based on seed yield under moisture stress (Ys) and non-stress condition (Yp). The pooled analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the environments, genotypes and G x E interactions for seed yield per plant (g). The seed yield under non-stress condition (Yp) had significant and positive association with TOL, STI, MP, GMP, YI, SSPI, K1STI and K2STI and positive and non-significant association with SSI. The seed yield under moisture stress condition (Ys) had significant and positive association with STI, MP, GMP, YI, K1STI and K2STI, and significant negative association with SSI. While TOL and SSPI exhibited negative and non-significant association with seed yield under stress condition (Ys). The results showed that STI, MP, GMP, YI, K1STI and K2STI were more effective in identifying high yielding genotypes in both stress and non-stress conditions while, TOL, SSI, YI and SSPI under moisture stress condition. Based upon the mean seed yield and overall rank, the genotypes UD-705, UD-529, UD-769, RCr-20 and RCr-475 were found most tolerant. Hence, these genotypes may be used in further moisture stress breeding programmes for development of resistant varieties for drought. Keywords: Coriander, drought tolerance indices, correlation, seed yield, selection criteria. Correspondence Ravi Kumawat University, Jobner, Jaipur Introduction India is well known as "land of spices across the world since long back. We have been cultivating precious species for fulfilling our various needs since ages. The seed spices have emerged as one of the important group of spice crop of our country. India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of seed spices in the world. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) also called Dhania (Hindi), is an important spice crop grown in our country for its fruit as well tender green leaves. Taxonomically, coriander is a member of family apiaceae and believed to be a native of Mediterranean region. It is highly cross pollinated diploid species having chromosome number 2n=22. The plant is an annual herb, with erect stem, 1 to 3 feet high, slender and branched. The aromatic odour and taste of coriander fruits is due to presence of essential oil called coriandrol (Pruthi,) [1]. The leaves and seeds of coriander have a pleasant odour and used for chutneys, sauces, flavouring curries, soups, pickle preparation, curry powder, seasoning and sausages. The seeds are also considered to be carminative, diuretic, stomatic tonic, antibilious, refrigerant and aphrodisiac (Murty and Sridhar,) [2]. Therefore coriander is used in many ayurvedic medicines as an ingredient. The disinfectant, detoxifying, antiseptic, antifungal and antioxidant properties of coriander are ideal for clearing up skin disorders such as eczema, dryness and fungal infection. The dry seed contains 6.3 per cent moisture, 12 per cent protein, per cent volatile oil, 19.6 per cent non volatile oil, 24.6 per cent carbohydrates, 5.3 per cent mineral matter and vitamin-a (175 I.U. per 100g). Coriander is mainly a crop of tropical and sub-tropical regions and the insufficient soil water supply frequently occurs at the same time with high temperature at the end of growing season because rainfall is scarce, unevenly distributed and temperature is high during seed filling period. Drought and moisture stress tolerance is a complex quantitative trait with low heritability. Breeding for resistance to drought is complicated by the lack of fast, reproducible ~ 1493 ~

2 screening techniques and the inability to routinely create defined and repeatable water stress conditions where large populations can be evaluated efficiently (Ramirez and Kelly) [3]. The most effective selection criterion, among various morphological, physiological, yield and yield related traits, for identifying drought resistant genotypes is based on mean seed yield under drought stress and non-stress environments Araus et al., [4], Ramirez and Kelly [3], and White et al., [5]. Loss of yield is the main concern of plant breeders hence they emphasize on yield performance under stress conditions. The relative yield performance of genotypes in drought-stressed and favorable environments seems to be a common starting point in the identification of desirable genotypes for drought conditions (Nouri et al.,) [6]. Thus, drought indices which provide a measure of drought based on loss of yield under drought-conditions in comparison to normal conditions have been used for screening drought-tolerant genotypes (Mitra,) [7]. These indices are either based on drought resistance or susceptibility of genotypes (Fernandez,) [8]. Various quantitative criteria have been proposed for selection of genotypes based on their yield performance in stress and nonstress environments. Drought resistance is defined by Hall [9] as the relative yield of a genotype compared to other genotypes subjected to the same drought stress. Drought susceptibility of a genotype is often measured as a function of the reduction in yield under drought stress (Blum,) [10]. Rosielle and Hamblin [11] defined stress tolerance (TOL) as the differences in yield between the stress (Ys) and non-stress (Yp) environments and mean productivity (MP) as the average yield of genotypes under stress and non-stress conditions. Fischer and Maurer [12] suggested the stress susceptibility index (SSI) for measurement of yield stability that apprehended the changes in both potential and actual yields in variable environments. Among the stress tolerance indicators, a larger value of TOL and SSI represent relatively more sensitivity to stress, thus a smaller value of TOL and SSI are favored. Selection based on these two criteria favors genotypes with low yield potential under non-stress conditions and high yield under stress conditions. Guttieri et al., [13] using SSI criterion suggested that SSI > 1 indicating above-average susceptibility and SSI< 1 indicated belowaverage susceptibility to drought stress. Fernandez [8] defined a new advanced index (STI= stress tolerance index), which can be used to identify genotypes that produce high yield under both stress and non-stress conditions and geometric mean productivity (GMP) is often used by breeders interested in relative performance, since drought stress can vary in severity in field environments over years (Fernandez, [8]. On the other hand, selection based on STI and GMP will be resulted in genotypes with higher stress tolerance and yield potential will be selected (Fernandez,) [8]. Gavuzzi et al. [14] suggested yield index (YI) in order to evaluation the stability of genotypes in the both stress and non-stress conditions. Moosavi et al. [15] introduced stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI) for screening drought tolerant genotypes in stress and non-stress conditions. To improve the efficiency of STI a modified stress tolerance index (MSTI) was suggested by Farshadfar and Sutka [16] which corrects the STI as a weight. The objectives of the present investigation were to identify tolerant coriander genotypes. Material and Method The present investigation was carried out at Agronomy Farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (20º 6 N, 75º 25 E and 420 m above mean sea level). The place falls in agroclimatic zone III A (Semi-arid Eastern Plain Zone) of Rajasthan. The climate of this region is a typically semi-arid, characterized by extremes of temperature during summer, high as 48 0 C while in winter, it may fall as low as C. The average annual rainfall of this tract ranges between mm. The experimental material comprised of thirty genotypes were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with 3 replications during rabi in two environments, namely, (i) normal condition (E 1) and (ii) Limited moisture condition (E 2). The normal condition (E 1) was created by providing required irrigations from sowing to maturity of the crop as per recommended package of practices of zone IIIA. All the standard package of practices was followed to raise a good and healthy crop. The limited moisture condition (E 2) was created by providing half of the irrigations as given in normal condition in staggered manner. In each environment/replication, each genotype was sown in a single row plot of 3 m length. The row to row and plant to plant distance was maintained 30 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Seed yield per plant (g) was determined under both moisture stress and non-stress conditions and denoted as Y s and Y p, respectively. Drought Tolerance Indices in present investigation eight drought tolerance indices were calculated using the following formulas: Stress tolerance (TOL) = Y p - Y s (Rosielle and Hamblin,) [11]. The genotypes with low values of this index are more stable in two different conditions. Stress susceptibility index (SSI) = [1 - (Y s / Y p)] / [1 - (Y s / Y p)] (Fischer and Maurer,) [12]. The genotypes with SSI< 1 are more resistant to drought stress conditions. Stress tolerance index (STI) = [Y p x Y s / Y 2 p] (Fernandez,) [8]. The genotypes with high STI values will be tolerant to moisture stress. Mean productivity (MP) = (Y s + Y p) / 2 (Rosielle and Hamblin,) [11]. The genotypes with high value of this index will be more desirable. Geometric mean productivity (GMP) = Y s Y p (Fernandez,) [8]. The genotypes with high value of this index will be more desirable. Yield index (YI) = (Y s) / ( Y s) (Gavuzzi et al.,) [14]. The genotypes with high value of this index will be suitable for moisture stress condition. Stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI) = [Y p Y s / 2 (Y p)] 100 (Moosavi et al.,) [15]. The genotypes with low values of this index are more stable in two different conditions. Modified stress tolerance index (MSTI) = K 1STI, K 1 = Y 2 p / Y p 2 and K 2STI K 2= 2 Y s2 / Y s (Farshadfar and Sutka,) [16]. The genotypes with high value of this index will be more desirable. Where, Ys and Yp represent yield for each genotype in stress and non-stress conditions, respectively. Whereas, Y s and Y p are mean yield of all genotypes in stress and non-stress conditions respectively. In statistical basis, the efficiency of the stress indices will be evaluated based on their ability of discrimination between genotypes, correlation with grain yields of both environments and their efficiency to target the best high yielding and stable genotypes. Statistical Analysis Pooled analysis of variance was used to interpret genotypes environments interactions and the magnitude of variation attributable to each factor was estimated as percentage of ~ 1494 ~

3 variance explained of total sum of squares. Ranks were assigned to genotypes for each index. A genotype with least rank total was considered to be the best genotype. Based on indices, the genotype with the highest value for Ys, Yp, MP, GMP, STI, K 1STI, K 2STI and YI and the lowest value for SSI, TOL and SSPI received a rank 1. Besides, the most desirable moisture stress tolerance measures, the correlation coefficient between Yp, Ys and other quantitative indices of moisture stress tolerance were estimated using statistical software Results and Discussion Pooled ANOVA and Mean Comparison: Pooled analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the environments, genotypes and genotypes x environments interactions for seed yield per plant (g). This indicated differential/non linear response of genotypes to the environments. The environments (E) effect were the most important source of yield variation, accounted for 69% of total sum of squares (TSS) followed by genotypes, error and G x E interactions effects which accounted for 22.37%, 6.01% and 2.44% of TSS, respectively (Table 1). Table 1: Pooled ANOVA for seed yield per plant (g) in coriander genotypes evaluated under normal (E1) and limited moisture (E2) conditions Source of variation d.f. Mean Sum of Squares (MSS) %TSS Genotypes (G) ** Environments (E) ** Replication within Environment G X E ** Error ** represents significant at 1% level of significance, TSS i.e. Total Sum of Squares, d.f. i.e. Degree of Freedom Mean seed yield under E 1 (Yp) was 5.01 g and ranged from 4.42 g (UD-554) to 6.15 g (UD-769). While, mean seed yield under E 2 (Ys) was 3.52 g and ranged from 3.09 g (UD-461) to 4.63 g (UD-705). The mean seed yield of genotypes in the stress condition (Ys) was per cent lower than that of non-stress condition in other words the stress intensity (Fischer, R.A. and Maurer) [12] was equal to 0.29 indicating that the genotypes experienced a mild moisture stress in the study. The genotypes UD-769, UD-705, RCr-684, UD-529 and RCr-20 showed higher seed yield and genotypes UD-554, UD-704, UD-461, UD-169 and UD-489 showed lower seed yield in E 1. Whereas, genotypes UD-705, UD-769, UD-529, RCr-20 and RCr-684 recorded higher seed yield and genotypes UD-461, UD-747, UD-751,UD-23 and UD-566 showed lower seed yield in E 2 (Table 2). To evaluate stress tolerant genotypes using TOL index, higher value of TOL demonstrates more changes of genotype yield in stress and non-stress conditions and shows the susceptibility to stress condition. Fernandez [8] and Rosielli and Hamblin [11] stated that selection based on TOL index leads to selection of genotypes with their yields in non-stress condition are low and have lower MP. According to TOL index the genotypes UD-554, UD-580, UD-723, UD-704 and UD-489 were the most tolerant and UD-513, RCr-684, UD-783, UD-709 and UD-747 were the most sensitive genotypes to the moisture stress. For SSI, the higher value refers to more susceptible to stress, therefore, the genotypes UD-513, UD-783, UD-747, UD-709 and UD-23 were the least tolerant genotypes and UD-554, UD-580, UD-723, UD-705 and UD-704 were more ~ 1495 ~ tolerant genotypes. The SSPI resulted the same genotype ranking as TOL. Mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and stress tolerance index (STI) showed relatively similar ranking of genotypes relative to stress tolerance. Based on STI, the greater the difference between the yields found in normal and stress conditions, the smaller the amount of stress tolerance index and vice versa. Thus, genotypes UD-705, UD-769, UD-529, RCr-684 and RCr-20 were found moisture stress tolerant with high STI and high seed yield under normal and limited moisture stress conditions, while genotypes UD-461, UD-169, UD-751, UD- 717 and UD-704 displayed the lowest amount of STI and seed yield under moisture stress environment. GMP resulted the same genotype ranking as STI. For MP, the higher value refers to more tolerant to moisture stress, therefore, the genotypes UD-705, UD-769, UD-529, RCr-684 and RCr-20 were more tolerant whereas, the genotypes UD-461, UD-169, UD-717, UD-751 and UD-704 were least tolerant to moisture stress. YI can be used as a selection criterion, although it only ranks cultivars on the basis of yield under stress (Ys). Based on YI, genotypes UD-705, UD-769, UD-529, RCr-20 and RCr-684 had the highest YI and Ys, hence more tolerant whereas, UD-461, UD-747, UD-751, UD-566 and UD-23 had the lower YI and Ys. According to K 1STI, the genotypes UD- 705, UD-769, RCr-684, UD-529 and RCr-20 were the most tolerant and UD-554, UD-461, UD-704, UD-169 and UD-489 were least tolerant. According to K 2STI, the genotypes UD- 705, UD-769, UD-529, RCr-20 and RCr-684 were the most tolerant and UD-461, UD-747, UD-751, UD-23 and UD-566 were least tolerant (Table 2). It was concluded that relative decrease in yield under stress, TOL, SSI and SSPI values are better indices to determine tolerance levels. Correlation Coefficient To determine the most desirable stress tolerance index, the correlation coefficient between Yp, Ys and stress indices were calculated (Table 3). The best indices are those which have high correlation with seed yield in both E 1 and E 2 conditions and would be able to identify potential upper yielding and drought tolerant genotypes (Talebi et al.) [17]. Seed yield under stress condition (Ys) was significantly and positively correlated (r= ** ) with seed yield under non-stress condition (Yp), suggesting that a high yield under non-stress condition does result in improved yield under stress condition (Table 3). Similar findings were reported by Fernandez [8], Mohammadi et al., [18], Farshadfar et al. [19] and Sahar et al. [20]. The seed yield under non-stress (Yp) had significant positive association with TOL (0.566), STI (0.940), MP (0.963), GMP (0.946), YI (0.819), SSPI (0.565) and K 1STI (0.999) and K 2STI (0.825), whereas non-significant and positive association with and SSI (0.104). The seed yield under stress (Ys) had significant positive association with STI (0.964), MP (0.945), GMP (0.961), YI (1.000) and K 2STI (0.998), K 1STI (0.834) and significant negative association with SSI (-0.481). Whereas, TOL (-0.008) and SSPI (-0.008) showed negative and non-significant association with seed yield under stress (Ys). Yield in stress (Ys) and non-stress condition were significantly and positively correlated with STI, MP, GMP, YI, K 1STI and K 2STI indicating that these criteria are able to discriminate genotypes that express uniform superiority in non-stress and stress condition (Fernandez) [8]. While, TOL, SSI, YI and SSPI exhibited good correlation with seed yield under moisture stress condition (Y S). Similar findings were also reported by Siahsar et al. [21] in lentil, Zare and Saeidi et al. [22] in barley, Singh et al. [23] and Mohammed and Kadhem

4 [24] in wheat. Thus, these indices may be used as selection criteria in breeding programme for moisture stress tolerance. Table 2: Correlation coefficients between moisture stress indices and yield Stress indices Yp Ys TOL SSI STI MP GMP YI SSPI K1STI Ys 0.820** TOL 0.566** SSI ** 0.876** STI 0.940** 0.964** MP 0.963** 0.945** ** GMP 0.946** 0.961** ** 0.998** YI 0.819** 1.000** ** 0.964** 0.944** 0.961** SSPI 0.565** ** 0.876** K1STI 0.999** 0.834** 0.543** ** 0.968** 0.953** 0.833** 0.542** K2STI 0.825** 0.998** ** 0.967** 0.946** 0.963** 0.998** ** * and ** represent significant at 5% and 1% level of significance, respectively Ranking Method The estimated values of various stress tolerance indices indicated that the identification of moisture stress tolerant genotypes based on a single criterion was contradictory. Different indices introduced different or same genotypes as stress tolerant. To determine the most desirable drought tolerant genotypes according to the all indices, the sum of rank of all drought tolerance indices including rank of yield in Ys and Yp were used to calculate overall rank of genotypes and based on this criterion the most desirable stress tolerant genotypes were identified (Table 4). A genotype with least rank sum will be the best genotype. According to this criterion genotypes UD-705, UD-529, UD-769, RCr-20 and RCr-475 were identified as the most drought tolerant, while genotypes UD-747, UD-461, UD-751, UD-23 and UD-169 were the most drought sensitive genotypes. Such strategies of using different tolerance indices and overall ranking pattern for screening of tolerant genotypes were used by several other workers such as Farshadfar et al., [19] and Mohammed and Kadhem [24] in wheat. Table 3: Seed yield and moisture stress indices of genotypes of coriander in response to normal (E1) and limited moisture (E2) conditions Seed yield per plant (g) Genotypes TOL Rank SSI Rank STI Rank MP Rank GMP Rank YI Rank SSPI Rank MSTI (K 1) Rank MSTI (K 2) Rank E 1(Yp) Rank E 2(Ys) Rank UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD RCr RCr RCr RCr Table 4: The overall rank of genotypes based upon seed yield and moisture stress indices Genotypes Yp Ys TOL SSI STI MP GMP YI SSPI MSTI (K1STI) MSTI (K2STI) Sum Overall rank UD UD UD UD UD UD ~ 1496 ~

5 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD RCr RCr RCr RCr Conclusion Based upon the mean seed yield and various stress tolerance indices, the genotypes UD-705, UD-529, UD-769, RCr-20 and RCr-475 were most tolerant genotypes i.e. for moisture stress. The indices STI, MP, GMP, YI, K 1STI and K 2STI can be used to screen tolerant genotypes as they are strongly associated with seed yield under both the environmental condition(e 1 and E 2) while, TOL, SSI, YI and SSPI exhibited good correlation with seed yield under moisture stress condition. Hence, these genotypes may be used in breeding programmes especially for limited moisture stress condition. It is advocated that the genotypes identified tolerant to moisture stress in the present study should be further tested at multilocations and those found suitable can be used in improvement of breeding programmes for the development of superior genotypes in coriander. Acknowledgement The author is grateful to the Head, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner and the Incharge, AICRP on Seed Spices located at the institution for their support and help. References 1. Pruthi JS. Spices and Condiments, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi. 1976, Murty AR, Sridhar T. Spices in Ayurveda, of Seed Spices Production, Quality and Export. Pointer Publication, Jaipur 2001, Ramirez-Vallejo P, Kelly JD. Traits related to drought resistance in common bean. Euphytica 1998; 99(2): Araus JL, Slafer GA, Reynolds MP, Royo C. Plant breeding and drought in C3 cereals: What should we breed for? Annals of Botany. 2002; 89: White JW, Castillo JA, Ehleringer JR, Garcia JA, Singh SP. Relations of carbon isotope discrimination and other physiological traits to yield in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under rainfed conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science. 1994; 122: Nouri A, Etminan A, Teixeira da Silva JA, Mohammadi R. Assessment of yield, yield-related traits and drought ~ 1497 ~ tolerance of durum wheat genotypes (Triticum turjidum var. durum Desf.). Australian Journal of Crop Science. 2011; 5(1): Mitra J. Genetics and genetic improvement of drought resistance in crop plants. Current Science. 2001; 80: Fernandez GCJ. Effective selection criteria for assessing plant stress tolerance. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Adaptation of Vegetables and other Food Crops in Temperature and Water Stress, Taiwan, August 1992, Hall AE. Is dehydration tolerance relevant to genotypic differences in leaf senescence and crop adaptation to dry environments? In: Plant responses to cellular dehydration during environmental stress. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, USA 1993, Blum A. Plant breeding for stress environments. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA 1988, Rosielle AA, Hamblin J. Theoretical aspects of selection for yield in stress and non stress environments. Crop Science. 1981; 21: Fischer RA, Maurer R. Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. I. grain yield responses. Australian Journal of agricultural Research. 1978; 29(5): Guttieri MJ, Stark JC, Brien K, Souza E. Relative sensitivity of spring wheat grain yield and quality parameters to moisture deficit. Crop Science. 2001; 41: Gavuzzi P, Rizza F, Palumbo M, Campaline RG, Ricciardi GL, Borghi B. Evaluation of field and laboratory predictors of drought and heat tolerance in winter cereals. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 1997; 77(4): Moosavi SS, Samadi BY, Naghavi MR, Zali AA, Dashti H, Pourshahbazi A. Introduction of new indices to identify relative drought tolerance and resistance in wheat genotypes. Desert. 2008; 12: Farshadfar E, Sutka J. Multivariate analysis of drought tolerance in wheat substitution lines. Cereal Research Communications. 2002; 31: Talebi R, Fayaz F, Jelodar NB. Correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and yield components of

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