Animal Experiment Statistics

Transcription

1 BRIEFING PAPER Number 02720, 12 April 2018 Animal Experiment Statistics By Georgina Sturge Inside: 1. Background 2. Overall trends in procedures 3. Types of procedure 4. Species and origin 5. Severity of procedures 6. Field of research 7. Type of establishment 8. Animal Experiments in the EU 9. Reference Tables

2 Number 02720, 22 March Contents Summary 3 1. Background Legislation Regulatory framework 4 2. Overall trends in procedures 5 3. Type of procedure Creation and breeding of GA animals Experimental procedures 7 4. Species and origin Origin 9 5. Severity of procedures Field of research Type of establishment Animal Experiments in the EU Reference Tables 18 Cover page image copyright: By Jason Snyder from Washington, DC, United States (WT and TK rat photo) [CC BY 2.0 ( via Wikimedia Commons from Wikimedia Commons

3 3 Animal Experiment Statistics Summary In 2016, 3.94 million procedures were completed involving regulated living animals. Of those, roughly half (2.0 million) were experimental procedures and 49% (1.9 million) related to the creation/breeding of genetically altered (GA) animals. This briefing paper analyses trends in scientific procedures that are subject to the provisions of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act Under this Act, any scientific procedure carried out on a living vertebrate animal or cephalopod (Octopus vulgaris), which is likely to cause that animal pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm, is a regulated procedure requiring a licence. Over the last ten years for which data are publicly available ( ), the total number of procedures increased by 23%. This continues a trend of yearly rises since the modernday low of 2.66 million animals in The creation/breeding of genetically altered (GA) animals primarily accounts for this rise, while the number of experimental procedures being performed has been fairly constant. Mice were the most commonly used animal, appearing in 60% of experimental procedures and in 84% of creation and breeding procedures. After mice, the most prevalent animals used were fish, rats, and birds. This briefing paper summarises the data on the type of procedures being performed, the establishments involved, the origin of animals being used, and the purpose of research. Previous time periods are included, where possible, to identify trends. The data used are primarily from the Home Office s annual release Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain They relate to procedures taking place in Great Britain. Following reclassifications resulting from the introduction of the 1986 Act, many historical figures date back to Data for EU countries is also summarised and compared with that of the UK. N.B: As a result of revised legislation in 2013, the data collection methodology changed, meaning that comparisons between years before and after this period should be made with caution. The principal difference is that previously the number of procedures started was recorded but from 2014 the number of completed procedures was recorded.

4 Number 02720, 22 March Background 1.1 Legislation The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (ASPA) regulates the use of protected animals in any experimental or other scientific procedure which may cause pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to the animal. Under the Act, protected animals are any living vertebrate other than man and any living cephalopod. Scientific procedures covered by the Act are controlled using a triple licensing system enforced by the Home Office. This requires a personal licence for the scientific investigator, a licence for the establishment where the procedure is to take place, and a project licence which contains details of the animals to be used and the procedures to be performed. The Act requires that a cost/benefit analysis be performed weighing the likely adverse effects on the animals against the likely benefit arising from the procedure. The UK has a policy to limit the number of animals used in science through replacement, reduction, and refinement of research design the 3Rs. This requires licence applicants to demonstrate that they have considered using non-animal alternatives as far as possible. Revised legislation came into force in 2013, transposing EU Directive 2010/63/EU. 2 This also requires EU Member States to submit data on specific indicators annually to be synthesised and published by the European Commission. In the light of the UK s departure from the EU, the Animals in Science Regulation Unit (ASRU) has stated that other than minor changes to references to the Directive [EU Directive 2010/63/EU] that are embedded in ASPA, no further legislative action is needed for animals in science regulation around EU exit Regulatory framework The Animals in Science Regulation Unit (ASRU) is the regulator of the use of animals in science. Its responsibilities include licensing and monitoring licensed establishments for compliance. The Animals in Science Committee (ASC) is an independent committee which advises the Home Secretary on matters relating to animal testing in the UK. Prior to 2013, this was done by the now-disbanded Animal Procedures Committee (APC). Annual reports from both can be found online Animals in Science Regulation Unit annual report 2016

5 5 Animal Experiment Statistics 2. Overall trends in procedures In the calendar year 2016, 3.94 million procedures were performed using living animals subject to the provisions of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act This number is 5% lower than in 2015 but 2% higher than in Over time, the number of procedures involving animals has risen from a low of approximately 1.4 million in 1945 to a high of 5.61 million in Experiments gradually decreased in number, reaching a modernday low of 2.66 million in Since then the number has climbed slightly, with some fluctuation taking place in the most recent years. Data for the period prior to 1987 relates to experiments performed under the Cruelty to Animals Act Data from 1987 onwards concerns procedures performed and recorded under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act The 1987 data is provided for both measures, showing that the 1986 Act had wider coverage. SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURES INVOLVING ANIMALS, , MILLIONS Experiments Scientific procedures Source: Home Office Experiments on Living Animals Statistics 1977; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 1988; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Time Series Tables, 2008 and Recent rises in animal experimentation have been attributed to an increase in the breeding of genetically altered (GA) animals. Although they are classified as regulated procedures, many of these procedures merely count the number of new animals bred using GA animals or their descendants. This is explained further in Section 3.

6 Number 02720, 22 March Types of procedure Scientific procedures involving live animals do not always take the form of experiments on animals. In 2016, half (49%) of all recorded procedures were instances of breeding genetically-altered (GA) animals for scientific use. The creation/ breeding of new animals includes the creation of new lines of GA animals and the reproduction of established lines of GA animals Creation and breeding of GA animals The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 regulates the breeding of an animal which is bred from, or is the descendant of, an animal whose genes have mutated or been modified. (1986 Act, Section 2(3B)). These are known as genetically altered (GA) animals. Since 2007, the Home Office has published data on the number of procedures involving the creation and breeding of GA animals. The number of procedures recorded in this class includes both the parents used for breeding and their offspring. 5 G.A. PROCEDURES AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES, , MILLIONS Experimental procedures 5 Creation/breeding of GA animals 4 Published data not disaggregated prior to Sources: : Individual reports by year: Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain. Annex, Table 3; : Home Office Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2016: time-series tables. 4 Note that This category also includes some animals that were bred with the intention of producing genetically altered animals, but resulted in nongenetically altered animals being born (5% of procedures involving the creation/breeding of genetically altered animals in 2016). Home Office, Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2016: 8. 5 There is an exception to this where, if a wild type animal is mated with a GA animal, the wild type parent is not recorded and neither are any wild type offspring (User Guide to Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2017: 39).

7 7 Animal Experiment Statistics As the chart indicates, while the number of experimental procedures involving animals has remained largely constant over the last ten years, the number of GA breeding procedures has risen almost every year. The number of GA breeding procedures being performed rose by 64% between 2007 and 2016 (the period for which we have consistent data). This is not quite equivalent to saying that more GA animals are being born each year through these procedures. The data on procedures records attempts to create animals using GA parents but some of these do not result in live offspring being created and others (approximately 5%) result in non-ga animals being born. 3.2 Experimental procedures In 2016, 2.02 million experimental procedures on live animals were completed. These are shown in the chart below. The main categories of procedure type are: Basic research procedures are designed to study the structure, functioning, and behaviour of living organisms. These include studies in toxicology. Regulatory procedures are carried out to satisfy legal requirements in producing substances, materials, chemicals, including the testing of their safety, and other types of testing. Translational/ applied research procedures are designed to address human and animal diseases and include experiments to develop drugs and treatments. In 2016, the majority (55%) of experimental procedures were undertaken for basic research, 26% for regulatory uses, 17% for translational/ applied research, and a small number for other purposes. NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES BY TYPE; 2016, THOUSANDS 1,200 1,121 1, Basic Research Regulatory Translational/ applied Applied research Protection of the Preservation of natural species environment Higher education or training Source: Home Office Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2016

8 Number 02720, 22 March Species and origin In 2016, the most prevalent species used in all procedures was rodents, which were used in 80% of all procedures. Mice were the most prevalently-used sub-species, being used in 63% of all procedures. The use of different species differs by broad procedure type. Mice were involved in 87% of GA breeding procedures but used in 60% of experiments. By contrast, rats were used in 12% of experiments but only made up 1% of GA breeding procedures. NUMBER OF SPECIES TYPE USED, BY PROCEDURE TYPE Numbers in thousands Species/ Sub-species Total experimental procedures Creation & breeding of GA animals Total procedures Rodents, comprising: 1,500 74% 1,661 87% 3,161 80% Mouse 1,216 60% 1,651 86% 2,866 73% Rat % 11 1% 249 6% Other rodents 45 2% % Fish % % % Bird 150 7% 1 0% 151 4% Ungulates 66 3% 0 0% 67 2% Amphibian/ reptile 10 0% 2 0% 12 0% Carnivores 6 0% % Primate 4 0% % Other mammal 1 0% 0 0% 1 0% Total 2, % 1, % 3, % Source: Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2016: data tables; Table 1. Rodents have remained the largest group over time, as illustrated in the chart. However, there has been change in the use of some other species over time, notably fish, which were used in 14% of procedures in This is compared to their being used in 3% of all procedures in 1987, the earliest year for which we have comparable data. In 2016, rodents were used in 3.1 million procedures (80% of the total), comprising 1.7 million experimental procedures and 2.7 million creation and breeding procedures. Mice were the largest single type of rodent. Procedures involving rodents have remained constant over time as a fraction of all procedures but the proportion of procedures involving mice rose from 56% in 1987 to 73% in The number of mice used in procedures rose by 645,000 (29%) between 2007 and Fish were used in 536,000 procedures, around half (46%) of which were instances of GA fish being bred. The growth in the use of fish, in real terms and as a proportion of all procedures, is partly driven by a rise in the popularity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as research subjects. Despite

9 9 Animal Experiment Statistics the rise in the use of fish over the long term, the 2016 figure is around 70,000 lower than the peak of fish use (605,000) in The use of birds in experiments fallen in the long-term from 273,000 in 1987 to 151,000 in The number of procedures involving birds has remained relatively constant in the last 5 years, at an average of 145,000. The lowest number of procedures on birds recorded in a year was 105,000 in Other mammals, reptiles, and amphibians make up the remainder of animals involved in procedures. Of the mammals, ungulates (horses, goats, pigs, sheep and cattle) were used in 67,000 procedures (2% of the total), carnivores (cats, dogs, and ferrets) in 6,000 procedures, and primates in 3,000 procedures. Reptiles and amphibians were used in 12,000 procedures. The Home Office also collects data on the use of cephalopods but none were used in SPECIES USED IN SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURES, (% BY YEAR) 100% Mouse Rat Other rodent Rabbit Bird Fish Other mammal/ reptile/ amphibian 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Sources: Home Office Experiments on Living Animals Statistics 1977; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 1988; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Time Series Tables, 2008 and 2016: Table Origin Ninety-eight per cent of the animals used for the first time in procedures in 2016 were born in the UK. The large majority of these (1.9 million or 92.2 of the total) were born in licensed establishments and a fraction (105,000 or 5%) were not born in licensed establishments. Of those animals that were not born in the UK, 32,000 were imported from the EU, 5,000 from the rest of Europe, and 12,000 from the rest of the world. The animals being imported from the rest of the world included 2,200 non-human primates; mainly macaques. Roughly one third (30%) of imported primates came from Asia and the remainder from Africa. 6 6 A detailed breakdown by species appears in Table 2.1 of Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2016.

10 Number 02720, 22 March Severity of procedures As part of the 2014 changes in data collection methodology it was decided that the severity of experimental procedures be recorded. The measure of severity relates to harm that occurs as a result of procedures (it excludes harm resulting from non-procedural processes, such as transport). It captures actual harm, recorded after a procedure. 7 The severity categories are: Sub-threshold: causing less pain than inserting a hypodermic needle according to good veterinary practice. Non-recovery: procedures are those which were carried out under general anaesthesia from which the animal did not recover. Mild: pain or suffering is slight or transitory and the animal returns to its normal state within a short period of time. Moderate: causing significant and easily detectable pain to the animal but which is non-life threatening. Severe procedures cause a major departure from the animal s normal state of health and normally include long term disease processes. 8 In 2016, experimental procedures have higher severity ratings, on the whole, with regulatory procedures the most often severe. Creation and breeding procedures had a high rate of sub-threshold cases many procedures in this category simply refer to regulated births, which are classified as sub-threshold unless the offspring have defects. SEVERITY OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES BY TYPE; 2016, THOUSANDS Sub threshold Non - recovery Mild Moderate Severe 100% Experimental procedures All procedures 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Basic Research Regulatory Translational/ Total experimental applied Applied research Total creation/ breeding of GAA Source: Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain Actual severity can differ from the expected severity of an experiment and the Home Office has a set of rules for recording procedures where this is the case. 8 Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Home Office, Great Britain, 2016.

11 11 Animal Experiment Statistics 6. Field of research The 2016 data show the number of procedures performed by field of research, within each broad type of procedure (basic research, translational/ applied, or regulatory research). Within basic research, the single largest category is study of the nervous system (240,000 procedures or 21% of all basic research). Together with the next largest categories immunology and oncology these make up 52% of all basic research procedures. Within translational/ applied research, human cancer and human infectious diseases are the two largest categories, responsible for 165,000 procedures each (or 48% of all translational research). Within regulatory research, quality control is the largest category of research, with 180,000 procedures performed in 2016 (35% of regulatory procedures). The majority of these procedures fall into the sub-category of batch potency testing, which has a higher rate of severe-rated procedures (70,000 or 48% of these procedures are severe). Consistent time series data on field of research is available up to Procedures used to be classified as: Toxicology, meaning the safety evaluation of the effects of substances on man, animals or the environment, mainly medical treatments. 9 Non-toxicology, which included everything else; for example, nutrition, cancer research, immunology, genetics, and anatomy. Around 9% of procedures in 2013 were, for the purpose of safety testing known as toxicology, in official statistics. The chart below shows trends in toxicological procedures prior to Most of the general fall has been due to fewer procedures in pharmaceutical areas such as safety, efficacy, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and residue tests (these would now fall under the category of regulatory research). 9 Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Home Office, Great Britain 2012

12 Number 02720, 22 March TOXICOLOGY AND NON-TOXICOLOGY PROCEDURES, , THOUSANDS 4,000 3,500 3,000 Non-toxicology 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Toxicology Source: Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2013, Time Series Tables: Table 24 From 2014 the data collection methodology changed resulting in difficulties in comparing previous data on which research fields used animals in experiments.

13 13 Animal Experiment Statistics 7. Type of establishment Any place at which procedures on animals regulated by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 must hold an establishment licence. The Animals in Science Regulation Unit (ASRU) is responsible for licensing. In 2016, it licensed and regulated 167 establishments. 10 All but 3 of these were amended, rather than newly-granted, licences. Procedures also require a project licence to cover the specific research being performed. At the end of 2016, 2,631 project licences were in force, which was 1% lower than in A person carrying out a regulated procedure must hold a personal licence and there were 16,178 of these in force at the end of Universities and medical schools accounted for 1.9 million procedures in 2016, or 49% of the total. The chart shows the general trend away from a landscape dominated by commercial organisations. In 1988, 61% of all procedures were performed by such organisations whereas in 2016 the figure had fallen to 25%. In nominal terms, the number of procedures carried out by commercial organisations has fallen by more than half (53%) since This decline is attributed to two factors: first, the increase in fundamental research involving GA animals at universities, and second, the general fall in procedures undertaken for toxicological purposes. NUMBER OF PROCEDURES, BY ESTABLISHMENT, , THOUSANDS 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Universities, medical schools Commercial organisations Sources: Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain: Time Series Tables 2008 and 2018 Note: Universities and polytechnics were reported separately until 2016 when they were aggregated. 10 Animals in Science Regulation Unit annual report

14 Number 02720, 22 March The table below shows a detailed breakdown of procedures by establishment for 2016 and the change in this number over time. One thing to note is that the number of procedures carried out at NHS hospitals and laboratories is 74% lower than in 1988 and 11% lower than in Meanwhile procedures by non-profit organisations have quadrupled since 2007, with these establishments performing the third most procedures in NUMBER OF PROCEDURES BY ESTABLISHMENT, THOUSANDS Comparing the 2016 numbers with 1988 and 2007 Number in Establishment 2016 % of procedures Change Change since 1988 since 2007 Universities, medical schools 1,939 49% 138% 34% Commercial organisations % -53% -9% Non-profit-making organisations % 351% 414% Other public bodies % 89% -1% NHS hospitals & laboratories (1) 38 1% -74% -11% Government departments 36 1% -45% -53% Total 3, % 13% 23% Source: Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2016 & 2008: Table 11. (1) 2015 data. This category was absorbed into others in 2016.

15 15 Animal Experiment Statistics 8. Animal Experiments in the EU As of 2014, EU member states are required to publish annual statistics on the use of animals in scientific procedures, with 2014 having been the first year they had to do so (Directive 2010/63/EU). The European Commission is responsible for compiling this data but it is not required to do so for the first time, under the new legislation, until November The latest compiled data published by the EC is from 2011 and uses narrower definition of animal experiments Academics from Cruelty Free International have compiled the data that has been published since the change in legislation. 11 They note inconsistencies across member states in following the reporting template. PROCEDURES ON ANIMALS BY EU MEMBER STATE, 2014 Top 10 rankings Total number of procedures Procedures on animals per Procedures per million EUR 1000 people of GDP UK 3,887,296 UK 60 Hungary* 1.90 Germany 2,798,463 Belgium* 59 UK 1.71 France* 1,769,618 Ireland* 49 Belgium* 1.66 Spain 821,570 Denmark 36 Czech Republic* 1.48 Italy 698,059 Germany 35 Ireland* 1.17 Belgium* 664,471 Netherlands 33 Germany 0.95 Netherlands 563,769 France* 27 Netherlands 0.85 Poland* 233,323 Finland 27 France* 0.82 Czech Republic* 231,397 Austria 25 Spain 0.79 Ireland* 226,684 Czech Republic* 22 Denmark 0.76 Total 12,808, Sources: 1. Taylor, K. and Rego, L EU statistics on animal experiments for ALTEX - Alternatives to animal experimentation. 33, 4 (Nov. 2016), Tab. 1: Animals used in experiments in the European Union in 2014, according to national statistics 2. Eurostat Population on 1 January (tps00001) * These countries did not report the number of GA animals bred but not used in experimental procedures. This means there is a possibility of under-counting, relative to the others. The total number of animals used for scientific research in EU member countries in 2014 was approximately 12.8 million. 12 The UK performed the most procedures involving animals in 2014, with a total of 3.89 million. 13 Germany used 2.80 million and France 1.77 million. There is a considerable gap to the fourth country, Spain, which performed 820,000 procedures. 11 Taylor, K. and Rego, L EU statistics on animal experiments for ALTEX - Alternatives to animal experimentation. 33, 4 (Nov. 2016), DOI: 12 Sweden and Portugal had not yet reported their numbers at the time of compiling. 13 This figure is slightly higher than that reported in the Home Office s Annual Statistics for 2014 because that release only covers Great Britain and Eurostat covers the UK.

16 Number 02720, 22 March Controlling for the size of (1) the population of member states and (2) the size of their economies reveals a different picture. The UK performed the most procedures per thousand inhabitants, followed by Belgium, Ireland and Denmark. It should be noted that Belgium and Ireland did not report the number of GA animals bred but not used in experiments. When analysing the number of animals used in relation to GDP, the UK is second to Hungary, which recorded 1.9 procedures per million Euros ( ), followed by Belgium, Czech Republic, and Ireland. Again, it should be noted that some of these countries did not report GA breeding procedures. Although this means that not all countries figures are directly comparable, cautious comparison still gives an impression of the degree to which countries use animals in science. The charts show 1) the number of procedures involving animals per 1,000 inhabitants and 2) the number of procedures involving animals per million euros ( ) of GDP; these are shown for each EU member state which published data for 2014.

17 17 Animal Experiment Statistics PROCEDURES INVOLVING ANIMALS, PER THOUSAND INHABITANTS Sources: 1. Taylor, K. and Rego, L EU statistics on animal experiments for ALTEX - Alternatives to animal experimentation. 33, 4 (Nov. 2016), ; 2. Eurostat Population on 1 January (tps00001) PROCEDURES INVOLVING ANIMALS, PER MILLION EURO IN GDP Sources: 1. Taylor, K. and Rego, L EU statistics on animal experiments for ALTEX - Alternatives to animal experimentation. 33, 4 (Nov. 2016), ; 2. Eurostat Gross domestic product at market prices (tec00001)

18 Number 02720, 22 March Reference Tables SPECIES OF ANIMAL IN ALL PROCEDURES, THOUSANDS, Species Mouse ,745 1,636 1,699 1,449 1,457 1,475 1,455 1,502 1,518 Rat Other rodent Rabbit Carnivore Ungulate Primate Other mammal Bird Reptile/Amphibian Fish Cephalopod Total 3,631 3,480 3,315 3,207 3,242 2,928 2,828 2,842 2,710 2,717 2,636 Source: Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 1988; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Time Series Tables, 2008 and 2016: Table 2.1.

19 19 Animal Experiment Statistics SPECIES OF ANIMAL IN ALL PROCEDURES, THOUSANDS, Continued Mouse 1,591 1,642 1,607 1,658 1,720 1,817 1,919 1,961 2,067 2,222 2,419 Rat Other rodent Rabbit Carnivore Ungulate Primate Other mammal Bird Reptile/Amphibian Fish Cephalopod Total 2,660 2,657 2,715 2,622 2,733 2,792 2,855 2,896 3,012 3,202 3,656 Source: Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 1988; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Time Series Tables, 2008 and 2016: Table 2.1.

20 Number 02720, 22 March SPECIES OF ANIMAL IN ALL PROCEDURES, THOUSANDS, Continued ¹ Mouse 2,629 2,670 2,680 3,059 3,077 2,921 3,038 2,866 Rat Other rodent Rabbit Carnivore Ungulate Primate Other mammal Bird Reptile/Amphibian Fish Cephalopod Total 3,620 3,725 3,793 4,110 4,122 3,867 4,143 3,937 Source: Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 1988; Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Time Series Tables, 2008 and 2016: Table 2.1.

21 21 Animal Experiment Statistics PROCEDURES BY ESTABLISHMENT, THOUSANDS, Establishment Universities, medical schools Commercial organisations 2,107 2,007 1,866 1,911 1,628 1,450 1,469 1,329 1,282 1,204 NHS hospitals & laboratories, total Public health laboratories NHS hospitals Public bodies & Government, total Government departments Other public bodies Non-profit-making organisations Total 3,480 3,315 3,207 3,242 2,928 2,828 2,842 2,710 2,717 2,636 Sources: Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain: Time Series Tables 2008 and 2018 Note: Universities and polytechnics were reported separately until 2016 when they were aggregated.

22 Number 02720, 22 March PROCEDURES BY ESTABLISHMENT, THOUSANDS, Continued Establishment Universities, medical schools Commercial organisations ,070 1,006 1,080 1,130 1,202 1,257 1,318 1,446 1,137 1,102 1,033 1,018 1,013 1, ,027 1,092 NHS hospitals & laboratories, total Public health laboratories NHS hospitals Public bodies & Government, total Government departments Other public bodies Non-profit-making organisations Total 2,659 2,657 2,715 2,622 2,733 2,792 2,855 2,896 3,012 3,203 Sources: Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain: Time Series Tables 2008 and 2018 Note: Universities and polytechnics were reported separately until 2016 when they were aggregated.

23 23 Animal Experiment Statistics PROCEDURES BY ESTABLISHMENT, THOUSANDS, Continued Establishment Universities, medical schools 1,598 1,616 1,773 1,897 1,967 2,025 1,882 1,978 1,939 Commercial organisations 1,328 1, ,002 1,126 1, , NHS hospitals & laboratories, total Public health laboratories NHS hospitals Public bodies & Government, total Government departments Other public bodies Non-profit-making organisations Total 3,656 3,620 3,725 3,793 4,110 4,122 3,867 4,143 3,937 Sources: Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain: Time Series Tables 2008 and 2018 Note: Universities and polytechnics were reported separately until 2016 when they were aggregated.

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25 BRIEFING PAPER Number 02720, 22 March 2018 The House of Commons Library research service provides MPs and their staff with the impartial briefing and evidence base they need to do their work in scrutinising Government, proposing legislation, and supporting constituents. As well as providing MPs with a confidential service we publish open briefing papers, which are available on the Parliament website. Every effort is made to ensure that the information contained in these publically available research briefings is correct at the time of publication. Readers should be aware however that briefings are not necessarily updated or otherwise amended to reflect subsequent changes. If you have any comments on our briefings please papers@parliament.uk. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing only with Members and their staff. If you have any general questions about the work of the House of Commons you can hcinfo@parliament.uk. Disclaimer - This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties. It is a general briefing only and should not be relied on as a substitute for specific advice. The House of Commons or the author(s) shall not be liable for any errors or omissions, or for any loss or damage of any kind arising from its use, and may remove, vary or amend any information at any time without prior notice. The House of Commons accepts no responsibility for any references or links to, or the content of, information maintained by third parties. This information is provided subject to the conditions of the Open Parliament Licence.