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1 Available online at ScienceDirect Procedia CIRP 15 ( 2014 ) st CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering Eco-innovation by Integrating Biomimetic Design and ARIZ Wang-Chih Chen a, Jahau Lewis Chen a * a Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung Unibversity, Tainan, TAIWAN * Corresponding author. Tel.: ; fax: address: jlchen@mail.ncku.edu.tw Abstract This work presents a new eco-innovative biomimetic design tool by integrating the algorithm for inventive problem solving (Russian acronym: ARIZ) with biologically significant vocabularies to search for related biological cases. ARIZ includes a complete procedure for analyzing problem model and related resources, resolving conflicts and generating solutions. This tool searches for biological key words by using the Noun1-Noun2-Verb model in replace of the Su-Field model for analyzing system conflicts and finds related biological cases. Analyzing these biological cases and available resources helps designers to design eco-products based on biomimetic concepts. An example is used to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method The Published Authors. by Published Elsevier by B.V. Elsevier Open access B.V. under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the of the International Scientific Scientific Committee Committee of the of 21st the CIRP 21st CIRP Conference Conference Life on Cycle Life Cycle Engineering in in the person of of the the Conference Chair Chair Prof. Prof. Terje Terje K. Lien. K. Lien Keywords: ARIZ, TRIZ, biomimetic, bionic design, eco-innovation; 1. Introduction The development of technology plays a crucial role in modern economic growth but it also is the key factor of environmental crisis. It is usually emphasizing the novelty and economic usefulness of an innovation product but neglects its environmental impacts. Currently, many eco-design methods have been developed to support the designer for reducing the environmental impact of the product throughout its life cycle. However, those methods are focused on the redesign or optimization of existing products. Therefore, there is a need to develop a product eco-innovative design method for this situation. This paper describes a new method of applying biomimetics into product eco-innovation. Biomimicry Institute [1] proposed The Design Spiral concept to find solutions of design from nature. Hacco and Shu [2] used key word to find corresponding biology features to generate biomimetic idea and applied to design for remanufacture tasks. Vincent and his co-authors [3-7] collected a biological effects database and integrated with the theory of inventive problem solving (Russian acronym: TRIZ) method. Mann [8] tried to develop the biological TRIZ contradiction matrix. Shu and her co-authors [9-16] developed a biomimetic design method through natural language analysis to bridge engineering and biology terminology. Chen and Huang [17] proposed a biomimetic design process for eco-product design by adding the biomimetic design cases into the TRIZ approach as a Biomimetic Principle to offer biomimetic solutions for designers. Chen and Jian [18] presented an eco-innovation process for eco-product design by linking engineering terminology with biological terminology and using method of searching keyword to find suitable biomimeticc cases for ecoinnovation problems. A table of inventive principles corresponding keywords and related bionic cases is proposed to offer the designer a quick searching tool. Chen and Yang [19] proposed a method of eco-innovation by integrating biological design with TRIZ ideality and evolution rules. Chen and Hung [20] presented a low carbon PSS eco-innovation method by using biomimetic concepts and TRIZ merthod. An extensive search of the literature about ARIZ shows that only a few works have been devoted to its study and application. In 1994, Fey and others [21] used ARIZ to solve some real life engineering problems for obtaining non-obvious solutions. In 2005, Krasnoslobodtsev and Langevin [22] used Published by Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the International Scientific Committee of the 21st CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering in the person of the Conference Chair Prof. Terje K. Lien doi: /j.procir

2 402 Wang-Chih Chen and Jahau Lewis Chen / Procedia CIRP 15 ( 2014 ) ARIZ to develop a robot that can clean, finish and diagnose any oriented surfaces in space, for instance shop windows and some dangerous tank surfaces, and over 20 patents have been granted to this invention. In 2005, Krasnoslobodtsev, Lee and Lee [23] used ARIZ to help Samsung Electronic Company solve a problem of air conditioner and the destruction problem of a driving pin and cam-bush. In 2006, Krasnoslobodtsev and Langevin [24] researched by using the ARIZ to solve some of Samsung s high-tech problems, such as those related to printer ink cartridges and vacuum cleaners. Chen and Chen proposed to use ARIZ as an innovation tool for eco-innovation problems [25, 26] and patent design around problems [27, 28]. The complete procedure of ARIZ has potential for solving complex eco-innovation problem. This paper develops an eco-innovation method for solving the design problems by integrating biological design and ARIZ. Using this new ecoinnovation method, designers can analyze system contradictions, and search for suitable biological cases from biological references to innovate new eco-design concepts. 2. Biomimetics Biomimetics, biomimicry, and bionic design [1, 29-30] are a subject to mimic the organic characteristics and to practice these in product design. They will offer sustainable design solutions to engineering problems [29]. From ancient to present, there have been a lot of successful biomimetic designs made. These design concepts from nature are becoming more and more important for the designer recently. It is difficulty for designers to find suitable biomimetic design cases for the eco-innovation problem. However, key vocabulary can help designers searching related cases which associated with each vocabulary [12]. Therefore, this paper proposed an eco-innovation process for eco-product design by linking engineering terminology with biological terminology and using method of searching keyword to find suitable biomimetic cases for eco-innovation problem. 3. ARIZ The ARIZ method was first proposed at almost the same time as the TRIZ method, and has since been through a period of evolution and revision. While the main researcher has been Genrikh Altshuller, a number of other scholars have proposed enhancements to his original method. Fey and Rivin proposed the ARIZ-85C [31]. The first of four steps in ARIZ-85C is the formulation of system conflicts. Designers can obtain information about the original problem that they are trying to solve by analyzing the patents or related research papers. The second step is to analyze system conflicts and formulate a mini-problem. Depending on the observed system conflicts, designers construct models of the problem systems and find solution models. The third step is to analyze available resources, the time and space. The final step to generate conceptual solutions by using information about the resources, time, and space determined in the third step, which may lead to further improvements. Before using ARIZ to innovate, designers should understand the following definitions: (1) Function Functions are the major values or executing capabilities of technological systems (e.g., the major function of a washing machine is washing clothes). A function contains two components. One is an object that is to be controlled. Since an object must be controlled externally, it needs another component to drive its physical parameters, which is called a tool. A description of a function includes the action between the tool and the object. Objects and tools are nouns, actions are verbs, and the relationships between the nouns (tools and objects) and the verbs (actions) describe physical formulations. A technological system usually performs one or more primary functions (PFs) and one or more auxiliary functions (AFs). The PF definition is the key component of a system, and the AFs support or improve PFs. For example, the PF of a watch is to indicate the time, and its AFs may be an alarm clock. (2) Tools Tools can be classified as main tools (MTs) or auxiliary tools (ATs). The MTs can perform PFs and ATs can perform AFs. The ATs can be further classified as enhancing, correcting, measuring, or enabling ATs. (a) Enhancing AT: Boosts the performance of the main tools (e.q., gasoline provides energy to cars so that they can be driven). (b) Correcting AT: Eliminates undesirable effects in the system (e.q., the thermal insulation in a thermos). (c) Measuring AT: Estimates component parameters in a system (e.q., a control strip on a battery indicates the charge level). (d) Enabling AT: Supports the performance of the PF (e.q., a battery in an electronic device). (3) Actions Actions are performed by tools on objects and can be classified as useful or harmful. Distinguishing actions is subjective since different designers may have different classifications for a given actions. Four possible actions are used in analyzing problem as shown in Figure. 1. (a) Adequate useful action (may require enhancement). (b) Inadequate useful action (requires enhancement). (c) Absent useful function (requires introduction). (d) Harmful action (requires elimination). Fig. 1. Four representations of an action. (4) Ideal Final Result (IFR) An Ideal Final Result is defined as the performances of the function of something are performed without physical entities. (5) Substance-Field (Su-Field) Analysis Su-Field analysis establishes simple models of systems based on substances and fields. The basic Su-Field model contains two substances (S1 and S2) and one field (F). The

3 Wang-Chih Chen and Jahau Lewis Chen / Procedia CIRP 15 ( 2014 ) term substance can include materials, tools, components, people, or surroundings. The term field is defined as an energy through which substances interact with each other. Fields may be mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, or chemical. A simplified model of a system can be constructed by suitably combining substances and fields. The core of ARIZ is used to solve engineering problems non-parametrically. Part 2 of ARIZ-85C employs Su-Field analysis as a tool in contradiction analysis. ARIZ transforms a basic model of Su-Field analysis (S1-S2-F) into a relationship among Noun1, Noun2, and Verb, supporting biomimetic design by searching for key words with verbs. 4. The procedures of eco-innovation by ARIZ and biomimetics concepts The procedures of proposed method includes four parts: (1) identifying eco-directions and formulating system conflicts, (2) analysis of system conflicts and resolution by finding key words, (3) analysis of available resources, and (4) development of conceptual solutions Identifying eco-directions and formulating system conflicts Step 1.1 Simplify problem and identify Primary Function (PF) Not all information is useful in system analysis and eliminating useless information simplifies it. (a) Classify the seven eco-efficiency factors from WBCSD (world business council for sustainable development) in Table 1 as the seven eco-directions in Table 2. A problem is an eco-problem if it includes one or more of these directions. Table 1. Seven eco-efficiency factors Eco-efficiency factors Table 2. Seven eco-directions Eco-directions Reduce the material intensity of goods and services. Reduce the energy intensity of goods and services. Reduce the dispersion of any toxic materials. Enhance the recyclability of materials. Maximize the sustainable use of renewable resources. Extend the durability of products. Increase the service intensity of goods and services. Material intensity Energy intensity Toxic materials Recyclability Sustainable use Durability Service intensity (b) Professional jargon is avoided in describing functions, components and their actions. (c) The simplified problem involves one or more system conflicts and related functions. (d) If the problem is not related to any of the seven ecodirections, it can try to find new influences about the seven eco-directions from the original bad results of system conflicts or the results of desired improvements, and the problems will thus become eco-problems. Step 1.2 Determine whether the problem is suitable for using ARIZ to resolve it or not If the problem meets any of the following criteria, it can be solved with the eco-innovative method. (a) It cannot get any good ideas or solutions from other TRIZ methods. (b) There are lack of related TRIZ tools to use or designers are not familiar with how to use other eco-innovative methods, designers can use ARIZ. (c) Besides the original system, the improvement target can extend to a super-system, sub-system or other system. This can make the problem become a maximum problem (maxi-problem), as mentioned in section 2.1. The problem can be modular in the future. If the same problems will be analyzed again in the future, maybe designers can keep the analysis models and procedures produced this time. When these systems will be resolved again, only some of the logical steps will need to be changed, and this can save a lot of time. Step 1.3 Identify Major Components (MCs) of system (a) List MCs of the system. (b) List MCs of the surrounding environment. Step 1.4 Choose components of system conflicts and associate them with useful and harmful actions Although the problem that the designer wants to solve may involve many system conflicts, only one is chosen for analysis. (a) Find the conflicting components of useful actions (UAs) and harmful actions (HAs) in the contradiction, and classify each MC as one of the following: (1) Object (O) (2) Main Tool (MT) (3) Auxiliary Tool (AT) (4) Environmental Element (EE) Rule 1: If a main tool is absent, then proceed complete a Su-Field (using the Group 1 standard). Rule 2: If ATs are numerous, then separate them into four classes. Eliminate them in the following order. (1) enhancing, (2) correcting and measuring, and (3) enabling ATs. (b) Classify the system conflicts (SCs) (1) Physical conflict: improves A and worsens A. (2) Technological conflict: improves A but worsens B. (In TRIZ, A and B are parameters in the two types of conflict. In ARIZ, A and B are physical entities because ARIZ is used to solve actual engineering problems.) Rule 3: System conflicts are only formulated for practical entities such as substances or fields. They are not formulated for parameters. Rule 4: If the system contradiction is technological type, change it from technological type to physical type. Step 1.5 Draw diagrams of models of pairs of system conflicts (SC-1 and SC-2) Since the model of the problem uses simplified figures, it can be used to solve problems easily. (a) System conflicts are constructed by using nouns of

4 404 Wang-Chih Chen and Jahau Lewis Chen / Procedia CIRP 15 ( 2014 ) components and verbs of actions. System conflicts are constructed for the opposite conditions of physical entities of the main and/or auxiliary tool only, not for the parameters Analysis of system conflicts and resolution by finding key words Part 2 of ARIZ-85C (Fey) provides two solution procedures based to whether the formulated system conflicts involve an auxiliary tool. The work uses the situation that SC includes ATs to resolve SC. Select SC-2 (the system model without AT) for analysis. Find key words (verb) that AT is acted between substances and choose one of the key words for analysis. Step 2.1 Eliminate AT The preferred order of elimination of ATs is (1) enhancing, (2) correcting and measuring, and (3) enabling ATs. Step 2.2 Establish analytic conditions of SC-3 for SC-2 If the ATs are absent, then HA and UA are also absent. Step 2.3 Perform an Su-Field analysis of SC-3 and find the biological significance of selected key words (a) Establish a Su-Field model of SC-3, representing it as Noun1-Noun2-Verb. (b) Search the number of related biological data in Biology-Online web [32] to check biological significance of each vocabulary from this web. If the key word are not associated with biological significance, designers can use WordNet [33] to find synonyms of the key word. (c) After biologically significant vocabulary has been found, related biological cases can be obtained by searching for key word in biology books, such as Life [34], Biology Demystified [35] and Biology [36]. Many biomimetic cases are generated by analyzing different key words may be integrated as an innovative solution Analysis of available resources Analyzing the available temporal and spatial resources may reveal how bionic cases can be applied to product design (or an engineering problem) yielding innovative solutions. Step 3.1 Specify conflict domain (CD) Define the space within which the system conflict occurs. Step 3.2 Specify operation time (OT) Define the period during which the system conflict must be resolved (a) Pre-conflict time T1 (b) Conflict time T2 (c) Post-conflict time T3 Step 3.3 Define possible resources in Su-Field model in Step 2.3 (a) Resources of CD (1) Substance(s) of main tool. (2) Field(s) of main tool. (3) Substance(s) of object. (4) Field(s) of object. (b) Resources of environment (1) Substance(s) of environment. (2) Field(s) of environment. (c) Resources of overall system (1) Substance(s) of overall system (2) Field(s) of overall system 4.4. Development of conceptual solutions Biological case analysis is applied to suitable resources for innovation or improvement of engineering problems. Then IFR is adopted to determine whether the contradiction has been eliminated. Step 4.1 Select one X-resource from Step 3.3 for modification The recommended sequence of modifications is as follows. (a) Tool (b) Environment (c) Object in CD (d) Overall system Step 4.2 Formulate an Ideal Final Result (IFR) concerning the selected X-resource An IFR can be defined as a selected X-resource that provides UA without worsening PF performance. (An X- resource can be a field or a substance.) If IFR is achieved, then X-resource is a solution that replaces the AT in the Part 2. Otherwise, the ARIZ offers the following suggestions for finding solutions. (a) Repeat the analysis for another X-resource (Step 4.1). (b) Consider another suitable case from relevant biological books (biological references). (c) Choose another synonym of the key word and analyze again. (d) Find another key word and repeat analysis. This process provides designers get good biomimetic design ideas to promote innovative product design and help solve engineering problems. 5. Example Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Technology (APPT) has a lower production cost of TFT-LCD and increases productive efficiency of a touch panel. APPT module is used to etch the patterns on a mask to a PET substrate plated by PEDOT. Heat accumulates around the nozzle following etching. If the heat cannot be dissipated, then the mask will thermally deform. Furthermore, the substrate will warp permanently when the temperature of the etching plasma that is applied to the substrate exceeds the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PET. Such thermal deformation and warp reduce the yield of the finished product which is a touch panel. In a common cooling method, vapor is used to dissipate heat from the nozzle, but this approach reduces the efficiency of etching. In ARIZ, the concept of biomimetic design is utilized to improve cooling of the nozzle and to solve the problem of deteriorated etching efficiency Identifying eco-directions and formulating system conflicts Step 1.1 Simplify problem and identify Primary Function (PF)

5 Wang-Chih Chen and Jahau Lewis Chen / Procedia CIRP 15 ( 2014 ) The eco-directions are energy intensity and durability of production process. The PF is the etching of the PET substrate. Step 1.2 Determine whether the problem is suitable for using ARIZ to resolve it or not It is assumed that the general TRIZ method will not help in finding desired innovation solutions. Step 1.3 Identify Major Components (MCs) of system The MCs of the system are the Nozzle (Plasma), Cooling system, Air, PET substrate, Mask board. Step 1.4 Choose components of system conflicts and associate them with useful and harmful actions Table 3 matches conflicting components with real components. It lists only the real MCs that are related to each conflict and matches them with the conflicting components. Table 3. Conflicting components matched with real components. Conflicting components Real components Objects (O) PET substrate Main Tools (MT) Nozzle(Plasma) Auxiliary Tools (AT) Cooling system Environmental Elements (EE) Air Step 1.5 Draw diagrams of models of pairs of system conflicts (SC-1 and SC-2) Figure 2 presents SC-1. The cooling system can dissipate heat around the nozzle, and the plasma etches the PET substrate. Figure 3 presents SC-2, which is opposite to SC-1. Without a cooling system, the plasma will still etch the PET substrate, but heat around the nozzle causes the deformation of the PET substrate with an excessive working temperature. traditional Su-Field model (S1-S2-F), and choose the verb as the key word. This paper offers two verbs to represent the model. (1) The cooling system dissipates heat from the nozzle. (2) The cooling system absorbs heat from the nozzle. Choose the verb dissipate for analysis. The number of data in the Biology-Online [32] web of this vocabulary is 54; this number changes with time. Searching for the verb dissipate from the reference Life [34], it suggests many biological cases from nature. Choose the biological behaviour of the spines of a fouquieria splendens for analysis. These spines have two functions: they reflect radiation and they dissipate heat. Based on this biological case, the X-resource may have several functions (The X-resource is an innovative solution to an engineering problem) Analysis of available resources Step 3.1 Specify conflict domain (CD) The CD is the space surrounding the working space. Step 3.2 Specify operation time (OT) The OT is the operational period during which the plasma etches the PET substrate. Step 3.3 Define possible resources in Su-Field model in Step 2.3 (a) Resources of CD (1) Substance(s) of main tool: Nozzle (Plasma). (2) Substance(s) of object: PET substrate or Mask board. (b) Resources of environment (1) Substance(s) of environment: Air 5.4. Development of conceptual solutions Fig. 2. System conflict associated with cooling system. Fig. 3. System conflict associated with lack of cooling system Analysis of system conflicts and resolution by finding key words Step 2.1 Eliminate AT The cooling system (AT) should be eliminated. Step 2.2 Establish analytic conditions of SC-3 for SC-2 Without a cooling system, the factor that causes less efficiency of etching decreases. However, high temperature of the nozzle deforms the PET substrate. Step 2.3 Perform an Su-Field analysis of SC-3 and find the biological significance of selected key words Use the Noun1-Noun2-Verb model in place of the Step 4.1 Select one X-resource from Step 3.3 for modification Choose a nozzle as a new X-resource and modify it. Step 4.2 Formulate an Ideal Final Result (IFR) concerning the selected X-resource IFR: Within an appropriate period and space and without a cooling system, the X-resource can dissipate heat (UA) while the plasma continues to etch the PET substrate (PF). The biological case of spines gives designers an idea a nozzle with many functions. However, this idea cannot be easily realized by a designing engineer. This work offers four suggested ways of proceeding with the analysis (See Step 4.2 (a)~(d).) Choose another key word absorb with which to repeat the analytic procedures. Searching for the word absorb in the reference Life [34] reveals many results. This biological case gives designers the idea of using a spiral tube for absorbing heat. Table 4 lists two relevant biological cases in all instances and presents concepts that may help designers innovate and improve cooling systems. Table 4. Concept from relevant biological case that involved key word. Key word Biological case Concept dissipate Spines The new nozzle enables plasma to etch the PET substrate while dissipating heat. absorb Shark s spiral gut The nozzle requires a spiral cooling system to absorb heat.

6 406 Wang-Chih Chen and Jahau Lewis Chen / Procedia CIRP 15 ( 2014 ) Practical application of X-resource Figure 4 displays a new nozzle that has a spiral cooling tube. Air can be injected into its entrance and heat is dissipated around the nozzle. The outlet can eliminate the hot air. The distance d is variable and is determined by the amount of heat that the nozzle must dissipate. 6. Conclusions Fig. 4. (a) d1<d, much heat is dissipated by air; (b) d2>d, less heat is dissipated by air. This paper presented an integrating biomimetic concept with ARIZ eco-innovation process for eco-product design by linking engineering terminology with biological terminology and using method of searching keyword to find suitable biomimetic cases for eco-innovation problem. Example was illustrated to demonstrate the capability of combination the biomimetic concept with ARIZ for product eco-innovation. Acknowledgements This research is supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan under grant NSC E References [1] Biomimicry Institute. Biomimicry: nature as model, measure and menter, In: [2] Hacco E, Shu LH. Biomimetic concept generation applied to design for remanufacture, In: Proceedings of DETC 02, ASME 2002 design engineering technical conferences, Montreal, Canada; 2002, September 29- October 2. [3] Vincent JFV, Bogatyreva OA, Pahl AK, Bogatyrev NR, Bowyer A. Putting biology into TRIZ: a database of biological effects. Creativity and Innovation Management; 2006; 14: 1, p. 66. [4] Bogatyreva O, Phal AK, Bowter A, Vincent J. Data gathering for putting biology in TRIZ. in: The 5th annual conference of the altshuller institute for TRIZ studies; [5] Bogatyrev N, Bogatyreva O. TRIZ and biology: rules and restrictions. In: Proceedings of international TRIZ conference, Philadelphia, USA; 2003, March, p. 19/1-19/4. [6] Vincent JFV, Mann DL. 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