Chapter 6: Plant Biotechnology

Transcription

1 Chapter 6: Plant Biotechnology

2 Chapter Contents 6.1 The Future of Agriculture: Plant Transgenics 6.2 Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis 6.3 Practical Applications 6.4 Health and Environmental Concerns

3 6.1 The Future of Agriculture: Plant Transgenics The world population has nearly doubled in the past 40 years, while through traditional methods has allowed us to feed so many people Recently, development of new, more productive crops has been accelerated by direct

4 6.1 The Future of Agriculture: Plant Transgenics

5 6.1 The Future of Agriculture: Plant Transgenics the direct transfer of genes to plants Development of plant vaccines, plants that produce their own By 2008, farmers in 25 countries planted transgenic crops By 2009, a significant portion of several key crops world wide, were transgenic Focus of considerable controversy

6 6.2 Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis Conventional Selective Breeding and Hybridization Cloning

7 6.2 Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis Conventional Selective Breeding and Hybridization Sexual cross between Polyploid plants Increases desirable traits, especially

8 6.2 Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis growing plants from a single cell Protoplast fusion is the fusion of two Protoplast cell is a Fusion of the two protoplast cells creates a cell that Examples include

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10 6.2 Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis Cloning Leaf fragment technique Cultured in a medium containing genetically modified A that infects plants Bacterium contains a plasmid, the, that can be genetically modified DNA from the TI plasmid integrates with Leaf discs are treated with plant

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13 6.2 Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis Cloning Gene Guns Used to blast tiny Aimed at the Use marker genes to distinguish genetically transformed cells Technique is useful in plants that are

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15 6.2 Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis Cloning Chloroplast engineering DNA in chloroplast can High percentage of genes will DNA in chloroplast is completely separate from DNA released in pollen

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17 6.2 Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis Cloning Antisense technology Process of inserting a Gene encodes an Antisense molecule binds to normal Example is

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19 6.3 Practical Applications in the Field

20 6.3 Practical Applications in the Field Vaccines for Plants Vaccine is encoded in a plant's DNA For example, a gene from Protein produced from the viral gene stimulates Plant is

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22 6.3 Practical Applications in the Field Genetic Pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium that produces a It has been used as a Bt genes can be inserted into a Creates a Controversy surrounding

23 6.3 Practical Applications in the Field Safe Storage Millions of dollars are lost every year to Transgenic corn that expresses Avidin blocks the availability of

24 6.3 Practical Applications in the Field Traditional weed killers kill Can genetically engineer crops to be Allows farmers to control weeds with chemicals that are

25 6.3 Practical Applications in the Field Herbicide Resistance One example is resistance to glyphosate, which blocks then enzyme EPSPS, which functions in Crops that produce an alternative enzyme not affect by glyphosate have been developed Most soybeans grown today contain Unfortunately,

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27 6.3 Practical Applications in the Field Enhanced Nutrition Golden rice has been engineered to contain However, as of 2011,

28 6.3 Practical Applications in the Field The Future of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmacology Plants can be ideal Used to grow Inexpensive edible " of phytochemicals that produce chemicals useful to human health

29 6.3 Practical Applications in the Field The Future of Plant Biotechnology: Fuels s are fuels produced from biological products, such as plants The need for alternatives to However, it take In the future, want to convert plant may be the next alternative to petroleum

30 6.4 Health and Environmental Concerns Human Health Opponents fear the effects of foreign genes, bits of DNA not naturally found in plants To date, science has

31 6.4 Health and Environmental Concerns Safety fears have the power to shake up an industry In 2000, potato-processing plants in the Northwest No sign that they were

32 6.4 Health and Environmental Concerns Environmental Concerns Genes for pest or herbicide resistance Few experts predict this will happen; Regulation