Potential Factors That May Limit the. Limin Kung, Jr. Dairy Nutrition & Silage Fermentation Lab

Transcription

1 Potential Factors That May Limit the Effectiveness of Silage Additives Proc XV Intl. Silage Conf., Madison, WI, July 27-29, 2009 Limin Kung, Jr. Dairy Nutrition & Silage Fermentation Lab

2 Introduction 1) Optimum forage quality drives intake and production; increases net farm income 2) Start with the highes st quality material from the field 3) Promote a rapid and beneficial fermentation by using good silo management techniques during filling and a research proven silage additive.

3 Introduction 4) Protect the silage long term by sealing quickly with high quality plastic and weights 5) Monitor the protectio on given to silage 5) Allow silages to cure 6) Manage the silage at feed out to protect the investment

4 Why Do We Use Silage Additives? Silage additives + rate of ph drop - proteolysis + aerobic stability + digestibility + recovery of DM and energy

5 Why Don t Silage Additives Work All the Time? Silage fermentationn is a complex biological process All biological processes are subject to variations in their outcomes

6 Objective of This Presentation Discuss factors that may limit the effectiveness of silage additives

7 Challenges Specific to Microbial Inoculants Microbial Viability Stability prior to use moisture and O2 scavengers storage conditions Stability on farm poor storage on the farm chlorine, hydrogen peroxide in water temperature in application tanks

8 1.00E E+09 High Cell Concentrations Appear to Have a Protectivee Effect From Hydrogen Peroxide and Chlorine About 2 L/t application Ctrl + H2O2 LAB (log cf fu/ml) 1.00E E E E E+10 About 45 ml/t application 1.00E E E Hours LAB (cfu/ml) 1.00E E E E+05 Ecosyl, Ltd., UK 1.00E Hours

9 counts, in log cfu/ml C----l C counts, in log c fu/m l High Temperatures of Water in the Inoculant Tank May Affect C----l C time, in hours Viability A B C D E F counts, in log cfu/m Mulrooney and Kung, C----l C time, in hours ---45C---l C time, in hours

10 Challenges Specific to Microbial Inoculants Competitiveness Adequate dose Ability to survive and metabolize

11 Important Aspects of Homolactic Acid Bacteria Used in Silage Additives Homolactic inoculants should be added to achieve 100,000 0 cfu/g of wet forage

12 Does Adding More Make a Difference? 1) Answer from a technical view point -Probably not. All things being equal, doubling the rate will probably have limited effects -It depends on the competiveness of the organism 2) Answer from a practical view point -Maybe, if it overcomes less than adequate application rates!

13 Example of Poor Competitiveness: Propionibacteria are Especially Challenged in Silages: Acid Intolerance, Slow Growth, Strict Anaerobic Requirements for Growth Propionic Acid, mm ph of Corn Forage Broth

14 Example of Documented Competitiveness: L. buchneri on Microbial Populations From Farm Silages Item Control LB(C) L. buchneri, 67 cfu/g equivalent (qpcr) Yeasts, cfu/g 32 7,000 b 4,800,000 a 20,000 a 43,000 b a,b Numbers in rows with unlike superscript differ, P < 0.05 ari et al., 2009

15 Aerobic Stability of Corn Silages Treated with L. buchneri From Farm Silages a,b Blocks with unlike letters differ, P < 0.05 a b ari et al. 2009

16 ph Silage Interaction Between the Form of Inoculation and DM Content of Alfalfa - 30% DM Alfalfa Control Liquid Inoculant Dry Inoculant Whiter and Kung, 1998 Days of Ensiling

17 Interaction Between the Form of Inoculation and DM Content of Alfalfa % DM Alfalfa Control Silage ph Dry inoculant Liquid inoculant 4 hiter and Kung Days of Ensiling

18 Inoculation Was Unable to Reduce Yeasts in Loosely Packed Alfalfa Silage U-T IN-T U-L IN-L Days of Ensiling

19 Challenges Specific to Microbial Inoculants Microbial Viability Interaction with phages Bacteriocins Quorum sensing

20 Challenges Specific to Other Additives Additives Organic acids Enzymes

21 Challenges Specific to Organic Acids Interaction with low moisture crops When ph is high acids are less undissociated and therefore less active Degradation of compound in the silo

22 Potential Degradation of Organic Acids Preservative-resistant spoilage yeasts and molds I. orientalis (C. krus sei), P. membranifaciens, S. cerevisiae, A. niger phenyl acrylic acid decarboxylase (PAD) gene Stratford et al., 2007; Plumridge et al., 2008

23 Degradation of Propionic Acid? eylon and Kung, 2000

24 rystalline regions endoglucanase Challenges cellobiohydrolase Enzymes Amorphous regio Specific to ons Interaction with ph/temp for optimum activity Synergy of interacting enzymes Degradation by proteases cellobiase exoglucosidase GLUCOSE

25 Challenges Specific to Most Silage Additives Correct application Under treatment Unknowingly Purposely Over treatment Unknowingly Adequate distribution

26 Under Treatment Occurs in Good and Especially in Bad Economic Times Producers will purposely use less than the recommended dose to treat more forage Producers unknowingly treat with less than the recommended dose

27 Distribution of Inoculants on the Forage Mass Less than optimum Manual application "Shower" methods

28 Preferred Location For Best Distribution Site of Application Silo Type 1st choice 2nd choice Bunk, Pile, Chopper Silo Pit Upright,Bag ---Chopper or Silo----

29 Use of Ultra Low Volume Applicators

30 Challenges Specific to Most Silage Additives Need for adequate fermentable substrate maybe over come by nutritive additives or enzymes

31 Challenges to Silage Additives - Adequate Fermentable Substrates 4 3 WSC, % DM 5 4 DM loss, % Hours of Delay Before Filling Hours of Delay Before Filling Hirsch and Kung, 1999

32 Delayed Filling Increases Yeasts and Molds on Corn Forage 8 100,000,000 10,000,000 7 yeast molds 1,000, , ,000 4 Hirsch and Kung, Hours of Delay Before Filling

33 Effect of Delayed Filling and Timing of Propionic Acid Treatment on Acids in Barley Silage Item Direct fill Direct fill + BP Delayed Delayed + BP0 Delayed + BP24 Butyrate 0.00 c 0.03 c 1.65 b 1.63 ab 1.76 a Mills and Kung, 2000 abc Means in subscript differ (P < 0.05)

34 Challenges Specific to Most Silage Additives Interaction with general management Extreme temperatures Plastic managemen nt Feed out rate General silo management

35 Challenges From Extreme Temperatures Tem perature (F) Comparacion de las temperaturas contra cubierta blanco y negro durante la tarde a 15 cm de profundidad (1:30-7:30 pm) Days White Cover Black Cover Basurto, 2002

36 No Chia-Pet Covers!!! Kung, 2007

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39 WoW! Kung, 2007

40 Kung, 2007 Kung, 2007

41 Summary 1) Silage fermentation biological process is a highly variable 2) Silage additives can help in a variety of ways to improve the fermentation process 3) Silage additives will not work all the time because they interact with a variety of uncontrollable factors

42 Summary 4) Correct application and distribution are essential at the farm 5) Additives will probab bly work better when used with high quality forages that are managed under very good conditions

43 Thank You!