Estimates of genetic variability and scope of selection for yield determinants in mutated populations of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.

Transcription

1 Legume Research, 38 (5) 215: Print ISSN: / Online ISSN: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Estimates of genetic variability and scope of selection for yield determinants in mutated populations of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Kunj Chandra, G.M. Lal and Chandra Mohan Singh* Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Allahabad School of Agriculture, SHIATS, Allahabad , India. Received: Accepted: DOI: /lr.v38i5.593 ABSTRACT The experimental material consisted seven mutagenic populations of chickpea in M 3 and generation, control (Avarodhi) and check variety Pusa 312. The experiment was conducted during rabi 29-1 and On the basis of per se performance, six mutagenic populations were selected for high seed yield coupled with high harvest index and more number of pods per plant. None of the mutagenic populations exhibited high estimates of GCV and PCV in M 3 generation whereas number of pods per plant and 1 - seed weight exhibited high estimates of GCV and PCV in generation. The results on heritability and genetic advance indicated that the isolation of mutants from population with high number of secondary branches per plant, high number of pods per plant, high 1 seed weight, high harvest index and high seed yield per plant is possible in advanced generations. All the yield component traits exhibited positive and significant association with seed yield per plant at phenotypic level except plant height and number of primary branches per plant in both M 3 and generations. Harvest index and biological yield per plant had high (maximum) direct effect on seed yield per plant in both generations. In selection process, emphasis on harvest index, biological yield per plant, number of primary branches per plant, of secondary branches per plant and of pods per plant should be given to isolate the high yielding segregants in chickpea. Key words: Character association, Chickpea, Direct, Indirect effect, Genetic advance, Genetic variability, Heritability, Mutagenic population. INTRODUCTION Chickpea is an annual grain legume and ranks second after pigeon pea. It is widely used in human diet and good source of protein, energy, fibre, vitamins [Tryptophan and lysine (Awasthi et al., 1991; Hulse, 1991)] and minerals. It is also a rich source of calcium and phosphorus as compare to other than pulses (Singh et al., 2) and low amount of anti-nutritional factors like tannins, alkaloids or enzyme inhibitors (Williams and Singh, 1987). It is also used as a vegetable and imbibed seeds are directly used by human too. Sprouted chickpea is a good source of maltose. The production and productivity is still low in India due to climatic conditions and non availability of high yielding varieties. Thus, there is need to develop the high yielding varieties of chickpea to achieve this goal by assessing the genetic variability followed by selection and manipulation of appropriate trait(s). Because, genetic variation is a raw material for any crop improvement programme and give better chance to manipulate the traits or to select the genotype(s)/ plant with specific trait(s). Thus, in present study, seven different doses of sodium azide (chemical mutagen) are used to create the genetic variability. It acts as strong mutagen and is inhibitor of terminal oxidase in electron transport chain. In recent years, physical and chemical mutagen are extensively used for creating variability in crop plants. Mutation breeding is expected to make a contribution primarily as an important adjunct to the conventional breeding approach. Mutation breeding helps the creating variability which may not be available in gene pool. By hybridization technique, we get progeny with all possible combinations of characters, which are present in their parents. In India, crop improvement programme through mutation was initiated immediately after the discovery of mutagenic actions of X-ray. However, mutation technique is used in pulse improvement to create the genetic variability because the very limited amount of variability is present in pulses. Gustaffson (1947) advocated that mutation was superior other method of crop improvement, where the required amount of variation could be produced rapidly. Fried (1969) also suggested *Corresponding Author s cmsingh.gpb@gmail.com. Address: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa , Samastipur, Bihar.

2 564 LEGUME RESEARCH that, for increasing the food production in the world, induced mutations play important role in increasing variability in the breeding population to improve yield, earliness, disease resistance, lodging resistance etc. Several researchers suggested that the creation of genetic variability through induced mutation is a suitable procedure to evolve better cultivars with improved agronomic traits (Haq et al., 23; Khattak et al., 27; Barshile et al., 29, Khattak et al., 212). Thus, Mutations provide an opportunity to create new alleles/ genes/ traits which may be useful for crop improvement. Genetic variability along with heritability coupled with genetic gain gives the information about nature of gene action and choice of suitable breeding programme for crop improvement. In general, all the traits do not contribute equally for seed yield. In such situation, correlation and path analysis provide the information about important traits, which gives great contribution towards yield directly and/ or indirectly and help in formulating selection indices for yield improvement. Therefore, keeping the above facts under consideration, the attention was given on [1] study of the effect of different doses of sodium azide on yield and its contributing traits, [2] assessment of genetic variability, heritability, genetic gain, [3] identify the importance of various traits towards the seed yield and to identify and isolate the suitable trait(s) to make the selection criteria and [4] choice of suitable breeding procedure with specific traits in M 3 and mutagenic population. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present experiment was conducted with seven mutagenic populations of chickpea developed through mutagenesis using Sodium Azide () and advance M 3 and generation, along with control and one check variety Pusa 312. The very popular chickpea variety Avarodhi and chemical mutagen sodium azide with seven various doses (.5,.1,.15,.2,.25,.3 and.35) were used to develop the mutagenic population. The experiment was conducted at Field Experimentation Centre, Departments of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Allahabad School of Agriculture, SHIATS, Allahabad in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications during rabi 29-1 and Five plants were selected at random to record the data on ten quantitative traits except days to 5% flowering and days to maturity. These two traits were recorded on plot basis. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, genetic parameters, correlation and path analysis were computed by using statistical package WINDOSTAT version 8.6 developed by INDOSTAT Service Hyderabad. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance and effect of different concentrations of sodium azide on various traits: Variance due to treatments was highly significant for all characters except primary branches per plant in both M 3 and generations (Table 1). There was no desirable change in days to 5% flowering in other mutagenic populations in M 3 and generations except.1% treated mutagenic population (Fig 1). The enhancement in number of pods per plant was recorded in five mutagenic populations treated with different doses of namely.1,.15,.2,.25 and.3% over control and check (Fig 2). All the entries showed significant enhancement in 1 seed weight in population over control and check (Fig 3). All the entries showed significant superiority over check variety for biological yield per plant in M 3, whereas only three entries viz.,.15,.2,.3 were found superior in respect of biological yield per plant in mutagenic population (Fig 4). In case of harvest index, all the entries were found superior over check and control (Fig 5). In M 3 generation, all the entries were found superior over check for seed yield per plant, whereas one entry showed inferiority over control in M 3 but in generation, TABLE 1: ANOVA for various quantitative traits in M 3 and mutagenic populations Characters MSS of M 3 MSS of Replication Treatment Error Replication Treatment Error Days to 5% flowering ** ** 1.36 Plant height ** ** 1.93 Primary branches per plant Secondary branches per plant ** **.13 Days to maturity ** ** 1.93 Number of pods per plant ** ** seed weight ** **.95 Biological yield per plant ** ** 1.85 Harvest index ** ** 4.41 Seed yield per plant ** **.72 MSS= Mean Sum of Square, **= Significant at P<.1

3 Vol. 38 Issue 5, FIG 1: Effect of various concentrations of on days to 5% flowering as compare to control and check FIG 2: Effect of various concentrations of on number of pods per plant as compare to control and check this gave superior response over control and the another population from treatment of showed inferiority over control (Fig 6). Finally, on the basis of per se performance, five mutagenic populations were selected for high seed yield coupled with high harvest index and more number of pods per plant from generation (Fig 6). A significant enhancement in pods per plant in generation was earlier reported by Wani et al. (212). Genetic parameters: The coefficient of variation studies indicated that the estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were slightly higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) estimates for all the characters studied (Table 2), suggested very little influence FIG 3: Effect of various concentrations of on 1 seed weight as compare to control and check FIG 5: Effect of various concentrations of on harvest index as compare to control and check FIG 4: Effect of various concentrations of on biological yield per plant as compare to control and check of environment on the expression of these characters. None of the populations exhibited high estimates of GCV and PCV in M 3 generation, whereas number of pods per plant and 1 - seed weight exhibited high estimates of GCV and PCV in generation. This variation may be found due to fixation of additive genes through inbreeding suggesting that these characters could be used as selection indices to facilitate easy and successful isolation of desirable mutants. Burli et al. (24) also found higher values of GCV and PCV for seed yield per plant. Similar results for seed yield per plant, pods per plant and 1 seed weight has earlier been reported by Thakur and Sirohi (28), Bhavani et al. (28). Moderate FIG 6: Effect of various concentrations of on seed yield per plant as compare to control and check TABLE 2: Estimates of genetic parameters for different quantitative characters in chickpea in M 3 and generations Characters M 3 GCV PCV h 2 (bs) % GAM GCV PCV h 2 (bs) % GAM Days to 5% flowering Plant height Primary branches per plant Secondary branches per plant Days to maturity Number of pods per plant seed weight Biological yield per plant Harvest index Seed yield per plant GCV= Genotypic coefficient of variation, PCV= Phenotypic coefficient of variation, h 2 bs= Heritability in broad sense, GAM= Genetic advance as per cent of mean

4 566 LEGUME RESEARCH GCV and PCV was observed for all the traits studied except days to 5% flowering, plant height and days to maturity in M 3 generation, whereas seed yield per plant, harvest index and number of secondary branches per plant exhibited moderate value for GCV and PCV in generation. Days to 5% flowering, plant height, days to maturity, primary branches per plant and biological yield per plant exhibited low estimates of GCV and PCV in both generations. High estimates of heritability were observed for all the traits studied except number of primary branches per plant and days to maturity in M 3 generation, whereas in generation only primary branches per plant showed low heritability and rest of the traits showed high heritability. But, selection of traits only on the basis of variability and heritability estimates may be misleading sometimes because heritability is environment specific. Thus, estimates of variability along with its heritability estimates coupled with genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) may give better indication to select traits and suitable breeding procedure for crop improvement. Sable et al. (22) also found similar results for seed yield per plant and 1 seed weight. The traits viz., number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 1 seed weight, harvest index and seed yield per plant registered high heritability coupled with high GAM indicating the involvement of additive gene action. Therefore, these traits can be better exploited through simple selection method and the mutants with high number of secondary branches per plant, high number of pods per plant, high 1 seed weight, high harvest index and high seed yield per plant may yield good segregants in successive generations. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance has earlier been reported by Sahu and Patra, 1997 (for number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant), Vekariya et al., 28; Barshile et al., 29 (for number of pods per plant) and by Borate et al., 21 (for seed yield per plant). These traits may be utilized to selecting the families with high seed yield per plant. The rest of traits with non additive gene action can be utilized in recombination breeding and trait manipulation for yield improvement of chickpea. Character association and Path analysis: Correlation coefficient and path analysis have been presented in Table 3 and 4, respectively. All the yield component traits exhibited positive and significant association with seed yield per plant at phenotypic level except plant height and number of primary branches per plant in both M 3 and generations. Plant height showed negative significant association with seed yield per plant. Kumar et al. (212) also found the positive association between seed yield per plant and component traits viz., harvest index, 1-seed weight and pods per plant had negative association between plant height and seed yield per plant. Similarly, Bhavani et al. (28) also observed positive association of SYP with number of pods per plant, 1-seed weight and HI. Days to 5% flowering showed positive and significant correlation with days to maturity, number of pods per plant, 1- seed weight, biological yield per plant in both generations. The positive association between days to 5% flowering and days to maturity indicated that days to maturity is depends upon days to flowering. Thus, it may responsible to isolate mutants with early flowering and maturity The late flowering plants were found to possess more number of pods per plant, 1- seed weight and biological yield per plant. Therefore, in latter generations it may be possible to recover the early mutant lines with high number of pods per plant, 1- seed weight and biological yield per plant. Kayan et al. (212) also suggested that biological yield and number of pods per plant is important selection criteria for yield improvement of chickpea. Harvest index is an important trait and showed negative significant association with plant height, whereas positive significant association with number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and 1- seed weight, indicating the selection of these traits may increase the harvest index. Biological yield per plant showed positive significant association with days to maturity, number of pods per plant and 1- seed weight indicated the late maturing lines/ varieties accumulate of food materials, increased biomass and yielded more number more pods with high seed weight. The seed yield is a result of interaction between component characters, which are either positively or negatively associated with each other. Thus, path analysis gives information on direct and indirect effect of the component traits on seed yield. Harvest index and biological yield per plant had high (maximum) direct effect on seed yield per plant in both populations. Kayan et al. (212) also suggested the biological yield is an important parameter for chickpea improvement. Thus, direct selection of these two traits may be considered as a selection criteria for improvement of chickpea. 1-seed weight also showed strong positive association with seed yield per plant but direct effect of this trait on seed yield per plant is low in magnitude and contributed to seed yield per plant through indirect effect via biological yield per plant and harvest index. Similar association was also observed in case of number of pods per plant, number of secondary branches per plant and days to 5% flowering. Thus, mutant(s) having low 1 seed weight, number of pods per plant, number of secondary branches per plant with early flowering can be manipulated for high biological yield per plant and high harvest index. Thus, the indirect selection for these traits would help in improvement of yield in chickpea.

5 Vol. 38 Issue 5, TABLE 3: Character association (rp) among various quantitative characters in M 3 and generation of chickpea Character Days to 5% Plant Primary Secondary Days to Number of 1 Seed Biological Harvest Seed Yield/ Flowering Height Branches/ Branches/ 5% Pods/ Plant weight Yield/ Plant Index Plant Plant Plant Maturity Days to 5% Flowering M ** **.4*.829**.98**.385*.722**.774** **.497**.542**.688** * Plant Height M **.824**.428*.642**.766** **.518** 1..48* ** * -.582** Primary Branches/ Plant M * * Secondary Branches/ Plant M *.862**.956** **.715** *.84** **.581** Days to 5% Maturity M *.41* **.396* **.46* Number of Pods/ Plant M **.483*.778**.898** **.69**.597**.822** 1 Seed weight M **.722** **.88** Biological Yield/ Plant M ** * Harvest Index M ** 1..96** Seed yield/ plant M *= Significant at P<.5, **= Significant at P<.1, rp= Phenotypic correlation

6 568 LEGUME RESEARCH TABLE 4: Direct (Diagonal) and indirect effect of various traits on seed yield per plant in M 3 and population at phenotypic level. Characters DFF PH NPBP NSBP DM NPP 1 SW BYP HI DFF M PH M NPBP M NSBP M DM M NPP M SW M BYP M HI M SYP M 3 (rp).774**.518** **.396*.898**.722**.665**.742** (rp).448* -.582** ** **.88**.665**.96** DFF= Days to 5% flowering, PH= Plant height, NPBP= Number of primary branches per plant, NSBP= Number of secondary branches per plant, DM= Days to maturity, NPP= Number of pods per plant, SW= Seed weight, BYP= Biological yield per plant, HI= Harvest index, SYP= Seed yield per plant, *= Significant at P<.5, **= Significant at P<.1, rp= Phenotypic correlation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The present experiment was conducted in Department of GPB, SHIATS, Allahabad. Authors are highly thankful to Department of GPB for providing the harvested M 2 Seeds. We are also thankful to Hon ble Vice-Chancellor and Director Research for providing the facilities for completion of this research work. REFERENCES Awasthi, C.P., Abidi, A.B. and Chowdhury, A.R. (1991). Studies on the nutritional quality of different varieties of chickpea. Indian J. Agric. Res. 25: Barshile, J.D.; Auti, S.G., Apparao, B.J. (29) Genetic enhancement of chickpea through induced mutagenesis. J. Food Leg. 22: Bhavani, A.P., Sasidharan, N., Shukla, Y.M. and Bhatt M.M. (28). Correlation studies and path analysis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Res. Crops. 9: Borate, V.V., Dalvi, V. V., Jadhav, B. B. (21) Estimates of genetic variability and heritability in chickpea. J. of Mah. Agri. Uni. 35: Burli, A.V., More, S.M., Gare, B.N. Dodake, S.S. (24) Studies on genetic variability and heritability in chickpea under residual soil moisture condition. J. Mah. Agri. Uni., 29: Fried, K.R. (1969). A new Chickpea variety through mutation breeding. Mut. Breed. Newslett. 44: Gustaffson. (1947). Mutagenesis in lentil, Feba bean and Khesari, Mut. Crop Improve. pp. 35. Haq, M.A., Hassan, M., Shah, T.M., Ali, H., Atta, B.M. and Khattak, G.S.S. (23). Induction of genetic variability for plant type and disease resistance in chickpea and its utilization in breeding. In: Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Agricultural Production: Proceedings of Seminar, December 22, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. [(Eds.): Anwar, R., Bhatti, M.S., Takahshi, J. and Masood, S.] Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan. pp Hulse, J.H. (1991). Nature, composition and utilization of grain legumes, Pages in uses of tropical legumes: Proceedings of a consultant s meeting, ICRIT Cent., Patancheru, India. Kayan, N. and Adak, M.S. (212). Associations of some characters with grain yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Pak. J. Bot., 44: Khattak, G.S.S., Saeed, I. and Rehman, S. (212). Breeding high yielding desi chickpea mutants. Pak. J. Bot., 44:

7 Vol. 38 Issue 5, Khattak, G.S.S., M. Ashraf, R. Zamir and I. Saeed. 27. High yielding desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) variety NIFA- 25. Pak. J. Bot., 39: Kumar, A., Suresh, B.G. and Lavanya, G.R. (212). Character association and path analysis in early segregating population of chickpea. Legume Res., 35: Sable, N.H., Narkhede, M.N., Wakode, M.M. and Lande, G.K. (22). Genetic parameters and formulation of selection indices in chickpea. Bioved 16: Sahu, B.C. and Patra, G.J. (1997). Evaluation of quantitative characteristics in some mutant line of green gram (Phaseolus radiatus). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 67: Singh, R.K, Singh, B.B, Chauhan, M.P. (2). Heterosis and inbreeding depression in chickpea crosses involving of genotypes of different Plant type. Legume. Res. 23: Thakur, S. K., Sirohi, A. (28). Studies on genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under different environments. Int. J. of Agri. Sci., 4: Vekariya, D.H., Pithia, M.S., Kalawadia, R.L. (28). Correlation and path analysis in F 2 generation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Res. Crops. 9: Wani, M.R., Lone, M.A., Sheikh S.A., Dar M.S, Tak M.A., Ahmad P and Khan S. (212). Induction and assessment of genetic variability for yield and yield contributing traits of chickpea. J. Plant Genomics., 2: Williams, P. C. and Singh, U. (1987). The chickpea nutritional quality and the evaluation of quality in breeding programsin The Chickpea Saxena, M.C and Singh, K.B. (eds). CAB Inte, Wallingford, UK. Pages