B. Incorrect! Magendie is a person who laid the foundations for animal physiology and pharmacology in the 18 th and 19 th centuries.

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1 Pharmacology - Problem Drill 01: Introduction to Pharmacology Question No. 1 of is the science of drug preparation and medical use of drugs. Question #01 (A) Pharmacogenomics (B) Magendie (C) Materia medica (D) Pharmacology (E) Toxicology Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual s genetic makeup affects his or her response to a drug. Magendie is a person who laid the foundations for animal physiology and pharmacology in the 18 th and 19 th centuries. C. Correct! Materia medica is the science of drug preparation and medical use of drugs began to develop around the 17 th century. Pharmacological studies developed from this. Pharmacology is the study of the way that substances interact with the systems of the body to activate or inhibit its processes. Toxicology studies pharmacological processes that are undesirable. Materia medica is the science of drug preparation and medical use of drugs began to develop around the 17 th century. Pharmacological studies developed from this. The correct answer is (C).

2 Question No. 2 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully (2) Work the problems on paper as needed (3) Pick the answer (4) Go back to review the core concept tutorial as needed. 2. Any substance that brings about a change in biological function through its chemical actions is called. Question #02 (A) Prodrug (B) Drug (C) Xenobiotic (D) Poison (E) Toxins B. Correct! Any substance that brings about a change in biological function through its chemical actions is called a drug. Feedback on Each Answer A xenobiotic is a drug molecule that is a chemical not synthesized by the body. A poison is a drug that causes harmful and undesirable effects. A toxin is a poison of biological origin. Any substance that brings about a change in biological function through its chemical actions Drug. The correct answer is (B).

3 Question No. 3 of A is a substance that is administered in its inactive form, but once Question #03 (A) Prodrug (B) Drug (C) Xenobiotic (D) Poison (E) Toxins A. Correct! Any substance that brings about a change in biological function through its chemical actions is called a drug. A xenobiotic is a drug molecule that is a chemical not synthesized by the body. A poison is a drug that causes harmful and undesirable effects. The correct answer is (A).

4 Question No. 4 of calculates the percentage of ionized & unionized molecules. Question #04 (A) Drug Shape (B) Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation (C) Ionization State of a Drug (D) Dose-response curve (E) Drug reactivity Drug shape does not determine ionization. B. Correct! The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation calculates the percentage of ionized & unionized molecules. Think of the equation that describes the ionization state of the molecule. The dose-response curve is typically a sigmoid curve with a wide enough range to cover both low doses at which there is no observable response; the threshold level, at which a response is first evident; and the plateau at the top of the curve, which indicates the dose at which the maximum effect of the chemical is evident. Drug reactivity does not determine ionization. The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation calculates the percentage of ionized & unionized molecules. This equation is used to calculate the percentage of ionized and unionized species. The equation states that the ph of the solution is equal to the pka of the drug plus the log of the fraction where the numerator is the concentration of the nonprotonated species and the denominator is the concentration of the protonated species. The correct answer is (B).

5 Question No. 5 of refers to the actions of the drug on the body. Question #05 (A) Pharmacokinetics (B) Pharmacodynamics (C) Pharmacogenomics (D) Pharmacology (E) Toxicology Pharmacokinetics is the actions of the body on the drug. B. Correct! Pharmacodynamics refers to the actions of the drug on the body. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual s genetic make up affects his or her response to a drug. Pharmacology is the study of the way that substances interact with the systems of the body to activate or inhibit its processes. Toxicology studies pharmacological processes that are undesirable. Pharmacodynamics refers to the actions of the drug on the body. The duration of drug action depends upon how long the drug occupies the receptor. In some cases the drug is inactivated by metabolism resulting in termination of action. The correct answer is (B).

6 Question No. 6 of Two agents producing opposing physiological effects are called. Question #06 (A) Chemical antagonism (B) Pharmacokinetic antagonism (C) Physiological antagonism (D) Partial Agonist (E) Prodrug Chemical antagonism is the interaction of two substances in solution so that the effect of the active drug is lost. Pharmacokinetic antagonism is one drug affecting the absorption, metabolism or excretion of another drug. C. Correct! Two agents producing opposing physiological effects are called Physiological antagonism. Partial agonists produce a lower response at full receptor occupancy than full agonists and have intermediate efficacy. Two agents producing opposing physiological effects are called physiological antagonism. The correct answer is (C).

7 Question No. 7 of Drugs that cause harmful and undesirable effects are called: Question #07 (A) Prodrugs (B) Drugs (C) Xenobiotics (D) Poisons (E) Toxins Any substance that brings about a change in biological function through its chemical actions is called a drug. A xenobiotic is a drug molecule that is a chemical not synthesized by the body. D. Correct! A poison is a drug that causes harmful and undesirable effects. Drugs that cause harmful and undesirable effects are called poisons. The correct answer is (D).

8 Question No. 8 of produces a lower response at full receptor occupancy than full agonists and have intermediate efficacy. Question #08 (A) Chemical antagonism (B) Pharmacokinetic antagonism (C) Physiological antagonism (D) Partial Agonist (E) Prodrug Chemical antagonism is the interaction of two substances in solution so that the effect of the active drug is lost. Pharmacokinetic antagonism is one drug affecting the absorption, metabolism or excretion of another drug. Two agents producing opposing physiological effects are called Physiological antagonism. D. Correct! Partial agonists produce a lower response at full receptor occupancy than full agonists and have intermediate efficacy. Partial agonists produce a lower response at full receptor occupancy than full agonists and have intermediate efficacy. The correct answer is (D).

9 Question No. 9 of initiates changes in cell function, producing effects of various types. Question #09 (A) Antagonists (B) Reversible competitive antagonists (C) Agonists (D) Non-competitive antagonists (E) Xenobiotics Antagonists prevent agonists from activating receptors. Reversible competitive antagonism progressively inhibits the agonist response; at maximal concentrations, they completely prevent the response. C. Correct! Agonists initiate changes in cell function, producing effects of various types. Non-competitive antagonism blocks the chain of events that leads to the production of a response by the agonist. Xenobiotic is a drug molecule that is a chemical not synthesized by the body. Agonists initiate changes in cell function, producing effects of various types. Their potency depends upon their affinity (the tendency to bind to receptors) and efficacy (the ability to initiate changes once bound). The correct answer is (C).

10 Question No. 10 of is the interaction of two substances in solution so that the effect of the active drug is lost. Question #10 (A) Pharmacokinetic antagonism (B) Physiological antagonism (C) Pharmacodynamic effect (D) The Dose-Response Relationship (E) Chemical antagonism Pharmacokinetic antagonism occurs when one drug affecting the absorption, metabolism or excretion of another drug. Physiological antagonism occurs when two agents produce opposing physiological effects. Pharmacodynamic effect is the duration of drug action depends upon how long the drug occupies the receptor. Dose-response describes the relationship between exposure to a chemical and the magnitude of the response. E. Correct! Chemical antagonism is the interaction of two substances in solution so that the effect of the active drug is lost. Chemical antagonism is the interaction of two substances in solution so that the effect of the active drug is lost. An example is the inactivation of lead by chelating agents. The correct answer is (E).