MODULE 2 KINDS OF IS -GROUP 4

Transcription

1 MODULE 2 KINDS OF IS -GROUP 4

2 INDEX I. Transaction Processing System (TPS) II. Office Automation Systems (OAS) III. Management Information Systems (MIS) IV. Decision Support Systems (DSS) V. Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) VI. Expert Systems (ES)

3 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM

4 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM [TPS] The TPS records the data from every day operations throughout every division or department in the organization. Transaction processing system supports day to day operations: Examples of TPS are order entry systems, cheque processing systems, accounts receivable systems, accounts payable systems, payroll systems and ticket reservation systems. These systems help any company to conduct operations and keep track of activities. TPS was first developed in the 1950 s in accounting departments of major corporations. It is the oldest type of information system and can be called as the work house of the information system industry for the last 50 years. An event occurs in the business world. The event is recorded by keying it into the computer system as a transaction. The transaction is a representation of the event. TPS is nothing but a computer program which processes the transaction against TPS data. Example : In case of a ticket Reservation system, say Railways, the TPS data contains the location of available seats; in the case of an order, this data contains a list of products available for sale, their prices and related data. In case of cheque processing this data contains the account balances, customer lists and other data. TPS program generates 2 types of outputs i ) It sends message back to the operator generator. ii ) It generates printed materials. Example : A ticket reservation system, displays a message on the terminal indicating seats sold out to people. It also prints the tickets and perhaps a mailing label for sending them.

5 The following diagram shows the architecture of a generic TPS application Objectives of TPS Process data generated by and about transactions. Maintain a high degree of accuracy. Ensure data information integrity and accuracy. Produce timely documents and reports. Increase labour efficiency. Help provide increased and enhanced efficiency. To build and maintain customer loyalty. Achieve competitive advantage. Characteristics of TPS 1. Type These activities occur at the operational level. 2. Inputs Day to day transactions or events are inputs to TPS. 3. Processing Converting of input into output and providing meaningful information. 4. Output TPS updates the database and generates printed materials. 5. Users All operational level personnel's, stores manages H.R manager etc. 6. Decision making It is computer based application system which is highly structured.

6 Types of TPS These are 2 fundamental types of TPS Online systems( On line transaction processing ) Batch systems (Batch transaction processing) 1. On line systems: In this processing system data are processed as they are entered as opposed to batch processing. It involves direct connection between the operator and the TPS program. They provide immediate results. They are used to process a single transaction at a time. Example: An order arrives by telephone call, it is processed at that moment and the results are produced. Real time Processing ( Quick response systems ) This system is same as OLTP but fast. It is a type of online processing which is capable of processing, faster advances in computer hardware and soft ware have made a real time processing capable to many of the functions of modern information systems. The following diagram shows the online transactions processing cycle.

7 Online Schematic 2) Batch processing : This is a second type of TPS, where transactions are grouped together and processed as a unit. Transactions are accumulated over a period of time and prepared for processing as a single unit or batch. Example: A cheque processing system in a bank. All the cheques received in a particular time frame, say on a particular day are then sorted by the account number and processed in a batch. The following diagram shows the Batch transactions processing application.

8 Here the transactions are grouped into a transaction file as indicated in the program. The batch is then read in order by TPS program. This program reads the stored data, often called old master file data, process the transaction and creates the new master file data. In the process, it generates reports.

9 OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS OFFICE AUTOMATION The term office automation refers to all tools and methods that are applied to office activities which make it possible to process written, visual, and sound data in a computer-aided manner.

10 Office automation is intended to provide elements which make it possible to simplify, improve, and automate the organisation of the activities of a company or a group of people (management of administrative data, synchronisation of meetings, etc.). Considering that company organizations requires increased communication, today, office automation is no longer limited to simply capturing handwritten notes. In particular, it also includes the following activities: exchange of information management of administrative documents handling of numerical data meeting planning and management of work schedules Office suite tools The term "office suite" refers to all software programs which make it possible to meet office needs. In particular, an office suite therefore includes the following software programs: word processing a spreadsheet a presentation tool a database a scheduler The main office suites are: AppleWorks Corel WordPerfect IBM/Lotus SmartSuite Microsoft office Sun star office

11 Automation Systems Overview Utilizing an automation system can be a simple change like providing production workers cordless drills in place of corded drills to allow for greater freedom of movement in performing their task. Complex automation systems integrate computer hardware and software, robotic equipment, line equipment, shipping processes, inventory control and employee training to increase manufacturing efficiency and product quality. Automation Systems Are Everywhere Look around and you will find automation systems everywhere. That system your corporation uses to share calendars, schedule meetings and send communications with is an automation system. Fast food chains employ integrated automation systems to ensure everything from supplies to data collection, right down to fulfilling your order, is done quickly and succinctly. Office Automation Systems Office automation systems (OAS) are configurations of networked computer hardware and software. A variety of office automation systems are now applied to business and communication functions that used to be performed manually or in multiple locations of a company, such as preparing written communications and strategic planning. In addition, functions that once required coordinating the expertise of outside specialists in typesetting, printing, or electronic recording can now be integrated into the everyday work of an organization, saving both time and money. Types of functions integrated by office automation systems include (1) electronic publishing; (2) electronic communication; (3) electronic collaboration; (4) image processing; and (5) office management. Electronic Publishing Electronic publishing systems include word processing and desktop publishing. Word processing software, (e.g., Microsoft Word, Corel Word-Perfect) allows

12 users to create, edit, revise, store, and print documents such as letters, memos, reports, and manuscripts. Desktop publishing software (e.g., Adobe Pagemaker, Corel VENTURA, Microsoft Publisher) enables users to integrate text, images, photographs, and graphics to produce high-quality printable output. Desktop publishing software is used on a microcomputer with a mouse, scanner, and printer to create professional-looking publications. These may be newsletters, brochures, magazines, or books. Electronic Communication Electronic communication systems include electronic mail ( ), voice mail, facsimile (fax), and desktop videoconferencing. Electronic Mail is software that allows users, via their computer keyboards, to create, send, and receive messages and files to or from anywhere in the world. Most e- mail systems let the user do other sophisticated tasks such as filter, prioritize, or file messages; forward copies of messages to other users; create and save drafts of messages; send "carbon copies"; and request automatic confirmation of the delivery of a message. is very popular because it is easy to use, offers fast delivery, and is inexpensive. Examples of software are Eudora, Lotus Notes, and Microsoft Outlook. Voice Mail Voice mail is a sophisticated telephone answering machine. It digitizes incoming voice messages and stores them on disk. When the recipient is ready to listen, the message is converted from its digitized version back to audio, or sound. Recipients may save messages for future use, delete them, or forward them to other people. Desktop Videoconferencing Desktop videoconferencing is one of the fastest growing forms of videoconferencing. タ Desktop videoconferencing requires a network and a

13 desktop computer with special application software (e.g., CUSeeMe) as well as a small camera installed on top of the monitor. Images of a computer user from the desktop computer are captured and sent across the network to the other computers and users that are participating in the conference. This type of videoconferencing simulates face-to-face meetings of individuals. Electronic Collaboration Electronic collaboration is made possible through electronic meeting and collaborative work systems and teleconferencing. Electronic meeting and collaborative work systems allow teams of coworkers to use networks of microcomputers to share information, update schedules and plans, and cooperate on projects regardless of geographic distance. Special software called groupware is needed to allow two or more people to edit or otherwise work on the same files simultaneously. Teleconferencing is also known as videoconferencing. As was mentioned in the discussion of desktop videoconferencing earlier, this technology allows people in multiple locations to interact and work collaboratively using real-time sound and images. Full teleconferencing, as compared to the desktop version, requires special-purpose meeting rooms with cameras, video display monitors, and audio microphones and speakers. Telecommuting and Collaborative Systems Telecommuters perform some or all of their work at home instead of travelling to an office each day, usually with the aid of office automation systems, including those that allow collaborative work or meetings. A microcomputer, a modem, software that allows the sending and receiving of work, and an ordinary telephone line are the tools that make this possible. Telecommuting is gaining in popularity in part due to the continuing increase in population, which creates traffic congestion, promotes high energy consumption, and causes more air pollution. Telecommuting can help reduce

14 these problems. Telecommuting can also take advantage of the skills of homebound people with physical limitations. Studies have found that telecommuting programs can boost employee morale and productivity among those who work from home. It is necessary to maintain a collaborative work environment, however, through the use of technology and general employee management practices, so that neither on-site employees nor telecommuters find their productivity is compromised by such arrangements. The technologies used in electronic communication and teleconferencing can be useful in maintaining a successful telecommuting program. Image Processing systems Image processing systems include electronic document management, presentation graphics, and multimedia systems. Imaging systems convert text, drawings, and photographs into digital form that can be stored in a computer system. This digital form can be manipulated, stored, printed, or sent via a modem to another computer. Imaging systems may use scanners, digital cameras, video capture cards, or advanced graphic computers. Companies use imaging systems for a variety of documents such as insurance forms, medical records, dental records, and mortgage applications. Presentation graphics software uses graphics and data from other software tools to create and display presentations. The graphics include charts, bullet lists, text, sound, photos, animation, and video clips. Examples of such software are Microsoft Power Point, Lotus Freelance Graphics, and SPC Harvard Graphics. Multimedia systems are technologies that integrate two or more types of media such as text, graphic, sound, voice, full-motion video, or animation into a computer-based application. Multimedia is used for electronic books and newspapers, video conferencing, imaging, presentations, and web sites.

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16 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

17 Management information systems: MIS can be defined as a system that processes information input in the form of data (the raw material) and helps support the management in decisionmaking and strategic planning. These systems assist lower management in problem solving and making decisions. They use the results of transaction processing and some other information also. It is a set of information processing functions. It should handle queries as quickly as they arrive. An important element of MIS is database A database is a non-redundant collection of interrelated data items that can be processed through application programs and available to many users. Functions: - sub serves managerial function - collects stores, evaluates information systematically and routinely - supports planning and control decisions - Includes files, hardware, software, software and operations research models Components of MIS: 1.Hardware Input and output devices constitute the hardware components of MIS 2. Software The programs and applications that convert data into machine-readable language are known as software 3. Procedures Procedures are sets of rules or guidelines, which an organization establishes for the use of a computer-based information system 4. Personnel

18 The computer experts, managers, users, analysts, programmers, database managers, and many other computer professionals who utilize the computerbased information systems are the personnel in a management information systems. The Purpose and Scope of MIS - Management information systems The Purpose and Scope of MIS Management Information Systems can be defined as 'The combination of human and computer based resources that results in the collection, storage, retrieval, communication and use of data for the purpose of efficient management of operations and for business planning'. The purpose of MIS is to help the smooth running of the business by providing information on the firms data (such as accounting figures) employees from different levels will then evaluate this information so that decisions can be made to ensure that the business remains competitive and successful. The information can be used for various purposes, -strategic planning -delivering increased productivity -reducing service cycles -reducing product development cycles -reducing marketing life cycles -increasing the understanding of customers' needs -facilitating business and process re-engineering. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MIS 1. Management-oriented: The development of the system starts after deciding the management needs and keeping in the view, overall objective of the management.

19 2. Management-directed: Since MIS requires heavy planning and investment, management is deeply involved in the design, implementation and maintenance of the system. 3. An integrated system: MIS is the catalyst and nerve centre of an organization. It is necessary for the subsystems to work as integrated system, to achieve the goals and objectives of organization. 4. Avoids redundancy in data storage: Since MIS is an integrated system, it avoids unnecessary duplication and redundancy in data gathering and storage. 5. Common data flow: Common data flow tries to utilize minimum data processing effort and strives to minimize the number of output documents and reports. 6. Heavy planning element: Design and implementation of MIS requires detailed and meticulous planning of such activities as acquisition and deployment of hardware, software, humanware, etc. 7. Subsystem concept: MIS gives provision for division into various subsystems based on activity as well as functions of the organization, for its effective implementation. 8. Common database: It acts as a master that holds the functional subsystems together. It achieves this, by allowing access to different master files of data into several functional subsystems. 9. Flexibility and ease of use: MIS is flexible enough to accommodate new requirements. The system is easy to operate, so that no much computer skills are required on the part of the user to access database. 10. Computerization: MIS can be computerized because of its nature as a comprehensive system. This provides speed in creating and accessing files, accuracy, consistency in data processing, reduction in clerical work

20 BENEFITS OF MIS 1. Improves personal efficiency. 2. Expedites problem solving (speeds up the progress of problems solving in an organization). 3. Facilitates interpersonal communication. 4. Promotes learning or training. 5. Increases organizational control. 6. Generates new evidence in support of a decision. 7. Creates a competitive advantage over competition. 8. Encourages exploration and discovery on the part of the decision maker. 9. Reveals new approaches to thinking about the problem space. 10. Helps automate the Managerial processes OBJECTIVES: The objectives of MIS are derived from company s objectives. Suppose the company wants to increase its market segment A from 10% to 14% per year, numerous information must be available, like: How is the market currently allocated? Which are the competitor s product offer to hold share in the market? Pros and cons of this product Customer set of each of these products Money spent in advertising In what stage of the product life cycle in each product and so on The main objectives are :

21 To provide requisite information support for the managerial functions within the organization. To make available, right information at the right place, at the right time and at the low cost. To ensure that wrong and unwanted information is not generated, APPLICATIONS: Management Information systems been implemented in areas of 1. Transportation 2. Finance and Accounting 3. Laboratories 4. Trafficking Systems 5. Graphic Design 6. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 7. Telecommunication 8. Satellite imaging 9. Healthcare, etc

22 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

23 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS) Decision support systems are computer-based information systems that provide interactive information support to managers and business professional s during the decision-making process. Decision support systems are an application of Herbert Simon Model, which is a process of intelligence, design and choice activities that result in the selection of a particular course of action. Definition: According to Scott Morton Decision Support System are Interactive computer based systems, which helps decision-makers utilize data and models to solve unstructured problems. DSS is not structured, finished systems as TPS and MIS are. DSS is collection of data and data processing tools used to creatively manipulate data to answer unknown and often unexpected questions. Unlike TPS and MIS which are regular and recurring, the need for DSS can be irregular. Architecture of DSS External TPS MIS data data data DSS Models Data Request Models DSS Program Responses DSS User Graphs Reports

24 The Architecture of a DSS application is as shown in above figure. Data from the organizations, TPS and MIS applications are input to the DSS programs, along with data from external sources and DSS model data. The DSS may store and later reprocess its own model data as well. The user interacts with the DSS online and requests are made, models are created or adjusted and data is manipulated. The outputs of the DSS program can be either text, structured reports or graphics. The programs supported by the DSS are spreadsheet programs, personal database management systems, word processing packages, MBMS, graphics generators, statistical packages, etc,. DSS are often used to respond on an ad hoc basis to problems and opportunities as they develop. So that flexibility and adaptability are crucial. DSS often involves models of business activity.

25 Components of DSS Program DSS Process Every DSS contains at least data management, user interface, model management components and the end users. A few also contains a knowledge management component. The data management subsystem contains all the data that flow from several sources, and are extracted prior to their entry into a DSS database or a data warehouse. A model management subsystem contains completed models (financial, statistical, management science or other quantitative models) and the routines to develop DSS s applications. The user interface covers all aspects of the communications between a user and the DSS.

26 The user: the person (manager or the decision maker) faced with the problem or decision that the DSS is designed to support. A knowledge-based or intelligent subsystem provides the expertise for solving some aspects of the problem, or the knowledge that can enhance the operation of the other DSS components. Characteristics of DSS 1. DSS offer users flexibility, adaptability and a quick response. 2. DSS operate with little or no assistance from professional programmers. 3. DSS provide support for decisions and problems whose solutions cannot be specified in advance. 4. DSS uses sophisticated data analysis and modeling tools. 5. DSS is typically designed for either a particular decision-maker or a group of decision-makers. 6. DSS provides more consistent and objective than complex decisions that are mode intuitively. 7. Designed to help support decisions that are formulated as semistructured, complex problems. Capabilities of DSS 1. A DSS provides support for decision makers at all management levels, whether individuals or groups, mainly in semi-structured and unstructured situations by bringing together human judgment and objective information 2. A DSS supports several interdependent and/or sequential decisions. 3. A DSS supports all phases of the decision-making process intelligent, design, choice and implementation. 4. A DSS is adaptable by the user over time to deal with changing conditions.

27 5. A DSS is easy to construct and use in many cases. 6. A DSS promotes learning, which leads to new demands and refinement of the current application, which leads to additional learning. 7. A DSS usually utilizes quantitative models (standard or custom made). 8. Advanced DSS s are equipped with a knowledge management component that allows the efficient and effective solution of very complex problems. 9. A DSS can be disseminated for use via the web. 10. A DSS allows the easy execution of sensitivity analysis. Example of DSS:- Sales managers typically rely on management information systems to produce sales analysis reports. These reports contain sales performance figures by product-line, salesperson, sales region, etc. The DSS on the other hand shows the sales manager the effects on sales performance of changes in a variety of factors (such as promotion expense and salesperson compensation). The DSS could then use several criteria (such as expected gross margin and market share) to evaluate and rank several alternative combinations of sales performance factor. Therefore, DSS systems are designed to be ad hoc, quickresponse systems that are initiated and controlled by business decision makers. DSS are thus able to directly support the specific types of decisions and the personal decision-making styles and needs of individual executives, managers and business professionals.

28 Comparison between DSS and MIS Following are the few differences between DSS and MIS: Points MIS DSS 1) Focus On structured tasks and routine decisions On semi-structured tasks, requiring managerial decisions 2) Emphasis On data storage On data manipulation 3) Data access Offer only indirect access by managers Direct access by managers 4) Reliance On computer expert On manager s own judgment 5) Access to data 6) Understanding the nature of the decision Possibility requiring a wait for managers turn and data MIS manager not understands completely Direct access to computer Manager understands knowing decision environment 7) Emphasis On efficiency On effectiveness

29 GROUP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

30 Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) Group decision support systems (GDSSs), a subclass of DSSs, are defined as information technology-based support systems that provide decision-making support to Groups. They refer to the systems that provide computer-based aids and communication support for decision-making meetings in organizations. The group Meeting is a joint activity in which a group of people is engaged with equal or near-equal Status. The activity and its outputs are intellectual in nature. Essentially, the outputs of the meeting depend on the knowledge and judgment contributed by the participants. Differences in opinion may be settled by negotiation or arbitration. Components of GDSS The difference between GDSSs and DSSs is the focus on the group versus the individual decision-maker. The components of a GDSS are basically similar to those of DSS, including hardware, software, and people; but in addition, within the collaborative environment, communication and networking technologies are added for group participation from different sites. Benefits claimed for GDSS There are three benefits claimed for GDSSs: increased efficiency, improved quality, and leverage that improves the way meetings run Due to increasing computer data processing power, communication and network performance, the speed and quality for information processing and information

31 transmission create the opportunity for higher efficiency. Efficiency achievement depends on the performance of hardware (e.g., PCs, LAN/WAN) and software. With regard to the software aspect of GDSSs, the software architecture with database management and an interactive interface affects system run time efficiency and performance. Improved quality of the outcomes of a group meeting implies the increased quality of alternatives examined, greater participation and contribution from people who would otherwise be silent, or decision outcomes judged to be of higher quality. In a GDSS, the outcome of a meeting or decision-making process depends on communication facilities and decision support facilities. Those facilities can help decision-making participants avoid the constraints imposed by geography. They also make information sharable and reduce effort in the decision-making process. Therefore, those facilities contribute to meeting quality improvement. Leverage implies that the system does not merely speed up the process (say efficiency), but changes it fundamentally. In other words, leverage can be achieved through providing better ways of meeting, such as providing the ability to execute multiple tasks at the same time ADVANTAGES Group Decision Support Systems give groups several advantages over many traditional, non-automated group meetings (Nunamaker, et al., 1991): 1.More participation In a typical meeting, group members have only few minutes to express their ideas rather than the entire meeting time. In some nonautomated meetings, a few group members may exert undue influence or monopolize the group's time; a GDSS makes every participant equal, eliminating member status incongruities. Finally, more information will be presented to the group as more participate.

32 2.Group synergy Other group members will be able to use an idea in a manner that the originator did not because participants have different information skills. Also, the group as a whole will be better able to catch errors in a comment than the individual who proposed the idea. 3.More structure A GDSS also provides a certain amount of structure to the meeting. With this structure in place, it is more difficult to deviate from the problem-solving cycle and make incomplete or premature decisions. The group has a more concentrated discussion, and they stay focused on the issues throughout the meeting. Lower levels of non-task interactions (gossiping, for example) in such groups have been observed as compared with traditional meetings. 4.Other benefits As a result of more participation, group synergy, record keeping, and structure, many groups have been able to accomplish more in significantly less time necessary for traditional, non-automated meetings. Also, these factors have contributed to higher group satisfaction with the meeting process. Finally, the new technology has enabled larger groups to meet, resulting in more information, knowledge, and skills that are brought to bear to the task at hand. DISADVANTAGES There are some disadvantages to the technology, however, and they include: 1.Slow Communication Most people speak much faster than they type, and thus would usually

33 prefer a verbal environment (other things being equal). However, a GDSS allows participants to review recorded comments (people may read and scan faster than they can hear and process). Other advantages, including anonymity and parallel communication, may override the slow typing speed. The break-even point, where it is more efficient to type in parallel rather than speak and listen in sequence, occurs at a group size of approximately eight members (depending upon typing speed). 2.Not all Tasks are Amenable to GDSSs Group meetings which involve "one-to-many" communication (for example, a leader lecturing to the group) would not benefit from a GDSS. Only those tasks which require group members to exchange ideas or preferences efficiently ("many-to-many") would benefit.

34 EXPERT SYSTEMS

35 EXPERT SYSTEM An expert system is a computer based information system in which knowledge is represented in data and processing is directed. Primarily by computer programs, greatest degree of computer control. For example: To diagnose, human diseases as well as or better than a human expert, many of the expert system, we encounter in business will not have the abilities of a true human expert. STRUTURE OF EXPERT SYSTEMS Expert system can be viewed as composed of two major parts:- 1. The development environment:- It is used by ES builder to build the ES components and introduce expert knowledge to ES knowledge base. 2. The consultation environment:- It is used by a non expert to obtain the expert knowledge and advice. COMPONENTS OF EXPERT SYSTEM The following components exist in ES:- 1. Knowledge acquisition subsystem. 2. Knowledge base. 3. Inference engine 4. Blackboard (work place)

36 5. User inference 6. Explanation (gives logic) 7. Reasoning capacity improvement CONSULTATION ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT USER EXPLANATI KNOWLEDGE BASE USER INFEREN CE INFERENCE KNOWLEDGE RECOMMANDATION EXPERT BLACKBO 1. Knowledge acquisition:- REASONING CAPACITY This is used by an individual who has expertise to create add or change the knowledge base. Sources of knowledge include human experts, text books, database, special research reports and users own experience. 2. Knowledge base:- Knowledge not mere facts are the primary material of ES. It can also have standard problem solving and decision making models.

37 The info in knowledge base is incorporated into computer system by process called knowledge representing. Facts, rules and global strategies are included in knowledge development base. 3. Inference engine:- Brain of ES Applies rules and other forms of knowledge to make logical conclusion to solve user s problems. 4. User inference:- The ES contains language processor for friendly communication between user and computer. Communication is carried out in a natural language, sometimes supplemented by graphics. 5. Expert system language:- ES programs are written in special purpose, symbolic program language such as prolog and LISP. BENEFITS OF EXPERT SYSTEM Expert system can be used to address number of different problems domain. In increasing order of difficulty these domain are:-

38 I. Procedural II. III. IV. Diagnosis Monitoring Configuration and design V. Scheduling and planning It provides major benefits to users benefits are:- I. Cast reduction II. III. IV. Increased output Improved quality Reduced down time V. Reliability VI. VII. VIII. IX. Response time Equipment operation Educational benefits Enhancing problem solving X. Solving complex problems ADVANTAGES OF ES It is faster and consistent. It can have the knowledge of several experts It does not get distracted by over work It is not subjected to stress

39 They help to preserve and reproduce knowledge to experts They build knowledge database for the organization LIMITATIONS OF ES They excel only in solving specific types of problems in limited domain. They perform well with specific types of operational and analytical tasks but latter at subjective decision making. They are costly to develop and maintain They don t learn by experience as humans They must taught new knowledge and modified as new expertise to match developments in subjected area. KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM A knowledge system is a computer based system that represents knowledge and makes it available to users in a tailored form to the solution of specific problems. TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM:- a) Hyper text b) Interactive video c) Expert system I. Hyper text:- It is an important methodology for the construction and interactive use of text database.

40 II. Interactive video:- Interactive video is used primarily in tracking and advisory capacities. It links video segments This application involves a greater degree of computer control than the hyper text applications. III. Expert system DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ES AND DS ATTRIBUTE DSS ES Objective Human decision Duplicate a human maker and replace him Recommendation Made by user or Made by system about decision system Major orientation Decision making Transfer of expertise Query directions Human system System Data manipulation Numerical Human symbolize Problem area Complex, board Narrow specific Type of database Factual knowledge Rules Reasoning capacity Absent Present Explanation Limited Total Leasing capacity Absent present

41 DSS AND ES DIFFER FROM CONVENTIONAL MIS Unstructured KWS ESS Semi-structured DSS EIS MIS TPS structured Organization level Computing involves DSS and ES, DSS differs from conventional MIS. They have several advantage they are geared to information manuplation They are operated directed by their users and they help managers make non- routine in unstructured decisions. ES differ from MIS primarily is the use of artificial intelligence. They are particularly relevant for unstructured problems and use more tolerant of errors and imperfect knowledge than are conventional programs.