INTRO TO I & CT. (Soft wares & its Types.) Lecture # 11 By: M.Nadeem Akhtar. Lecturer. Department of CS & IT.

Transcription

1 INTRO TO I & CT (Soft wares & its Types.) Lecture # 11 By: M.Nadeem Akhtar. Lecturer. Department of CS & IT. URL: 1

2 SOFTWARE? Definitions: A set of instruction to solve a particular problem A piece of software is a computer program which has been written to carry out a particular task. Software programs are originally produced by computer programmers who will write the instructions that form the program in a programming language. The series of computer-language coded instructions that tells the computer how to perform tasks 2

3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE(FUNCTIONALITY POINT OF VIEW!) Computer Software General- Purpose Programs 2-Application Software Application- Specific Programs System Management Programs 1-System Software System Development Programs 3

4 1-SYSTEMS SOFTWARE Systems software controls the operation of a computer Enables the other application programs to execute. Without systems software a computer would not function. 4

5 SYSTEM SOFTWARE What is system software? Programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices Interface between user, application software, and hardware. Next 5 p.8.2

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7 1-SYSTEM S/W TYPES System software divided in to two main types a. System management programs b. System development programs 7

8 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS Examples i. Operation systems ii. Device drivers iii. BIOS Programs iv. Utility program 8

9 A-System management programs (Continue!) I- Operating System: Set of programs containing instructions that coordinate all the activities among computer hardware devices. OperatingSystemisasoftware,whichmakesacomputerto actually work. Itisthesoftwarethatenablesalltheprogramsweuse. The OS organizes and controls the hardware. OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine hardware. Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac etc., (Will be discuss later in details!) 9

10 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS(CONTINUE!) II-DEVICE DRIVERS Device drivers are computer programs allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a hardware device. A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. Drivers are hardware-dependent and operatingsystem-specific. 10

11 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS(CONTINUE!) III-BASIC INPUT/ OUTPUT SYSTEM(BIOS) BIOS is responsible for starting the PC. Boot the computer by providing a basic set of instructions. Load the operating system after turning on the computer Provide low-level routines for the communications between OS and hardware devices 11

12 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS(CONTINUE!) IV-UTILITY PROGRAMS. A utility program allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing acomputer. Type of system software that performs a specific task, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs File and hard disk management for efficiency and storage. Setting peripheral devices to the users requirements, i.e. setting the monitor resolution 12

13 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS(CONTINUE!) IV-UTILITY PROGRAMS. What is a utility program? Next p.8.27 A type of system software that performs a specific task Usually related to managing a computer, its devices or its programs utility suites Combine several utility programs into a single package Web-based utility service Pay an annual fee that allows you to access and use a vendor s utility programs on the Web McAfee and Norton offer utility suites and Webbased utility 13 services

14 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS (CONTINUE!) IV-UTILITY PROGRAMS. Some Common Utility Programs: File viewer File compression Diagnostic utility Uninstaller Disk Scanner Disk Defragmenter Backup Utility Screen Saver 14

15 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS(CONTINUE!) IV-UTILITY PROGRAMS: SOME EXAMPLES Disk defragmenters: Can detect computer files whose contents are broken across several locations on the hard disk, and move the fragments to one location to increase efficiency. Network utilities: Analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure network settings, check data transfer or log events 15

16 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS(CONTINUE!) IV-UTILITY PROGRAMS: SOME EXAMPLES Disk cleaners: Can find files that are unnecessary to computer operation, or take up considerable amounts of space. Disk cleaner helps the user to decide what todeletewhentheirharddiskisfull. Backup Can make a copy of all information stored on a disk, and restore either the entire disk (e.g. in an event of disk failure) or selected files (e.g. in an event of accidental deletion). 16

17 B-SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS Compiler: A compiler is a program that reads a program in one language the source language and translates into an equivalent program in another language(machine language). Source Languages C++ language FORTRAN language Pascal language, etc Machine languages Assembly Language 17

18 B-SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS(CONTINUE!) Linker: Alinkerorlinkeditorisaprogramthattakesoneormore objects generated by compilers and assembles them into a single executable program. Linkers can take objects from a collection called a library. The objects are program modules containing machine code and information for the linker. Thelinkertakescareofarrangingtheobjectsinaprogram's address space. 18

19 2-APPLICATION SOFTWARE Application software consists of programs designed to perform specific tasks for users to sport : Home Activities, Personal Activates, Business Activates, And Educational Activities; 19

20 2-APPLICATION SOFTWARE What is application software? Programs that perform specific tasks for users Also called a software application or an application Why used: To assist with graphics and multimedia projects To facilitate communications As a productivity/ business tool To support household activities, for personal business, or for education 20 p. 3.2

21 2-APPLICATION SOFTWARE What are main categories of application software? 21 p. 3.2 Fig. 3-1

22 PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE What is productivity software? Software that assists people in becoming more effective and efficient while performing daily activities Word Presentation Processing Graphics Personal Information Manager Spreadsheet Software Suite Database Project Management p. 3.7 Fig. 3-8 Accounting

23 Software packages: Sometimes more than one program is required to complete a task. Whenthisisthecasethegroupofprogramswhich together complete the task are known as a software package. Multiple software programs that work together (or performs similar functions) and is bundled and sold together as a software package. 23

24 M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore. 24

25 GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE What are some popular graphics and multimedia software products? Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Desktop Publishing (Professional) Paint/Image Editing (Professional) Video and Audio Editing Multimedia Authoring p Fig Web Page Authoring

26 SOFTWARE FOR HOME, PERSONAL, AND EDUCATIONAL USE What software products are available for home, personal, and educational use? Integrated Software Personal Finance Legal Tax Preparation Desktop Publishing Paint/Image Editing (Personal) p Fig Clip Art/Image Gallery Home Design/ Landscaping Reference

27 COMMUNICATIONSSOFTWARE What software facilitates communication? o o o o o o o Click to view Web Link then click Groupware p Web browsers Chat rooms Newsgroups Instant messaging Groupware Videoconferencing Instant Videoconference Newsgroup messaging (IM) or Web electronic browser Chat room mail A Real-time meeting Also called Groupware between communications a discussion two or more geographically services Transmission or that browser notifies of you Online Permits area users on the to Web chat where when A software separated one messages more application people with users who use conduct via a Allows a network you to computer each other written network via discussions the people Internet that helps are online groups the such of to transmit about as access a particular audio and a local computer and area view subject video data people work together network and You Home Allows use Web you a software pages to exchange share users information the can Internet program make on the over a video called a telephone a newsreader Some messages support call files Internet to participate voice with chats in a them and or join network where both parties see each newsgroup software other video a private as chats lets they chat you talk create, room send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete messages

28 2-APPLICATION S/W TYPES( OTHER PERSPECTIVE!) Application software divided in to two main types a. Custom based software/application Specific Programs b. Generic software/general-purpose Programs 28

29 2-APPLICATION S/W TYPES (A)-CUSTOM BASED SOFTWARE The software which is specified by the software vendor/producer for a specific organization or institute is called custom based software This is a software that is designed and developed for particular customer. Examples: NADRA registration System Railway Reservation system Nobel Pharmacy Management system Andmanymore. 29

30 2-APPLICATION S/W TYPES (B)GENERIC SOFTWARE It is design for general public uses. Developed for the sale of to the software developers /users for their use. The most common generic software packages are: Word Processor Presentation Software Spreadsheets Media players Graphic designing software And many more examples 30

31 2-Application S/W Types: (b)generic software: Examples. Word Processors: Word processing is a tool that helps user in creating, editing, and printing documents. Word processors will normally have the following capabilities built into them: Spell checking Standard layouts for normal documents Have some characters appear in bold print, italics, or underlined Save the document so it can be used again print the document. Examples: Microsoft Word (later on we will discuss it in details ) and WordPerfect 31

32 M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore. 2-APPLICATIONS/W TYPES: (B)GENERIC SOFTWARE: EXAMPLES. WORDPERFECT 32

33 2-Application S/W Types: (b)generic software: Examples. Spreadsheets: The spreadsheet packages are designed to use numbers and formulas to do calculations with ease. Examples of spreadsheets include: Budgets Payrolls Grade Calculations The most commonly used spreadsheet programs are Microsoft Excel (later on we will discuss it in details ) and Lotus

34 M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore. 2-APPLICATIONS/W TYPES: (B)GENERIC SOFTWARE: EXAMPLES. LOTUS

35 2-Application S/W Types: (b)generic software: Examples. Graphic Presentations: The presentation programs can make giving presentations and using overheads easier. Other uses include: Slide Shows Repeating Computer Presentations on a computer monitor Using Sound and animation in slide shows The most recognized graphic presentation programs are Microsoft PowerPoint (later on we will discuss it in details ) and Harvard Graphics. 35

36 OTHER SOFTWARE: Bespoke: Software that is specially written for an application. An expensive but a perfect solution to a requirement when there is no suitable package available. Often a one off piece of software written for a large organisation as a perfect match to their needs. 36

37 M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore. Air Traffic Control Software is an example of Bespoke Software. 37

38 TYPES OF SOFTWARE(ACCESSIBILITY POINT OF VIEW!) 1. Open source software 2. Proprietary software

39 1-OPENSOURCESOFTWARE Open source software (OSS) is computer software whose source code is available under a license that permits users to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. It is often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Well-known OSS products are Linux, Netscape, Apache, etc., 39

40 2-PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE Proprietary software (also called non-free software) is software with restrictions on using, copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. Restrictions on use, modification and copying is achieved by either legal or technical means and sometimes both. Proponents of proprietary software are like Microsoft. Example: Microsoft Windows, RealPlayer, Adobe Photoshop, Mac OS, WinZip, CAD, Norton Antivirus etc. 40