FATIGUE DESIGN OF STEEL AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
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1 FATIGUE DESIGN OF STEEL AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURES Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures Part Fatigue Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures Alain Nussbaumer Luis Borges Laurence Davaine ECCS CECM E K ~c~?p~~
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE ACKNOLWLEDGMENTS SYMBOLOGY TERMINOLOGY IX Xl Xlll XV XIX 1.1 Basis offatigue design in steel structures General Main parameters influencing fatigue life Expression offatigue strength Variable amplitude and cycle counting Damage accumulation Damage equivalent factor concept Codes of practice Introduction Eurocodes 3 and Eurocode Execution (EN ) Other execution standards Description ofthe structures used in the worked examples Introduction Steel and concrete composite road bridge (worked example 1) Longitudinal elevation and transverse cross section Materials and structural steel distribution The construction stages 35
3 T\BLE 01' Cox'rt.xt S Chimney (worked example 2) Introduction General characteristics ofthe chimney Dimensions 01socket joint located at m Dimensions 01groundplatejoint with welded stiffeners located at the bottom, at m Dimensions olmanhole located between m and m Crane supporting structures (worked example 3) Introduction Actions to be considered 42 Chapter 2 ii APPLlCATIO~ RANGE AND LIMITATIONS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Materials 2.3 Corrosion 2.4 Temperature 2.5 Loading rate 2.6 Limiting stress ranges Chapter 3 J)[TEI OllNATION OF STRf:SSES ANn STRESS RANGES Fatigue loads Introduction Road Bridges Fatigue load modell (FLM1) Fatigue load model 2 (FLM2) Fatigue load model 3 (FLM3) Fatigue load model 4 (FLM4) Fatigue load model S (FLM5) Railway bridges Crane supporting structures 59
4 3.1.5 Masts, towers and chimneys Silos and tanks Tensile cable structures, tension components Other structures 3.2 Damage equivalent factors Coneept Critical influence line 1enght Road bridges Railway bridges Crane supporting structures Towers, masts and chimneys 3.3 Ca1cu1ation ofstresses Introduction Relevant nominal stresses Stresses in bolted joints Stresses in we1ds Nominal stresses In steel and concrete composite bridges Nominal stresses in tubu1ar struetures (frames and trusses) 3.4 Modified nominal stresses and coneentration faetors Generalities Misalignements 3.5 Geometrie stresses (Structura1 stress at the hot spot) Introduction Determination using FEM modelling Determination using formulas 3.6 Stresses in orthotropic decks 3.7 Calcu1ation of stress ranges Introduction Stress range in non-we1ded details Stress range in boltedjoints Stress range in welds iii
5 T \BlI: 01' Co''I L:'\ rs Multiaxial stress range eases Introduction Possible stress range cases Proportional and non-proportional normal stress ranges Non-proportional normal and shear stress ranges Stress ranges in steel and eonerete eomposite struetures Stress ranges in eonneetion deviees from steel and eonerete eomposite struetures Modified nominal stress ranges Geometrie stress ranges 152 Chaptcr 4 IV 4.1 Introduetion Set offatigue strength eurves Modified fatigue strength eurves Size effeets on fatigue strength Mean stress influenee Post-weId improvements Fatigue detail tables Introduetion Non-welded details classifieation (EN , Table 8.1) Welded plated details classifieation (general eomments) Longitudinal welds, (built-up seetions, EN Table 8.2), including longitudinal butt welds Transverse but welds (EN 'Table 8.3) Welded attaehments and stiffeners (EN Table 8.4) and Ioad-carrying welded joints (EN Table 8.5) Welded tubular details classifieation (EN Tables 8.6 and 8.7) Orthotropic deek details classifieation (EN Tables 8.8 and 8.9) 182
6 I'HIU 01' ('OVI F'I P, Crane girder details (EN Table 8.10) Tension components details (EN ) Geometrie stress categories (EN , Annex B, TableB.l) Particular case 01' web breathing, plate slendemess limitations Determination 01' fatigue strength or life by testing 188 Chapter ::; 5.1 Generalities 5.2 Strategies Safe life Damage tolerant 5.3 Partial factors Introduction Action effects partial factor Strength partial factor 5.4 Verifieation Introduction Verifieation using the fatigue limit Verifieation using damage equivalent factors Verifieation using damage aceumulation method Verification 01' tension components Verifieation using damage accumulation in ease oftwo or more eranes Verification under multiaxial stress ranges Original interaction criteria General interaction criteria in EN Special case ofbiaxial normal stresses and shear stress ranges Interaction criteria in EN 1994, welded studs v
7 TABU: OE COl'TE"iTS Chapter 6 BRITTLE FRACTURE Introduction Steel quality Relationship between different fracture toughness test results Fracture concept in EN method for toughness verification method for safety verification Flaw size design value Design value ofthe action effect stresses Standardisation ofchoice ofmaterial: maximum allowable thicknesses 249 REFEREN(J':S Annex,\ STANDARDS FOR STEEL CONSTRlJCTJON 271 VI Annex B FATIGUF: DETAIL TAHLES WITH COMMl~NTARY Introduction B.l. Plain members and mechanically fastenedjoints (EN , Table 8.1) 278 B.2. Welded built-up sections (EN , Table 8.2) 281 B.3. Transverse butt welds (EN , Table 8.3) 283 B.4. Attachments and stiffeners (EN , Table 8.4) 286 B.5. Load carrying weldedjoints (EN , Table 8.5) 288 B.6. Hollow sections (T:S12.5 mm) (EN , Table 8.6) Lattice girder node joints (EN , Table 8.7) 293 B.8. Orthotropic decks - closed stringers (EN , Table 8.8) 295 B.9. Orthotropic decks - open stringers (EN , Table 8.9) 297 B.I0. Top flange to web junction of runway beams (En , Table 8.10) 298
8 L\BLE 01< CO'\II:'\ rs B.11. Detail eategories for use with geometrie (hot spot) stress method (EN , Tab1e B.1) 300 B.12. Tension eomponents 302 B.l3. Review of orthotropie deeks details and struetura1 analysis 304 Annex. C MAXIMUM PERl\HSSIBLE THICKNESS TABLES 309 Introduetion 309 C.1. Maximum permissib1e va1ues of element thiekness t in mm (EN , Tab1e2.1) 310 C.2. Maximum permissib1e va1ues of element thiekness t in mm (EN , Tab1e4) 311 VII
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