K1D TAB: Tall Building Design The anti-isolationist tower

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1 UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM SESSION INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE DipArch / MArch SCHOOL OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT K1D TAB K1D TAB: Tall Building Design The anti-isolationist tower Module Leader Key Dates Antony Wood University of Nottingham Site Visit: Thursday 2 nd February Review Tutors/Critics (tbc) Site Study Review: Thursday 23 rd February Maurice Peakin Canary Wharf Group Interim Review 1: Thursday 16 th March Ken Shuttleworth Made Architects Interim Review 2: Thursday 4 th May Ian Simpson Ian Simpson Architects Final Review: Tuesday 30 th May Simon Lay WSP Fire Duration: 13 weeks (term time) Scene from Metropolis, Fritz Lang Director, 1929 Tall Buildings are, by their nature, insular and autonomous. The demands of their own biology make them resistant to forming linkages and relationships with other structures. Yet the dynamic of a successful urban environment depends on the interaction individual buildings have with each other and with the place they inhabit. When urban buildings do not interact, the city becomes much like a social gathering of humans with no one wishing to make a conversation. Bill Pederson (Kohn Pederson Fox), Introduction Most Tall Buildings historically seem to have been designed as stand-alone pieces of urban sculpture. Their only relationship with the urban setting, other than the often poorly-designed interface at the ground, is a visual one, with the tall building obviously dominating. This has led to the syndrome of tall building as isolationist architecture stand-alone, non-site specific models that are readily transportable anywhere around the world. This design module seeks to find alternative design approaches for tall buildings; to create high-rise buildings that are inspired by both the physical and environmental aspects of site. Further, it seeks to break down the tall building as isolationist architecture by proposing physical connections between towers at height; a network of skybridges linking a new public domain in the sky. The rationale for these skybridges, as typified by built schemes such as the Petronas Towers, is three-fold: (i) improved urban enrichment, (ii) improved evacuation and tall building safety (especially in the wake of 9/11), (iii) increased design connections. The vehicle for this project will be the Canary Wharf / Docklands development of London, where we will work with a number of vacant sites and existing buildings to create a network of towers linked by skybridges. You will work in pairs and be asked to engage with both the design of a tall building and a number of skybridges. The project is set in the future and assumes a push for a higher urban density in the Canary Wharf area. Ultimately the project will thus create a new urban vision for Canary Wharf.

2 2.0 Project Aims & Objectives The aims of the project are: a) To explore and resolve the issues associated with the placing of a tall building in an urban setting. b) To explore how that tall building can be inspired by the physical and environmental characteristics of site. c) To determine the programmatic brief for that building, based on micro and macro site studies. d) To understand the issues involved with designing a multi-level building containing possibly differing functions. e) To investigate and design appropriate skybridge linkages with neighbouring towers. f) To understand how considerations of structure, environment, servicing etc are as vital to the success of the building as form, materials, aesthetics etc. g) To develop the design of the building and skybridge(s) in some detail in order to properly investigate and understand the relationship between the design and the making of spaces and places. h) To develop the design of an aspect of the building and skybridge(s) in technical detail so as to portray at large scale the relationship between space, structure, skin etc. i) To explore appropriate oral and graphic presentation skills through the duration of the project so as to communicate ideas to their maximum potential. 3.0 Site Studies refer to Canary Wharf plan attached This 3-week project is a research, information-gathering period in order to determine the context for design, the programmatic brief for the building, and to inform the design process to follow. Site studies need to thus embrace the local (the direct site context of the building), the intermediate (since a tall building has a physical relationship with places far and wide in a city) and the global (the city as a whole). The studies will be conducted in the same pairs of students as anticipated for the design studies. You are free to form your own pairs. Each pair will study the context of their site, plus the existing tall building(s) related to it. The over-riding intention of this part of the project is focussed on learning for the group as a whole. Thus the site study crit reviews will be concerned with a pooling of resources, for everybody s benefit. Sites for design (see Canary Wharf plan) will be allocated accordingly. Please note that the exact boundaries of your site may change from that shown currently on plan depending on your site strategy and an appraisal of existing buildings and conditions on the site. The final submission of the site study work will be a group submission to be reviewed at a crit, but this submission should also include a site strategy and programmatic brief for each pair of students. This strategy / brief should be borne out of your site studies, and clearly state your intentions for both the site, the function / accommodation requirements of the building and the strategy for connections to other buildings. This statement / strategy will obviously be the starting point for the building design. Note: As part of the submission requirements for this stage of the project, the whole group will work together to produce a physical site model of the Canary Wharf estate at 1:500 scale. Each part of the site model will fit together to make up the entire Canary Wharf estate. This global site model will become the testing platform for design development throughout the project, for use by all students in the unit. If skills within the unit allow, it would also be useful to create a 3-D computer site model of the area. You will be provided with a plan to enable the model, but it is important that relevant photographic records etc are taken during the London site visit, to enable accurate depictions of mass and scale. Obviously, sites to be designed by students should be left vacant. An agreed common modelling technique and material across the unit is necessary, so that the model reads as one. 4.0 Deriving the Building Brief You are free to determine the size, height, function and accommodation of the building, according to your site studies & research. Possible influential factors (in no particular hierarchy) may be: site area, urban grain, neighbouring buildings, city requirements, community requirements, the commercial market, social responsibility, sustainability, aesthetics, proportions, plot ratios etc. Your building may contain a single function e.g. office, residential or hotel, or may be a mixed-use tower. Please note, however, that you will

3 be expected to have a strong rationale and justification for strategic decisions made at the brief derivation stage and, once made, you will be expected to adhere to them. A dim view will be taken of buildings that do not correspond to the starting brief because it was convenient for the building to get twice as large or change function during the design process. Your initial site / urban studies should inform exactly what the building should be and the programmatic brief clearly state a size for the building, and a schedule of accommodation to be contained. 5.0 Link to seminar course K1D AAC, Architecture & Culture. Irrespective of the function of the building, all high rise buildings have certain elements in common entrance lobbies, vertical circulation, M&E provision, security, servicing etc. You will be expected to conduct research to enable this, but will be assisted through the linked seminar course, K1D AAC. Though this seminar course is focussed on the relationship between architecture and culture in an international context generally, it will encompass tall buildings as a typology. Also, the assessment for this compulsory seminar module requires you to conduct significant research into a specific aspect of tall buildings, which will assist with this studio design module. See K1D AAC documentation for more information. 6.0 Submission Requirements Assessment Contribution (total = 30 credits) Site / Precedent Research Studies 3 weeks (in pairs) 20% Project Design 10 weeks (in pairs) 80% Further Guidance will be given nearer the time on the final submission requirements for Tuesday 30 th May but the idea is that the work of the unit will be able to be read as a whole i.e. as a future urban vision for Canary Wharf. Thus your design will, on one level, be like a part of a jigsaw, with all parts fitting together to make a whole. This whole will be viewed in 2 mediums; (i) in physical model format on the global site model, (ii) in computer 3-D renders superimposed on a computer model of London and / or recognised views of the area. Thus, whilst you will be expected to produce the necessary plans, sections, elevations etc to explain your tower design in detail, you will also be expected to produce a final physical model at 1:500 scale and JPEG renders to fit into the whole. (Note: It is possible to take photographs from a well-made physical model to produce the JPEG renders, if you elect to not work with a 3-D computer model of your building). As part of the final submission, you will be expected to represent a technical study of an aspect of the building / skybridge in detail. This study should embrace the structural, environmental, material and constructional and may typically involve a representation of the large-scale global systems in the building (e.g. the overall structural and environmental strategy etc) down to a detailed sectional study of the building / skybridge horizon. As well as the completed Graphic Presentation of your design, for review at the final crit, you will also be expected to submit a CD with all digital work. This digital work should be clearly organised, with each individual piece of information (e.g. ground floor plan, view from Tower Bridge, night render etc) saved as a separate JPEG. These JPEGS should be saved using the title-ing system as shown below: Student Initials_Information Name. JPEG e.g. BM_Render6.JPEG or BM_GroundPlan.JPEG 7.0 ARB / RIBA Criteria - Learning Outcomes: On successful completion of the module students will demonstrate: Design 1 Coherent and well-resolved architectural designs that integrate knowledge of the social, political, economic and professional context that guides building construction. 2 An understanding of briefs and how to critically appraise them to ensure that the design response is appropriate to site and context, and for reasons such as sustainability and budget. 3 An understanding of the regulatory requirements, including the needs of the disabled, health & safety legislation and building regulations and development control, that guide building construction. 4 An understanding of an appropriate philosophical approach which reveals an understanding of theory in a cultural context. 5 An ability to generate and systematically test, analyse and appraise design options, and draw conclusions which display methodological and theoretical rigour. 6 An ability to work as part of a team.

4 Technology & Environment 1 Within a coherent architectural design the ability to integrate knowledge of the principles and theories associated with visual and thermal environments. 2 Within a coherent architectural design the ability to integrate knowledge of climatic design and the relationship between climate, built form construction, life style, energy consumption and human well-being. 3 An understanding of building technologies, environmental design and construction methods in relation to (3a) human well-being, (3b) the welfare of future generations, (3c) the natural world and (3d) the consideration of a sustainable environment. 4 An understanding of the impact on design of legislation, codes of practice and health & safety both during the construction and occupation of a project. 5 An ability to devise structural and constructional strategies for a complex building or group of buildings, employing integrative knowledge of (5a) structural theories, (5b) construction techniques and processes, (5c) the physical properties and characteristics of building materials and components and the environmental impact of specification choices, and (5d) the provision of building services. Cultural Context 1 Within a coherent architectural design, an understanding of the influences on the contemporary built environment of individual buildings, the design of cities, past and present societies and wider global issues. 2 Within a coherent architectural design, an understanding of the histories and theories of architecture and urban design, the history of ideas, and the related disciplines of art, cultural studies and landscape studies and its application in critical debate. 3 Within a coherent architectural design, an understanding of the inter-relationship between people, buildings and the environment and an understanding of the need to relate buildings and the spaces between them to human needs and scale. 4 An ability to critically appraise and form considered judgements about the spatial, aesthetic, technical and social qualities of a design within the scope and scale of a wider environment. 5 An ability to independently define, and critically appraise, their ideas in relation to a design and to the work of others. Communication 1 Within a coherent architectural design, an understanding of the contribution of other professionals in the design process showing an appropriate use of team working skills, recognising the importance of current methods in the construction industry. 2 An ability to use visual, verbal and written communication methods and appropriate media (including sketching, modelling, digital and electronic techniques) to represent the testing, analysis and critical appraisal of complex design proposals and their resolution to a range of professional and lay audiences. 3 An ability to use architectural representations having critically appraised the most appropriate techniques available. 8.0 Useful Skyscraper Book References (by no means an exhaustive list!!!) Recommended Purchase: EISELE, Johann STELITZ, Z.. (ed) YEANG, Ken High Rise Manual: Typology & Design, Construction & Technology Birkhauser. Germany ISBN: An excellent book, perhaps more useful for the technology, materiality and construction of high rise towers. Very thorough. Tall Buildings: A strategic design guide. British Council for Offices & RIBA Publishing. Uk ISBN: An excellent recent guide, focussed on tall buildings in the London context. The skyscraper bioclimatically considered; a design primer Wiley-Academy. UK ISBN: An excellent book for both research and design all aspects of high rise design, not just bioclimatic towers.

5 Others: ABALOS, Inaki & Tower and Office, from Modernist Theory to Contemporary Practice. HERREOS, Juan MIT Press ISBN: Historical / Technical on High Rise Office buildings. ABEL, Chris Sky High Royal Academy Publications. London ISBN: An excellent book accompanying the Norman Foster-curated 2003 Royal Academy High Rise Exhibition which explores the design themes behind recent high rise buildings. CABE Guidance on tall buildings. English Heritage Consultation Paper. London CAMPI, Mario Skyscrapers: An Architectural Type of Modern Urbanism Birkhauser. Basel ISBN: Good choice of skyscrapers around the world. Well documented. Poorly illustrated. Black & White. CERVER, Francisco Ascensio The Architecture of Skyscrapers Hearst Books International. New York ISBN: Eclectic choice of buildings good SE Asia examples though. Only 23 number bldgs, but a bit more detail. Okay images and graphics (plans etc) but not assembled well. CONDIT, Carl. CTBUH DUPRE, Judith GARRETTA, Ariadna (ed.) GISSEN, David GLA. HOWELER, Eric The Rise of the Skyscraper, University of Chicago Press, Chicago Seminal book on the early history of the Tall Building, especially the Chicago school. CTBUH Sixth World Congress Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: Cities in the Third Millennium. Melbourne Spon Press. London. ISBN: Copy in Halward Library + CD see what Tall Buildings issues are discussed at conferences. Skyscrapers Konemann. Germany ISBN: Vertical Format. Concentrating mostly historical. Black & White. Skyscrapers. Atrium International. Mexico ISBN: Many many recent high rise examples! Not much depth though. Big & Green: Towards Sustainable Architecture in the 21 st Century. Princeton Architectural Press. New York ISBN: Book to accompany exhibition at National Building Museum, Washington Not strictly on high rise, but some good environmental high rise examples e.g. Conde Nast, Times Square Interim strategic planning guidance on tall buildings, strategic views and the skyline of London. Greater London Authority. Mayor of London ISBN: Report on relationship of Tall Buildings to London. Skyscraper: designs for the recent past and for the near future. Thames & Hudson. London ISBN: A very good, very up to date book. Better than the Garretta Book.

6 HUXTABLE, A.L. The Tall Building Artistically Reconsidered: The Search for a Skyscraper Style. University of California Press Berkley. LA 1984.ISBN: Seminal book on the modern history of the American skyscraper, especially s Post-Modern etc. Lots of attitude. LANDAU, S.B. Rise of the New York skyscraper, CONDIT, Carl. W. Yale University Press. New Haven ISBN: Seminal book on the history of New York skyscrapers. Black & White. MURRAY, Peter Architecture & Commerce: New Office Design in London. Wordsearch. London IBSN: Book to accompany New City Architecture exhibition, Broadgate 21 May 2 July Good book for this project, portraying very recent (and envisaged) high rise buildings in London. PANK, W. Tall buildings and sustainability. GIRADET, H. Faber Maunsell for the Corporation of London COX, G. Report. PROTECH, Max A new world trade centre HarperCollins. New York ISBN: A good book on the Competition entries for the new World Trade Centre RILEY, Terence Tall Buildings NORDENSON, G. Museum of Modern Art. New York ISBN: Book to accompany MOMA Exhibition Very good, up to date projects. One of the best modern high rise examples books. TOY, Maggie (ed) Reaching for the Skies. Architectural Design Profile No Academy Group Ltd. London ISBN: Excellent Architectural Design feature on High Rise design thinking. WILLIS, Carol Form Follows Finance. New York. Princeton Architectural Press Seminal historical book on the relationship between high rise and commerce. ZAKNIC, Ivan 100 of the World s Tallest Buildings SMITH, Matthew Hazar Publishing. London Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. ISBN: Particularly American bias with some Australian / Singapore. Factual, not inspiring. Okay images, limited plans etc. ZUKOWSKY, John (ed) The New Millennium Skyscrapers THORNE, Martha (ed) Prestel Verlag. Munich ISBN: Fairly good book. In depth on approx. 50 bldgs many not yet built / relies on design dwgs etc. Good passages on race for tallest bldg etc. Antony Wood December 2005