Acoustics in wooden buildings Measurements in the Laboratory and in Single Family Houses

Transcription

1 Acoustics in wooden buildings Measurements in the Laboratory and in Single Family Houses Moritz Späh Andreas Liebl Philip Leistner SP Report 2014:14

2 SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Box 857, Borås, Sweden (headquarters) SP Rapport 2014:14 ISBN ISSN

3 Forschung, Entwicklung, Demonstration und Beratung auf den Gebieten der Bauphysik Zulassung neuer Baustoffe, Bauteile und Bauarten Bauaufsichtlich anerkannte Stelle für Prüfung, Überwachung und Zertifizierung Institutsleitung Univ. Prof. Dr. Ing. Gerd Hauser Univ. Prof. Dr. Ing. Klaus Sedlbauer Project report No. 1 Measurements in the Laboratory and in Single Family Houses WoodWisdom Net: AcuWood Acoustics in Wooden Buildings Development of advanced measurement and rating procedures for sound insulation in wooden buildings as basis for product optimisation Research project 033R056 Term of project Moritz Späh, Andreas Liebl, Philip Leistner Stuttgart, Project leader Editor Prof. Dr. Ing. P. Leistner Dr. M. Späh Nobelstraße Stuttgart Telefon Telefax Institutsteil Holzkirchen Fraunhoferstr Valley Telefon Telefax Projektgruppe Kassel Gottschalkstr. 28a Kassel Telefon Telefax

4 Contents 1 Introduction Aim of the project Aim of the report 7 2 Literature review Impact sound Subjective evaluation of impact noise Objective evaluation of impact noise 8 3 Measurements Sources Tapping machine Modified tapping machine Japanese rubber ball Real sources: walking persons Real sources: drawing of chair across the floor Sound pressure level Tapping machine, modified tapping machine, walking persons, drawing of chair Japanese rubber ball A weighted sound pressure level Tapping machine, modified tapping machine, walking persons, drawing of chair Japanese rubber ball Airborne sound reduction Measurements in the laboratory Measurements in the field Impact sound pressure level of the tapping machine Measurements in the laboratory Measurements in the field Equipment used Listening tests and questionnaires 20 4 Laboratory measurements Floor coverings of the laboratory measurements Laboratory with wooden beam floor Description of the laboratory Basic floor construction 22 2

5 4.2.3 Modified floor construction with floating floor Configuration of sending and receiving room Measurements Measurement setup Listening tests Aim of the listening tests Procedure of the listening tests Results of measurements in the laboratory with wooden beam floor Repeatability of the source excitation A weighted standardized sound pressure level Weighted normalized impact sound pressure levels of the different floors Listening tests Laboratory with wooden beam floor and suspended ceiling Description of the floor construction Configuration of sending and receiving room Measurements Measurement setup Results of measurements in the laboratory with wooden beam floor A weighted standardized sound pressure level Normalizedised impact sound levels of the different floors Excitation by different walkers Laboratory with concrete floor Description of the laboratory Basic floor construction Floor construction with floating floor Configuration of sending and receiving room Measurements Measurement setup Results of measurements in the laboratory with concrete floor A weighted standardized sound pressure level Normalized impact sound levels of the different floors 49 5 Field measurements in single family houses House A Description of the floor construction Description of the measurement conditions Measurement results of house A House B Description of the floor construction Description of the measurement conditions Measurement results of house B House C Description of the floor construction Description of the measurement conditions Measurement results of house C 60 3

6 5.4 House D Description of the floor construction Description of the measurement conditions Measurement results of house D House E Description of the floor construction Description of the measurement conditions Measurement results of house E House F Description of the floor construction Description of the measurement conditions Measurement results of house E 69 6 Conclusions 70 7 Literature 70 4

7 Appendix A1: Setup of the laboratory with wooden beam floor 72 Appendix A2: Basic data of the laboratory with wooden beam floor 74 Appendix B1: Laboratory with wooden beam floor and suspended ceiling 90 Appendix B2: Basic data of the laboratory with wooden beam floor and suspended ceiling 91 Appendix C1: Setup of the laboratory with concrete floor 104 Appendix C2: Basic data of the laboratory with concrete floor 107 Appendix D: Basic data of the measurements in house A 121 Appendix E: Basic data of the measurements in house B 127 Appendix F: Basic data of the measurements in house C 133 Appendix G: Basic data of the measurements in house D 139 Appendix H: Basic data of the measurements in house E 145 Appendix I: Basic data of the measurements in house F 156 5

8 Acknowledgements We thank all participants of the AcuWood project for their work and support. The financial support of BMBF is gratefully acknowledged. 1 Introduction Wooden multi storey family houses are increasingly build in Europe. Driving forces are better sustainability, a development towards industrialisation of building elements and related to it, cost reduction in the construction sector. In the past years, legislation has enabled wooden multi storey houses in many countries, including Germany. The main problems of fire protection issues have been solved. However, noise and vibration disturbances experienced by residents tend to increase, even if the building code requirements are fulfilled. Therefore, sound and vibration issues have become the new hindrance for multi storey wooden buildings. The current acoustic requirements in multi storey family houses are based on experience in heavy weight multi storey buildings, as wooden buildings have not been possible previously. The perceived acoustic quality in lightweight buildings is different, compared to heavyweight structures. In particular, low frequency sound transmission of airborne and especially impact sound sources lead to complaints in wooden buildings, and might become very evident and disturbing in lightweight structures [1]. The currently used rating systems for airborne and impact sound transmission in buildings were developed in the 1950 s and aimed to rate the building constructions of this time. In the 1990 s the introduction of spectrum adaption terms in ISO 717 [2, 3] changed the rating system and included (in parts) low frequencies down to 50 Hz. With the introduction of wooden multi storey houses with acoustic requirements on the separating elements (floors and walls), it was obvious that the current rating systems did not prevent increased annoyance of living noise, especially impact noise, in wooden buildings. In this project, the aim was to find better technical descriptors of impact noise sources by correlation to subjective ratings of impact noise sources in Buildings. Besides wooden constructions, a concrete floor was also investigated to include the behaviour of common floor design in this study. 1.1 Aim of the project As problems of noise and vibration disturbances in wooden buildings have been recognised, the aim of this project is to develop sound and impact noise criteria that better correspond to human perception in heavy weight and lightweight buildings. The criteria should not only focus on wooden buildings, but also include traditional heavy weight buildings, for example made of brick, concrete etc. The disagreement between the acoustic requirements in national standards and the subjective noise perception of the occupants is a general problem, which applies to wooden and lightweight buildings all over Europe [1, 4, 5]. 6

9 Although it has been tried to solve the problems by adding spectrum adaption terms to the conventional single number quantities of the weighted sound reduction index R w [2, 6] and the weighted impact sound pressure n,w [3, 7], the problems are still not solved [8].The main problem in noise protection in wooden buildings are the impact sound insulation of wooden (lightweight) floors and to a smaller degree the airborne sound insulation of the exterior building elements like walls and roofs. Even though there are numerous investigations on propagation and human reception of impact and airborne sound in wooden buildings, a uniform and consistent approach for adapted rating criteria and requirements is not available yet [9 13]. 1.2 Aim of the report This report documents the conducted measurements in the laboratories of the IBP and in German single family houses in the field. It includes all important information on the constructions of the floors, the laboratories and the room situations in the buildings. It lists the basic measured values for documentation. 2 Literature review 2.1 Impact sound The objective evaluation of airborne and impact noise is based on measurements in buildings. The measurements are specified in national standards, which are based on ISO 140 [14]. The requirements differ in the European countries in terms of different levels, but also in the descriptors used. A brief historic overview of the development of the criteria for airborne and impact noise is given in [4]. The current rating system in ISO 717 [6, 7] is based on developments in Germany. This is described for example in [15]. As the sound reduction is frequency depending, an arithmetic averaging of the frequency dependent values had previously been used, but it was found that the single averaged value was not correlating to the subjective impression. Therefore, a rating method was firstly suggested by Cremer [16], where the sound reduction curve measured was compared to a reference curve. This curve was intended to give the airborne sound reduction which was the general sound reduction of standard building elements used at this time and which should be aspired by other elements used. This reference curve was shifted so that the curve to be analysed only falls below the reference curve by a certain sum of deviation. A general check for the standardised building constructions then (homogeneous single leaf walls and floors with floor covering) showed, that this rating method was appropriate and in agreement to the subjective judgements. Some of the rules to gain a single number value by the shifting reference curve have been changed over the years [4], but the reference curves itself has not changed and is still used in ISO 717 for airborne and impact sound. 7

10 2.2 Subjective evaluation of impact noise A recent thorough literature study on the annoyance in dwellings, the perception of impact noise caused by walking and an overview of listening test methods has been conducted as work package 1 within the AkuLite project [17]. Additionally, a procedure for a listening test within the AkuLite project has been proposed here. The following work is based upon this literature study. Nevertheless, the listening test performed did not follow the suggested method described in the report of Thorsson [17]. Instead of recording the vibration of the ceiling during measurement and playback by a loudspeaker hanging from the ceiling of the listening room, the recording was made by an artificial dummy head with microphones in the ear channel. This leads to a binaural recorded signal, which was played back by calibrated headphones. This enables the localisation of the source (above the listener). As mentioned by Thorsson, this method of recording the signals includes the room acoustics of the receiving room. The influence of the localisation of the source (by binaural signals in the listening test) on the subjective judgement was tested in a first listening test. This test proved, that the influence cannot be neglected and further listening tests were performed solely with binaural recorded signals. To reduce the spread of the room acoustics conditions in the recordings, all measurements in the laboratory and almost all measurements in the field were conducted in rooms with quite similar sizes. Additionally, the receiving rooms in the laboratory where equipped with additional sound absorbers. This leads to reverberation times close to real situations of about 0.5 s. Some deviations were accepted for the building measurements, when the rooms where empty (House E). In this case, additional sound absorbers were installed in the receiving room, leading to some longer reverberation times of about 1 s for all frequencies above 50 Hz. All other rooms in the field measurements were normally equipped with furniture and had reverberation times of 0.5 s and slightly above this value at higher frequencies. The measured reverberation times are given in the annexes to this report and report No.2.Further information on the listening tests are described in AcuWood Report No Objective evaluation of impact noise The objective evaluation of airborne and impact noise is based on measurements in laboratories and real buildings. The measurements are specified in national standards [6, 7], which are based on ISO 140. The requirements differ in the European countries in terms of different levels, but also in the descriptors used. An overview of the different descriptors used is given in.[4]. For a long time, the frequency range in 1/3 octave bands from 100 to 3150 Hz was used and became the traditional frequency range for requirements in Europe [4]. With the introduction of ISO 717 revision 1996 the spectrum adaption terms in airborne and impact sound insulation were introduced, extending the possible frequency range for sound insulation descriptors to lower frequencies down to 50 Hz and to higher frequencies up to 5000 Hz. Since 1998, the frequency range in the regulatory minimum requirements in Sweden was extended down to 50 Hz [4]. This is the result of experience in countries with a tradition of light weight building practice, which are mainly the Nordic countries Norway Sweden and Canada. In the criteria for higher sound quality classes, descriptors down to 50 Hz have been introduced in the countries Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland and in Lithuania in the last decade [4]. From the viewpoint of subjective evaluation, the low frequencies below 8

11 100 Hz play a significant role for walking noise. Studies have shown, that frequencies down to 16 Hz might be necessary to regard for a good correlation between subjective and objective evaluation of walking noise [18]. Unfortunately, especially the measurement of the reverberation time at low frequencies gets more difficult, the lower the frequency is. In this project the measurements were restricted to 20 Hz and above, as 20 Hz was the lowest third octave band measureable with the given equipment in practice. 3 Measurements In the AcuWood project, measurements and recordings of the sounds were conducted, as single number values of measurements were to be correlated with subjective ratings from listening tests. In the receiving room, all signals were recorded, and third octave band measurement values were calculated from the recordings. Therefore, measurements and recordings are termed measurements in the following. 3.1 Sources All laboratory and field measurements were performed using the following standardized and nonstandardized impact noise sources Tapping machine The utilised tapping machines are standardized impact noise sources for building acoustics measurements according to DIN EN ISO [19] Annex E. The used tapping machines are listed in section 3.6. In the laboratory measurements, the tapping machine Norsonic type 211, Sr. No was utilised, in the filed measurements the tapping machine Norsonic type 211, Sr. No. 706.Both are comparable in the levels they generate, but slightly different in the rhythm they produce (this was the impression in the listening tests). According to the standards DIN EN ISO [20] and DIN EN ISO [14], measurements were performed with four positions of the tapping machine on the floor, the measurements had a duration of 60 s. Exceptions of the number of positions were necessary in one of the field measurements (House B, described in detail in section 5.3). A photograph of the tapping machine is shown in figure 1. 9

12 Figure 1: Photograph of the utilised tapping machine Modified tapping machine As modified tapping machine, the above mentioned machines were placed on elastic pads with 12.5 mm thickness and the hammers were falling onto an elastic interlayer of the same thickness. The material below the hammers was Getzner Sylomer (yellow), according to DIN EN ISO [19] Annex F1, method b. Again, the same four positions were uses as for the tapping machine, and the measurement duration was again 60s. A photograph of the modified tapping machine is shown in figure 2. Figure 2: Photograph of the modified tapping machine. 10

13 3.1.3 Japanese rubber ball The Japanese rubber ball is a standardized source, developed in Japan for impact noise generation and measurement. It is described in DIN EN ISO [19] Annex F2. In the measurements, the Japanese rubber ball of the Fachhochschule Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences was employed. The rubber ball was dropped from a height of 1 m and caught after each drop. The height was set approximately by the operator. Tests showed that the repeatability of the ball drops was very high, giving a standard deviation of the ball drops at the same position in general below 1 db. The measurements were performed on the same four positions (exception: house B, the same two positions) as the tapping and modified tapping machine positions. In the laboratory, the ball drop was repeated 10 times on each floor position, giving a total of 40 measurements, which were arithmetically averaged. The signals on the different microphone positions were energetically averaged. In the field measurements, the number of ball drops measured was reduced to 5 on each floor position, giving a total of 20 ball drops on the floor. Each ball drop was recorded within a time period between 3 and 10 s, and the L, F,max value was taken in third octave band as measured value, analysed with third octave band filters by the acoustic software Artemis by Head Acoustics. A photograph of the Japanese rubber ball is shown in figure 3. Figure 3: Photograph of the Japanese rubber ball Real sources: walking persons As real sources, walking persons were also measured in the laboratory and in the field. Here, different persons with different footwear were employed during the tests. The footwear was normal male shoes with rubber sole, male shoes with leather sole, semi high heeled shoes for the female walkers and socks for male and female walkers. In a study on the wooden beam floor with suspended ceiling, the differences of a greater number of walkers were studied. This is described in [21]. During the project, the number of different walkers was kept low, and usually medium walkers (in terms of levels produced) were mostly employed. In the field measurements, always the same male walker was using the same shoes and was walking with socks; a female walker was not employed in the field. Gen 11

14 erally it was tried to engage the same walkers on all floor coverings. Unfortunately, this was not always possible. Therefore, the different walkers are indicated by their first name. On each floor in the laboratory and in the field, the walking persons were walking in a circle across the four above mentioned excitation positions. The speed of walking was close to two steps per second, the measurement was done for a time of 60 s for each walking person. (In some of the field measurements, the background levels were relatively high. As the signals were recorded, times of high background noise in the recordings were not included in the generation of third octave band levels and also not included in the listening test signals. Therefore, in some cases the averaging was shorter than 60 s. A photograph of one walking person is shown in figure 4. Figure 4:Photograph of the walking person Real sources: drawing of chair across the floor As another real source, a standard four leg chair was used. To generate normal chair moving sounds on the floor, it was drawn by a rope for a distance of about 1 m across the floor. The speed was about 20 cm/s, so the signals were about 5 seconds long. The signal was recorded for 10 s. The drawing of the chair was performed on the similar four positions as the operation of the tapping and modified tapping machine and the ball. In the laboratory, the drawing of the chair was repeated 10 times on each position, giving in total 40 signals. The signals were averaged arithmetically. The averaged signals of the different microphone positions were energetically averaged. In the case of carpet as floor covering, the procedure of the measurements was the same. On carpet, the source acted differently, as the main excitation mechanism was the slip stick effect of the feet of the chair on the floor. On carpet, a stick slip effect did not occur, and the chair gave a very different excitation of the floor itself. This should always be kept in mind when analysing the measurement results of the drawing of the chair. A photograph of the drawing of the chair is shown in figure 5. 12

15 Figure 5: Photograph of the drawing of the chair. 3.2 Sound pressure level Tapping machine, modified tapping machine, walking persons, drawing of chair The sound pressure levels in the receiving room of the different sources are calculated by energetic averaging of all microphone positions. The sound pressure level is calculated by: L 1 n L i /10 10 log 10 (1) n with: L = energetic averaged sound pressure level db L i = sound pressure level of each microphone in the same room db Japanese rubber ball As the Japanese rubber ball is an impulse sound source, the max values of the signals with time weighting fast ( = 125 ms) was used. The averaged sound pressure level of the ball is calculated by: L F,max 1 Li, F,max /10 10 log 10 (2) n n with: 13

16 L F,max = energetic averaged maximum sound pressure level in db L i,f,max = sound pressure level of each microphone in the same room in db 3.3 A weighted sound pressure level To compare the different impact sound sources on the basis of a single number value, the A weighted standardized sound pressure n,t,a was calculated from the measurements Tapping machine, modified tapping machine, walking persons, drawing of chair For all sources, the sound pressure in the receiving room (Equation 1) was standardized to a reverberation time of 0.5 s and A weighted, giving: L n, T, A Ln, T, i LA, i /10 10 log 10 (3) n with: L n,t,a = the A weighted standardized sound pressure level in db L A,i = the A weighting values for the third octave bands i in db L n,t,i = the standardized sound pressure level for the third octave bands i in db, given by T n, L 10log (4) T0 L T where: L = sound pressure level in the receiving room (Equation 1) in db T = measured reverberation time in the receiving room in s T 0 = reference reverberation time of 0.5 s Japanese rubber ball For the ball, the maximum sound pressure in the receiving room (Equation2) was standardized to a reverberation time of 0.5 s and A weighted, giving: 14

17 L F,max, n, T, A LF,max, n, T, i LA, i /10 10 log 10 (5) n with: L F,max,n,T,A = the A weighted standardized maximum sound pressure level in db L A,i = the A weighting values for the third octave bands i in db L F,max,n,T,i by = the standardized maximum sound pressure level for the third octave bands i in db, given T LF, max, n, T LF,max 10log (6) T0 where: L F,max = maximum sound pressure level in the receiving room (Equation2) in db T = measured reverberation time in the receiving room in s T 0 = reference reverberation time of 0.5 s 3.4 Airborne sound reduction Measurements in the laboratory All measurements in the laboratories were conducted on the basis of DIN EN ISO [20]. All laboratories were equipped with linings, reducing the flanking transmission to a great extent above 100 Hz. The weighted sound reduction index R w, the weighted standardized sound pressure level difference D nt,w and the spectrum adaption terms were calculated according to DIN EN ISO 717 1:2006 [6]. Differing from DIN EN ISO , the receiving rooms in the laboratories were treated to have a reverberation time of close to 0.5 s. The reason was that simultaneously with the measurements, recordings for the subjective listening tests were performed. Therefore, similar reverberation conditions to normal in living rooms were realised. This was considered more important than a reverberation time between 1 and 2 s. The measurements were performed with stationary microphones. The number of microphone positions in the sending and receiving rooms were 6, the number of loudspeaker positions in the sending room was 2. This leads to 12 independent measurements in sending and receiving room. The averaging time was 60 s. The reverberation time was measured by the method of stationary signal suddenly turned off. In the sending room, the measurement of the reverberation time was performed at 6 independent microphone positions and one loudspeaker position. In the receiving room, the measurement was executed at 6 independent microphone positions and two different loudspeaker positions, giving a total of 12 independent measurements. The signal was pink noise. The sound reduction index was calculated by: 15

18 S R L1 L2 10log (7) A with: R = sound reduction index in db L 1 = Sound pressure level in the sending room in db L 2 = Sound pressure level in the receiving room in db S = Area of the separating element in m² A = equivalent sound absorption area in m² with: V A. 16 T 0 (8) where: V = volume of the receiving room in m³ T = reverberation time of the receiving room in s Measurements in the field All measurements in the field were conducted on the basis of DIN EN ISO [14]. The weighted sound reduction index R w, the weighted standardized sound pressure level difference D nt,w and the spectrum adaption terms were calculated according to DIN EN ISO 717 1:2006 [6]. In all field measurements, flanking transmission was included. All the measurements were performed with stationary microphones. The signal was pink noise. Further details are given at the description of the specific measurements. The sound reduction index in the field was calculated by: R L L2 with: S 10log A 1 (9) R = sound reduction index in db, including flanking transmission 16

19 L 1 = Sound pressure level in the sending room in db L 2 = Sound pressure level in the receiving room in db S = Area of the separating element in m² A = equivalent sound absorption area in m² 3.5 Impact sound pressure level of the tapping machine Measurements in the laboratory All measurements in the laboratories were conducted on the basis of DIN EN ISO [20]. The weighted normalized impact sound pressure n,w, the weighted standardized impact sound pressure nt,w and the spectrum adaption terms were calculated according to DIN EN ISO 717 2:2006 [7]. Differing from DIN EN ISO , the receiving rooms in the laboratories were treated to have a reverberation time of close to 0.5 s. The measurements of the impact noise sources were performed with stationary microphones. The number of microphone positions in the sending room was 2, in the receiving rooms the number was 6. The number of tapping machine positions in the sending room was 4. This leads to 8 independent measurements in sending room and to 24 measurements in the receiving room. The averaging time was 60 s. The reverberation time was measured by the method of stationary signal suddenly turned off. In the sending room, the measurement of the reverberation time was performed at 6 independent microphone positions and one loudspeaker position. In the receiving room, the measurement was executed at 6 independent microphone positions and two different loudspeaker positions, giving a total of 12 independent measurements. The measurement signal was pink noise. The normalized impact sound pressure level was calculated by: with: A L2 10log A0 L n (10) L n = normalized impact sound pressure level in db L 2 = sound pressure level in the receiving room in db A = equivalent sound absorption area in m² A 0 = reference sound absorption area of 10 m² Additionally, the standardized impact sound pressure level was calculated by: L T T, L2 10 log T0 n (11) 17

20 with: L n,t = standardized impact sound pressure level in db L 2 = sound pressure level in the receiving room in db T = measured reverberation time in s T 0 = reference reverberation time of 0.5 s A correction for the airborne sound transmission to the impact noise measurements was applied for L n and L nt. For the laboratory measurements, this correction was very small ( 0,1 db). As the focus of the investigation was real living situations, the analysis of the signals within the AcuWood Project was based on standardized impact sound levels with reference to 0.5 s Measurements in the field All measurements in the field were conducted on the basis of DIN EN ISO [22]. The weighted normalized impact sound pressure n,w, the weighted standardized impact sound pressure level L nt,w and the spectrum adaption terms were calculated according to DIN EN ISO 717 2:2006 [7]. In all field measurements, flanking transmission was included. All the measurements were performed with stationary microphones. Further details are given at the description of the specific measurements.. The normalized impact sound pressure level was calculated by: with: A L2 10log A0 L n (12) L n = normalized impact sound pressure level in db, including flanking transmission L 2 = sound pressure level in the receiving room in db A = equivalent sound absorption area in m² A 0 = reference sound absorption area of 10 m² The standardized impact sound pressure level was calculated by: with: T L, T L2 10log T0 n (13) 18

21 L n,t = standardized impact sound pressure level in db, including flanking transmission L 2 = sound pressure level in the receiving room in db T = measured reverberation time in s T 0 = reference reverberation time of 0.5 s A correction for the airborne sound transmission to the impact noise measurements was applied for L n and L nt. This correction was small ( 0,2 db) As the focus of the investigation were real living situations, the analysis of the signals within the AcuWood Project was based on standardized impact sound levels with reference to 0.5 s. 3.6 Equipment used For the measurements of the sound reduction index and the reverberation time following equipment was used: Real Time Analyser Norsonic type 840 S. No.: 1607 (Laboratory measurements) Real Time Analyser Norsonic type 840 S. No.: (Field measurements) Power Amplifier Klein und Hummel, type AK 120 (Laboratory measurements) Power Amplifier Norsonic 235, S. No (Field measurements) Dodecahedron loudspeaker Norsonic type 229,, S. No Microphones B&K type 4165, S. No.: and S. Mo.: (Laboratory measurements) Preamplifier Norsonic 1201, S. No and S. No (Field measurements) Mikrophones B&K type 4165, S. No and S. No (Field measurements) Calibrator Bruel & Kjaer 4230 S. No For the recording of the calibrated signals, the following equipment was used: Head Acoustics Frontend SQLab III, S. No.: Dummy heads Head Acoustics type HDM I.Q. S. No.: and Microphones G.R.A.S. type 46 AE, S. No.: 88711, 88712, 88713, 88717, 88719, 88720, 88727,

22 Tapping machine Norsonic type 211, Sr. No. 706 Tapping machine Norsonic type 211, Sr. No Listening tests and questionnaires With the recorded signals of the dummy head in the receiving rooms, listening tests were performed. The listening tests are a main and crucial part of the of the AcuWood study. The listening tests performed are described in AcuWood report No. 3. Additional questionnaires were conducted within the project in Germany and Switzerland, also described in AcuWood report No Laboratory measurements 4.1 Floor coverings of the laboratory measurements As the measurements were planned to be as representative for real building situations as possible, different floor coverings were applied in the laboratory. At the bare wooden floor, floor coverings were not applied, as this is rarely found in buildings. Nevertheless, for the floors with floating floor (wooden beam floor with dry floating floor, the same floor with additional suspended ceiling and the concrete floor with concrete floating floor), measurements on the bare floating floors and with additional different floor coverings were performed. Four different typical floor coverings were measured: laminate, parquet, tiles and carpet. The floor coverings laminate, parquet and tiles were combined with an intermediate foam layer between the cover material and the floor. The foam layers are often used to reduce the impact noise of the floor cover, but also to compensate unevenness of the floor surface and in the case of the tiles, to decouple the tiles from the floor. In many cases and for similar reasons, these interlayers are also used for the installation of laminate and parquet on concrete floors. The choice of the material was based on previous measurements of the reduction of the normalized impact sound pressure level on a bare homogeneous concrete floor of 140 mm thickness (P9 of IBP), according to DIN EN ISO [19]. The floor coverings are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Floor coverings with interlayer and measured reduction of the normalized impact noise level. Number Floor covering Interlayer Reduction of the normalized impact sound pressure level 1 Laminate, 7 mm (Meister Classic LC 100, Buche Stab 3) Ribbed foam interlayer (WPT SRL XPS foam ribbed) 20 (measurement from ) 20

23 2 Parquet, 13 mm (Meister Diele PD 400 cottage, naturmatt lackiert) Foam interlayer (WPT SRL 140 s) 15 (measurement from ) 3 Standard tiles, 8 mm, size 30 x 30 cm, glued with 2 mm tile adhesive Decoupling layer (WPT E 210) 16 (measurement from ) 4 Standard carpet (Feinschlingenware mit Textilrücken, 4 mm thickness, Polhöhe 2 mm, Polgewicht 360 g/m², OBI Rambo) None 23 (measurement from ) The above described floor coverings were used on all three different floors. Therefore, none of the floor coverings were glued to the floor, but laid out evenly. Besides the carpet floor cover, all other floor covers did not cover the whole floor area in the laboratories. Nevertheless, the area of the floors covered by the coverings was big enough to use different excitation positions for the impact sources. The influence by the additional floor covers on the airborne sound reduction was considered low, and therefore it was not investigated in detail. As the measurements were conducted in Laboratories with homogeneous heavy weight flanking walls and linings, a correction of the impact noise levels by airborne sound transmission was not necessary. 4.2 Laboratory with wooden beam floor The floor is a wooden beam floor according to DIN EN ISO appendix C, floor C1 [19]. In a first measurement series, the bare floor was measured. Then the floor was modified to represent normal floor conditions, by using a dry floating floor and additionally applying different standard floor covers. The floor and the configuration of sending and receiving room is described in section 5.2, the audio recording and measurement setup, the equipment used and the measurement objects are described in section 5.3. Section 5.4 deals with the listening tests, in section 5.5 results of the measurements and of the listening tests are presented. Photographs of the laboratory and basic data of the measurements are given in appendix A Description of the laboratory The described measurements and recordings were conducted in the laboratory p8 of the IBP in Stuttgart. The laboratory is made to test wooden floor constructions. It consists of concrete walls and floors and offers a frame, where a lightweight floor can be installed. All walls are equipped with lightweight linings with resonance frequency of approximately 60 to 80 Hz, reducing the flanking transmission in the frequency bands for standard testing from 100 to 5000 Hz. A sectional drawing of 21

24 the laboratory is shown in figure 6. The room sizes are 4.78 m x 3.78 m x 3.82 m for the sending room and 4.78 m x 3.78 m x Figure 6: Sectional view of the laboratory p8 of IBP. The wooden floor construction was installed on the console, separating the laboratory into two rooms Basic floor construction The laboratory was equipped with a standardized floor according to DIN EN ISO Appendix C, floor C1 [19], which is a lightweight wooden beam floor. This kind of floor represents approximately standard floors of (prefabricated) wooden single family houses in Germany, where no regulations on sound insulation and impact noise are given. The floor is shown in figure 7. Figure 7: Sectional view of the wooden beam floor according to DIN EN ISO (1: floor plate wooden chip board with 22±2 mm thickness, screwed into beams every 300 ±50 mm; 2: wooden beams with 120 mm width and 180 mm height; 3: mineral wool with 100 mm thickness and flow resistance between 5 and 10 kpa s/m² according to ISO 9053; 4: wooden battens with 24 mm width and 48 mm height and with 625 mm distance screwed into the beams; 5: gypsum cardboard with 12,5 mm thickness and density of 800 ±50 kg/m³, screwed directly into the battens every 300 ±50 mm) The weighted sound reduction index of the bare floor shown in figure 2 is R w = 46 db, the weighted normalized impact sound pressure level of the floor is L n,w = 74 db. The graph of the sound reduction index is shown in appendix A2. 22

25 In its initial state, the bare floor produced cracking noises when walkers were walking across it. These were mainly due to the weight of the walker, leading to vertical movement of the top plate edges. Therefore the top plate edges were connected to each other by screwed lashes, reducing the edge movement considerable and reducing the cracking noises to a minimum Modified floor construction with floating floor For the measurements and recordings, the intention was to use a floor construction which is common in Germany. The above described bare floor according to DIN EN ISO is nowadays rarely found in Germany, as the acoustic performance is too low. Very common is the use of a floating floor to improve the acoustic properties of floors in new single family houses as well as for refurbishment of old buildings. Therefore, a dry floating floor system was applied to the bare floor.. It consists of a 18 mm thick gypsum fibre board, laminated on 10 mm thick wood fibre (KNAUF BRIO 18WF). The wood fibre acts as a resilient layer between the bare floor and the gypsum fibre board. The floor construction is shown in figure 8. Figure 8: Sectional view of the wooden beam floor with floating floor.(1 5 floor according to DIN EN ISO , with floating floor of 10 mm wood fibre and 18 mm gypsum fibre board KNAUF BRIO 18 WF)) The weighted sound reduction index of the floor with floating floor in figure 3 is R w = 54 db, the weighted normalized impact sound pressure level of the floor is L n,w = 68 db. The graph of the sound reduction index is shown in appendix A2, the normalized impact sound pressure level is shown in appendix A2. With the dry floating floor, the cracking noises were again reduced, but not totally abandoned. The remaining cracking noises are caused by the construction of the floor and can be considered to be typical for this kind of floors Configuration of sending and receiving room Recordings of the impact noise were performed in both sending and receiving room. Therefore both rooms were adjusted in their absorption to normal living conditions. The goal of the adjustments was to set the reverberation time near 0.5 s. As both rooms were equipped with linings, reverberation at frequencies between 50 and 100 Hz was already short. The sending room was additionally equipped with 8 absorbers of different types, of which one was installed on the ceiling of the room. Pictures of 23

26 the sending room are shown in Appendix A 1. The reverberation times of the sending room is given in appendix A2. Note: below 50 Hz the reverberation time was longer than 1 s and was not much changed by the absorbers. Similar to the sending room, the linings in the receiving room gave low reverberation time at frequencies between 50 and 100 Hz. The receiving room was additionally equipped with 5 Absorbers and some thin foam linings. Pictures of the receiving room with the absorbers are shown in. The basic data of the measurements of the wooden beam floor are given in Appendix A2: Basic data of the laboratory with wooden beam floor Measurements The following recordings / measurements were performed: Measurement of the sound reduction index R w for the bare floor and the floor with floating floor Measurement of the normalized impact sound pressure n,w of the bare floor and the floor with floating floor Calibrated recording of the sound field in the sending and receiving room of different impact noise sources on the floor with floating floor and additionally with different floor coverings on top of the floating floor. The recordings can be used either to generate sound files for listening tests and for generating measurements by analysing the sound files with the Head Acoustics software Artemis and its different tools Measurement setup The measurement of the airborne sound insulation was performed according to DIN EN ISO [20]. The number of loudspeaker positions was two, the sound pressure levels were measured by continuously moving microphones on two paths; the results were averaged. The reverberation time was measured according to DIN EN ISO [20]. Two loudspeaker positions and for each 6 microphone positions were used. The number of independent measurements was 12. For the impact noise sources, calibrated recordings were performed. The noise produced in the sending room was recorded with two microphones and a dummy head. The positions of the microphones in the sending room are shown in figure 9. 24

27 Figure 9: Floor plan of the sending room with positioning of the microphones and the dummy head. The noise in the receiving room was recorded by 6 microphones. Additionally, a dummy head was set up in the receiving room, recording the noise of the impact sources binaurally. At the time of the measurements it was not clear, if it was necessary to have both recordings of microphone and of the dummy head. Especially for the listening tests the recordings of the dummy head could have an influence. The influence was determined by listening tests, described in section 4.3. The positioning of the microphones and the dummy head in the receiving room is shown on figure 10. Figure 10: Floor plan of the receiving room with positioning of the microphones and the dummy head 25

28 The different impact noise sources were placed at similar positions on the floor, to make the recordings and measurements as comparable as possible. For the tapping machine, the modified tapping machine and the Japanese rubber ball, four excitation positions were defined. One of the excitation position was placed directly over a beam of the floor (position 3), one other was placed over a bay of the floor (position 4). The other two positions were partly on a beam and on the adjacent bay. For the tapping machine and the modified tapping machine at all four positions, recordings were made with a length of 60 s. The rubber ball was dropped at each position from a height of 1 m. This was repeated 10 times by a person at each excitation position. For each drop, a 10 s recording was made, including the signal of one ball drop. The chair was drawn over a path of about 1 m length across the same four excitation positions mentioned before. The speed was about 20 cm/s, giving a signal of about 5 s length. As well as for the ball, the recording of the chair was repeated 10 times at each position. The original recordings of each signal were 10 s long. For analysis, the recordings were cut to include only the drawing noise of the chair. Other impacts like bringing the chair back to the starting point were excluded from the analysed file. The walking noise of the different walkers was recorded for 60 s. In this time, the walkers were walking at a speed of approximately two steps per second (2Hz) on a circle. The circle position was so that the walkers would walk approximately across the excitation positions of the other sources. The circle was big enough for the walkers to walk in a normal manner and without stopping. The walking noise measurements were extracted by averaging the 60 s long walking signals of the walkers. The positions of excitation on the floor in the sending room are shown in figure 11. Figure 11: Floor plan of the sending room with excitation positions of the impact sound sources. 26

29 4.3 Listening tests With the recorded signals from the laboratory, listening tests were conducted to judge the annoyance and the loudness of the impact noise signals in the receiving room. Additionally it was tested if there is an influence of the different signals on the rating by the listeners. Therefore mono signals of one microphone (microphone 1) and the binaural signal of the dummy head were used Aim of the listening tests The main focus of the listening tests was to get subjective ratings of the different impact noise sources on different floor coverings. Within the AcuWood project, the ratings were planned to be correlated with objective single number ratings. Therefore, this first listening test aimed to prepare for further listening tests in terms of organisation, hardware used etc. and to evaluate the influence of the recordings by microphone and dummy head on the subjective rating. This was important to determine the appropriate further measurement procedure within the AcuWood project Procedure of the listening tests The listening tests were performed with representative recordings cut to an appropriate length. For the comparison of microphone and dummy head, recordings of microphone 1 and the dummy head were chosen, see figure 10. The recordings of the tapping machine, the modified tapping machine and the walkers were cut to a length of 20 s. The chair signals were cut to a length of 7 s, the ball drop recordings were cut to a length of 1 s. All recordings were aurally checked to be free of background noise or other not relevant artefacts and that they were representative for the source. For the walkers, cracking noises of the floor in the recordings could not always be avoided. They were typical of such floor constructions and thus also part of the signals to be judged. The signals were adjusted to a calibrated level by playing the signals via headphones to a dummy head. For the listening test, a sample of 23 test persons (9 female and 14 male) was available. The age of the subjects was from 20 to 32 years with a median of 24 years. As material, dummy head recordings from 6 ceiling constructions (bare floor, floor with floating floor and additionally with 4 different floor covers) and 7 different impact noise sources gave 42 signals to be rated. Additionally the microphone recordings of the 7 sources were tested against the dummy head recordings. The sound files were played randomly to the listeners over headphones. The answers were given by indication on a computer screen. Judgements were asked for the individual noise sensitivity, the annoyance and the loudness of the recorded signals. The scales were for the individual noise sensitivity a 11 point rating scale (from not at all to extremely ), the annoyance of the signals on a 11 point rating scale according to ISO/TS (from 0 to 10 ) and the loudness on a 51 point rating scale according to ISO (from 0 to 50 ). 27

30 4.4 Results of measurements in the laboratory with wooden beam floor Repeatability of the source excitation The repeatability of the rubber ball was tested by comparing 10 single ball drops at the same position, comparing results of ball drops at four different floor positions and comparing the measurement of the signals at 6 microphone positions. The results were that: The 10 ball drops at the same position gave quite low standard deviation, from 20 to 630 Hz about 1 db, above the standard deviation increased to about 2 db at 2000 Hz. Therefore, the repeatability of the source itself is comparable to other impact sources and relatively high Adding the different microphone positions to the analysis shows, that at low frequencies between 25 and 315 Hz the standard deviation is mainly influenced by the microphone position, the values of the standard deviation reach up to 6,5 db at 31.5 Hz. Analysing the whole dataset of 10 drops per excitation position, 6 different microphone positions and 4 excitation positions shows, that the excitation positions have an influence on the standard deviation at very low frequencies below 40 Hz, and also from 315 Hz on upwards to 5000 Hz, where the standard deviation reaches values between 2.5 and 5 db. The repeatability of the chair, drawn across the floor showed very similar results. The standard deviation of the source itself was between 0.5 and 1.8 db. Again, at the low frequencies the different microphone positions where the reason of a standard deviation reaching 5.5 db and at high frequencies between 2000 and 5000 Hz, the excitation positions of the chair resulted in a standard deviation of up to 4 db. The repeatability of the walkers was not tested. It was assumed, that the recording of walking for 60 s gives a good average of the walking noise of one person. The spread of different walkers was not tested in this measurement series. It was assumed, that the same person could be walking on all different floors. Unfortunately, during the measurements it showed that it was not possible to rely on the same walker for all situations. (Walkers were not always available because of holidays, illness, termination of the work contract etc.). Therefore at the wooden beam floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling, section 4.5, a study of the spread of walking signals of different walkers was performed. This is reported by Spinner [21] A weighted standardized sound pressure level For the floor with dry floating floor, the summed n,t,a, was between 71.8 db(a) for the tapping machine and 22.5 db(a) for the male walker with socks (modified tapping machine 47.1 db(a), chair 62.8 db(a), Ball L F,max,n,T,A, = 62.1 db(a), female walker with hard footwear L n,t,a, = 36.4 db(a), male walker with hard footwear L n,t,a, = 29.9 db(a)). The spectra showed that the tapping machine produced more high frequency excitation then all other sources, and the rubber ball had a max spectrum quite similar to the spectrum of real walkers, but about 30 db higher. 28

31 4.4.3 Weighted normalized impact sound pressure levels of the different floors The weighted normalized impact sound pressure levels of the different floors, measured with the tapping machine are given in Table 2. Table 2: Weighted normalized impact sound pressure n,w an spectrum adaption term C I, of the different floors. Floor L n,w C I, L n,w + C I, Bare floor Floor with dry floating floor Floor with dry floating floor and laminate Floor with dry floating floor and parquet Floor with dry floating floor and tiles Floor with dry floating floor and carpet The results show, that for the wooden floor with floating floor, which represents a typical construction in wooden single family houses, the different floor coverings give not much difference in the weighted normalized impact sound pressure level. The carpet reaches the lowest value of the normalized impact sound pressure level, but considering the spectrum adaption term C I, , it is comparable to tiles and 2 db lower then parquet and laminate. The high reduction of the normalized impact sound pressure level for laminate cannot be found when the floor is installed on the wooden floor (with floating floor), and the ranking of the floor coverings in the real situation is very different then given by the reduction of the normalized impact sound pressure level according to the standard DIN EN ISO Tests of the dependency of the max impact sound produced by the rubber ball falling from different heights showed that the levels and spectra were quite similar for the height of 1 m and of 0.8 m. This again shows that the spectra are quite independent of little changes (of a few cm) of the falling height. Therefore, the applied procedure to let a person drop the ball can be regarded with a high reproducibility, as already shown by the low standard deviation. This is the case for the floating floor, but also for the case of floating floor with carpet. 29

32 4.4.4 Listening tests The detailed results of the listening test are available in the file {AcuWood AnL.pptx}. The main results are: The annoyance and the loudness are rated very similar for all sources and all floors The tapping machine gives the highest annoyance and loudness rating, the male walker with socks the lowest. The modified tapping machine gives similar ratings then the male walker with hard footwear. The ratings of the dummy head recording were similar to the ratings of the microphone recordings for all sources with fixed excitation position. All moving sources (walkers) were rated more annoying and with higher loudness when recorded with the dummy head. Here the possibility to localise the source with the dummy head recordings seems to lead to a greater annoyance and higher loudness judgement. Therefore, recordings in further objects will be performed with both the dummy head and microphones. The wooden beam floor was rated most annoying, the floor with floating floor and carpet least annoying. The three other floor coverings of laminate, parquet and tiles were judged equal annoying and with equal loudness, the floor with floating floor and no floor covering was rated slightly more annoying and slightly higher in loudness then the cases with floor coverings. 4.5 Laboratory with wooden beam floor and suspended ceiling The floor is the same wooden beam floor of the laboratory p8 on the IBP, according to DIN EN ISO Appendix C, floor C1, described in section The floor was modified to represent normal floor conditions by using a dry floating floor, described in section and additionally a suspended ceiling in the receiving room. Again, the same different standard floor covers were applied on this floor Description of the floor construction The bare floor according to DIN EN ISO is nowadays rarely found in Germany. Therefore, a dry floating floor and a suspended ceiling were applied to the bare floor. The suspended ceiling was 30

33 installed in the receiving room, to represent a wooden beam floor with additional effort for acoustic performance, which can represent similar solutions for new buildings like one family houses as well as a common solution for refurbishment of wooden beam floor buildings. For this construction, the gypsum board lining in the receiving room below the floor and the wooden battens were removed, and the suspended ceiling was installed instead. The floor construction is shown in figure 12. Figure 12: Sectional view of the wooden beam floor with floating floor.1 3: floor according to DIN EN ISO , with additional floating floor of 10 mm wood fibre and 18 mm gypsum fibre board KNAUF BRIO 18 WF and suspended ceiling with 40 mm spacers with elastic interlayer (Direktschwingabhänger + Profil CD 60x27 KNAUF) and 2 x 12.5 mm gypsum boards). The weighted sound reduction index of the floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling in figure 3 is R w = 63.7 db, the weighted normalized impact sound level of the floor is L n,w = 52.4 db. The graph of the sound reduction index is shown in figure B1, the normalized impact sound pressure level is shown in figure B2. With the dry floating floor and the suspended ceiling, the cracking noises were again reduced, but not totally abandoned. The remaining cracking noises are caused by the construction of the floor and can be considered to be typical for this kind of floors Configuration of sending and receiving room Recordings of the impact noise were performed in both sending and receiving room. Therefore both rooms were adjusted in their absorption to normal living conditions.. The sending room was unchanged to the measurements without suspended ceiling. The reverberation times of the sending room is given in Table B1 in the appendix. Similar to the sending room, the linings in the receiving room gave low reverberation time at frequencies between 50 and 100 Hz. The receiving room was additionally equipped with 5 Absorbers and some thin foam linings, similar to the measurements before without the suspended ceiling. The reverberation times of the sending room is given in Table B1 in the appendix Measurements The following recordings / measurements were performed: 31

34 Measurement of the sound reduction index R w for the floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling Measurement of the normalized impact sound n,w of the the floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling Calibrated recording of the sound field in the sending and receiving room of different impact noise sources on the floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling and with different floor coverings on top of the floating floor. The recordings can be used either to generate sound files for listening tests and for generating measurements by analysing the sound files with the Head Acoustics software Artemis and its different tools Measurement setup The measurement of the airborne sound insulation was performed according to DIN EN ISO The number of loudspeaker positions was two, the sound pressure levels were measured by continuously moving microphones on two paths; the results were averaged. The reverberation time was measured according to DIN EN ISO Two loudspeaker positions and for each 6 microphone positions were used. The number of independent measurements was 12. For the impact noise sources, calibrated recordings were performed. The noise produced in the sending room was recorded with two microphones and a dummy head. Additionally, the induced vibrations of the floor were recorded by an accelerometer and a geophone. The positions of the sensors in the sending room are shown in figure13. Figure 13: Floor plan of the sending room with positioning of the sensors 32

35 The noise in the receiving room was recorded by 6 microphones. Additionally, a dummy head was set up in the receiving room, recording the noise of the impact sources binaurally. The positioning of the microphones and the dummy head in the receiving room is shown on figure 14 Figure 14: Floor plan of the receiving room with positioning of the microphones and the dummy head The different impact noise sources were placed at similar positions on the floor as before, to make the recordings and measurements as comparable as possible. One of the excitation position was placed directly over a beam of the floor (position 3), one other was placed over a bay of the floor (position 4). The other two positions were partly on a beam and on the adjacent bay. For the tapping machine and the modified tapping machine at all four positions, recordings were made with a length of 60 s. The rubber ball was dropped at each position from a height of 1 m. This was repeated 10 times by a person at each excitation position. For each drop, a 10 s recording was made, including the signal of one ball drop. The chair was drawn over a path of about 1 m length across the same four excitation positions mentioned before. The speed was about 20 cm/s, giving a signal of about 5 s length. As well as for the ball, the recording of the chair was repeated 10 times at each position. The original recording of each signal was 10 s long. For analysis, the recordings were cut to include only the drawing noise of the chair. Other impacts like bringing the chair back to the starting point were excluded from the analysed file. The walking noise of the different walkers was recorded for 60 s. In this time, the walkers were walking at a speed of approximately two steps per second (2Hz) on a circle. The circle position was so that the walkers would walk approximately across the excitation positions of the other sources. The circle 33

36 was big enough for the walkers to walk in a normal manner and without stopping. The walking noise measurements were extracted by averaging the 60 s long walking signals of the walkers. The positions of excitation on the floor in the sending room are shown in figure Figure 15: Floor plan of the sending room with excitation positions of the impact sound sources 4.6 Results of measurements in the laboratory with wooden beam floor A detailed report of the results is given in the Bachelor Thesis of Fabian Spinner [21] (in German). The main results are given in short in the following A weighted standardized sound pressure level To compare the different impact sound sources in their sound levels in the receiving room, the A weighted standardized sound pressure n,t,a was calculated from the recordings. Therefore, the recorded sound pressure in the receiving room was standardized to a reverberation time of 0.5 s and A weighted. From these spectra, a single value descriptor was calculated by energetic addition of the frequencies. Initially it was thought, that the frequency range from 50 to 2500 Hz would be appropriate for a single number descriptor. Results for the tested floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling revealed that in this case the highest A weighted level was found at 40 Hz. Therefore the frequency range for the single number descriptor was extended to the range from 20 to 2500 Hz. For the wooden floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling (without floor covering) the summed level L n,t,a, was between 57.4 db(a) for the ball (max) and 27.5 db(a) for the male walker with socks (tapping machine 55,4 db(a) modified tapping machine 41.5 db(a), chair 46.5 db(a), female walker 34

37 with hard footwear 36.0 db(a), male walker with hard footwear 34.8 db(a) ).Unfortunately, the female walker in this measurement series was a different person with a much greater excitation force then on the other floor. Therefore, the levels of the female walker were about 6 to 8 db higher than the levels of the previous female walker. The spread of different walkers was studied and are reported in section The spectra showed that the tapping machine produced still more high frequency excitation then all other sources, and the rubber ball had a max spectrum quite similar to the spectrum of real walkers, but about 30 db higher. The A weighted standardized sound pressure levels of the tapping machine on the wooden floor with floating floor without suspended ceiling is shown in figure 16 and with suspended ceiling in figure 17. Figure 16: A weighted standardized levels in the receiving room for the tapping machine on the wooden floor with floating floor, without suspended ceiling in the laboratory p8. 35

38 Figure 17: A weighted standardized levels in the receiving room for the tapping machine on the floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling in laboratory P8. Comparing figure 16 and 17, the values at very low frequencies between 20 and 50 Hz are quite similar, with slightly higher values for the floor with suspended ceiling. Above 50 Hz a reduction of levels caused by the suspended ceiling sets in, which leads to a quite strong reduction at frequencies between 100 and 800 Hz, where the tapping machine produces the highest A weighted levels. Therefore the suspended ceiling leads to a strong reduction of the summed n,t,a, of about 15 db. As example for walking noise, the same graphs are shown for the male walker with shoes in figure 18 and

39 Figure 18: A weighted standardized levels in the receiving room for the male walker with shoes on the wooden floor with floating floor in the laboratory p8. Figure 19: A weighted standardized levels in the receiving room for the male walker with shoes on the floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling in laboratory P8. For the walkers on the floor with suspended ceiling values of L n,t,a were reached at very low frequencies at 31.5 and 40 Hz. Here, the values are higher than on the wooden floor without suspended ceiling. The reduction of the A weighted standardized level by the suspended ceiling is given by L nt,a : 37

40 (14) L nt, A LnT, A,0 LnT, A with: L nt,a,0 = A weighted standardised sound pressure level without the suspended ceiling in db L nt,a = A weighted standardised sound pressure level with the suspended ceiling in db This difference is shown in figure 20. Figure 20: Reduction of the A weighted standardized levels in the receiving room for the male walker with shoes by the additional suspended ceiling in the laboratory p8. The change in A weighted levels by the suspended ceiling is clearly shown by figure 20. The resonance frequency of the suspended ceiling below 50 Hz leads to higher levels in this frequency range. Again, above 50 Hz a reduction of levels by the suspended ceiling sets in, reducing the A weighted levels. Regarding the sum levels L n,t,a, of the walkers, the suspended ceiling has not a clear effect, because it increases the levels below 50 Hz, which now become dominant as the levels above 50 Hz are reduced by the suspended ceiling. For the different floor coverings, the sum levels can be seen in Table 3. Table 3: Reduction of the sum of the A weighted level by the suspended ceiling and comparison of the different floor coverings, results of the male walker with shoes. 38

41 Floor covering L n,t,a, Floor with dry floating floor 5,2 Laminate 0,6 Parquet 3,0 Tiles 0,3 Carpet 2,4 The values in table 3 show, that for the reduction of the measurements with different floor covering, positive and negative values are encountered. As the reproducibility of the walking sources is not as high, the differences might not be all due to the different floor coverings. Nevertheless, the results show that the reduction of the level at frequencies above 50 Hz is compensated by increased levels below 50 Hz. Here, the planned listening tests will give us information about the usefulness of the suspended ceiling regarding the annoyance of the walking noise Normalizedised impact sound levels of the different floors The normalized impact sound levels and the spectra adaption terms of the different floors, measured with the tapping machine, are given in Table 4. Table 4: Normalized impact sound levels and spectrum adaption terms of the different floors. Floor L n,w C I Sum L n,w + C I Floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling Floor with floating floor and laminate, suspended ceiling Floor with floating floor and parquet, suspended ceiling Floor with floating floor and tiles, suspended ceiling Floor with floating floor and carpet, suspended ceiling

42 The results in Table 4 show, that the different floor coverings give some differences in the normalized impact sound level. The carpet reaches the lowest value of the normalized impact sound level and is 4.6 db lower than the floor with floating floor, suspended ceiling and no floor covering. Considering the sum of L n,w + C I, , the floor with carped gives higher values then all other floor coverings and is even higher than the floor without floor covering. The floor with tiles gives the lowest results, 3.4 db lower than the carpet. Comparing the results above to the results of the floor without suspended ceiling, the values of L n,w are considerably lower, but the spectrum adaption terms C I, are higher. The sum gives values which are 5 to 10 db below the values of the floor without suspended ceiling Excitation by different walkers Individual differences in the walking style can lead to great differences in the levels above 20 Hz [23, 24], produced by the walkers. Unfortunately, circumstances in the progress of the project made it necessary to employ different female walkers on the floors. A study of the excited levels of different walkers was performed on the floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling. The study employed 10 female and 14 male walkers. Detailed results are shown in [21]. The spread of the different walkers was relatively high. For example, the A weighted standardized levels of the male walkers with shoes are shown in figure 21. Figure 21: A weighted standardized levels in the receiving room for different male walkers with shoes in the laboratory p8 with suspended ceiling. The results in Figure 21 show a relative similar frequency dependency of all walkers, with the highest A weighted standardized levels at very low frequencies of 31.5 or 40 Hz. Besides this, the levels can be very different, with a spread of up to 15 db. The walker employed for the tests was Walker 1, which lies in the upper part of the spread of all 14 walkers. In the measurements with socks, the same 40

43 walker had a mean excitation. As the male walker was employed on the wooden floor with and without suspended ceiling, the results of the male walker are comparable. The results of the female walkers with shoes are shown in figure 22. The results show again a maximum excitation at 31,5 to 40 Hz, with additionally a quite high excitation at higher frequencies between 100 and 800 Hz. The spread of the A weighted standardized levels with the female walkers was slightly higher than for the male walkers. Again, the walker employed on the wooden floor with suspended ceiling is walker 1. With shoes, as shown in figure 22, this female walker gives levels on the upper end of all 10 persons, without shoes her levels are highest of all. Unfortunately, on the wooden floor without suspended ceiling different female walkers were employed, therefore a direct comparison of both measurements is not as informative then with the male walker. Concluding the results of the study, there is a great spread of levels excited by different walkers, mainly depending on the individual walking style. Additionally, there is an distinct influence of the shoes walkers wear, in terms of softness of the shoes, but possibly also an influence on the walking style of the walker. A study of the repeatability of the walking of a single person was not performed. Figure 22: A weighted standardized levels in the receiving room for different female walkers with shoes in the laboratory p8 with suspended ceiling. 4.7 Laboratory with concrete floor As stated in section 1.1, the aim of the project was to develop sound and vibration criteria that better correspond to human experience in lightweight buildings. The criteria should not only focus on wooden buildings, but also include traditional heavy weight buildings, for example made of brick, concrete etc. For concrete floors, a reference was needed to be included in this study. This could also be termed as benchmark for the wooden floors. Therefore, one measurement series was made on a concrete floor with concrete floating floor in the laboratory P9 of the IBP. The floor is a concrete floor 41

44 according to DINENISO Appendix C [19]. The floor was modified to represent normal floor conditions (in Germany) by using a concrete floating floor with the same different standard floor covers as on the wooden floors described above Description of the laboratory The laboratory is made to test the impact noise reduction of floating floors and of floor coverings and consists of two rooms, horizontally divided by a concrete floor with 140 mm thickness. To reduce the flanking transmission and the airborne sound transmission from sending to receiving room, both rooms were equipped by linings on the walls. The laboratory p9 is shown in figure 23. The room sizes are for the sending room 4.71 m x 3.71 m x 3.51 m and for the receiving room 4.87 m x 3.76 m x 3.10 m. Figure 23: Sectional view of the laboratory p9 of IBP. The concrete floor of 140 mm separates the laboratory into sending room above and receiving room below Basic floor construction The laboratory floor is the standard concrete floor according to DIN EN ISO Appendix C, with a thickness of 140 mm. The weighted sound reduction index of the bare floor is Rw = 55 db (C = 2 db), the weighted normalized impact sound level of the floor is Ln,w = 77 db (C I, = 11 db). The graph of the sound reduction index is shown in figure C3, the normalized impact sound level is shown in figure C Floor construction with floating floor For the measurements and recordings, a common floor construction of floating floor with cement screed was installed into the laboratory. The floor construction is shown in figure24. 42

45 Figure 24: Sectional view of the concrete floor with cement floating floor (1 cement floating floor, 2:mineral wool EP1, 3: bare floor, 140 mm, according to DIN EN ISO ). The weighted sound reduction index of the floor with floating floor in figure 24 is Rw = 66 db (C = 4 db), the weighted normalized impact sound level of the floor is L n,w = 41 db (C I, = 15 db). The graph of the sound reduction index is shown in figure C3, the normalized impact sound level is shown in figure C Configuration of sending and receiving room Recordings of the impact noise were performed in both sending and receiving rooms. Therefore both rooms were adjusted in their absorption to normal living conditions. The goal of the adjustments was to set the reverberation time near 0.5 s. The sending room was equipped with 12 absorbers of different types. Pictures of the sending room are shown in figure C1. The reverberation times of the sending room is given in Table C1 in the appendix C. Note: Below 50 Hz the reverberation time was longer than 1 s and was not much changed by the absorbers. Similar to the sending room, the linings in the receiving room give low reverberation time at frequencies between 50 and 100 Hz. The receiving room was additionally equipped with 8 Absorbers. Pictures of the receiving room with the absorbers are shown in figure C2. The reverberation times of the receiving room is also given in Table C Measurements The following recordings / measurements were performed: Measurement of the sound reduction index R w for the bare floor and the floor with floating floor Measurement of the normalized impact sound n,w of the bare floor and the floor with floating floor Calibrated recording of the sound field in the sending and receiving room of different impact noise sources on the floor with floating floor and with different floor coverings on top of the floating floor. The recordings can be used either to generate sound files for listening tests and for generating measurements by analysing the sound files with the Head Acoustics software Artemis and its different tools. 43

46 4.7.6 Measurement setup The measurement of the airborne sound insulation was performed according to DIN EN ISO The number of loudspeaker positions was two, the sound pressure levels were measured by continuously moving microphones on two paths; the results were averaged. The reverberation time was measured according to DIN EN ISO Two loudspeaker positions and for each 6 microphone positions were used. The number of independent measurements was 12. For the impact noise sources, calibrated recordings were performed. The noise produced in the sending room was recorded with two microphones and a dummy head. The positions of the sensors in the sending room are shown in figure 25. Figure 25: Floor plan of the sending room of p9 with positioning of the sensors The noise in the receiving room was recorded by 6 microphones. Additionally, a dummy head was set up in the receiving room, recording the noise of the impact sources binaurally. Listening tests showed, that the annoyance and loudness ratings are higher with dummy head recordings for the walkers (probably because the dummy head recordings enables the listener to localize the moving source in the room above).the positioning of the microphones and the dummy head is shown on figure

47 Figure 26: Floor plan of the receiving room of p9 with positioning of the microphones and the dummy head The different impact noise sources were placed at similar positions on the floor, to make the recordings and measurements as comparable as possible. For the tapping machine, the modified tapping machine and the rubber ball, four excitation positions were defined. For the tapping machine and the modified tapping machine at all four positions, recordings were made with a length of 60 s. The rubber ball was dropped at each position from a height of 1 m. This was repeated 10 times at each excitation position. For each drop, a 10 s recording was made, including the signal of one ball drop. The chair was drawn over a path of about 1 m length across the same four excitation positions mentioned before. The speed was about 20 cm/s, giving a signal of about 5 s length. As well as for the ball, the recording of the drawn chair was repeated 10 times at each position. The original recordings of each signal were 10 s long. For analysis, the recordings were cut to include only the drawing noise of the chair. Other impacts like bringing the chair back to the starting point were excluded from the analysed file. The walking noise of the different walkers where recorded for 60 s. In this time, the walkers were walking at a speed of approximately two steps per second (2Hz) on a circle. The circle position was so that the walkers would walk mainly across the excitation positions of the other sources. The circle was big enough for the walkers to walk in a normal manner and without stopping. The walking noise measurements were an average of the 60 s long walking signals of the walkers. The positions of excitation of the floor in the sending room are shown in figure

48 Figure 27: Floor plan of the sending room with positions of the excitation of the impact sound sources. 4.8 Results of measurements in the laboratory with concrete floor Some preliminary results of the recordings / measurements, compared to the measurements on the wooden floor in p8, are given in the presentation { _AcuWood_Späh}. The main results are given in short in the following A weighted standardized sound pressure level To compare the sound levels of the different impact sound sources in the receiving room, the A weighted standardized sound pressure n,t,a was calculated from the recordings. Therefore, the recorded sound pressure in the receiving room was standardized to a reverberation time of 0.5 s and A weighted. From these spectra, a single value descriptor was calculated by energetic addition of the frequencies 20 to 2500 Hz. For the rubber ball, the max value L F,max was used instead of the sound pressure. For the floor with cement floating floor, the summed n,t,a, was between 50.2 db(a) for the ball (max) and 17.5 db(a) for the female walker with shoes (tapping machine 44.8 db(a) modified tapping machine 30.0 db(a), chair 38.3 db(a), male walker with hard footwear 19.3 db(a), male walker with socks 19.1 db(a)). The spectra showed that the tapping machine produced again more high frequency excitation then all other sources, and the rubber ball had a maxspectrum quite similar to the spectrum of real walkers, but about 30 db higher. The A weighted standardized sound pressure levels of the tapping machine on the concrete floor and on the wooden floor are shown in figure 28 and

49 Figure 28: A weighted standardized levels in the receiving room for the tapping machine in the concrete floor laboratory p9. Figure 29: A weighted standardized levels in the receiving room for the tapping machine in the wooden floor laboratory p8. Comparing figure 28 and 29, the values at very low frequencies between 20 and 50 Hz are up to 10 db lower for the concrete floor with floating floor, but the difference is decreasing with increasing frequency. At 63 Hz, on the concrete floor, the maximum levels are reached with 38 to 40 db(a), which is only about 2 db lower than on the wooden floor. On the concrete floor with floating floor and floor coverings, with rising frequency from 63 Hz on upwards, the levels decrease steadily to about 2500 Hz, where levels come close to background noise. On the other hand, on the wooden floor with float 47

50 ing floor and floor coverings, levels increase from 63 Hz upwards to about 500 Hz, where a peak value of about 60 db(a) is reached. Here at the mid frequencies, the difference between concrete floor and wooden floor, both with floating floor and floor covering, are about 30 db. Only at higher frequencies above 500 Hz, the levels on the wooden floor tend to reduce again, at least for the floor with floor coverings. This great difference is at least in parts due to the tapping machine, as it is the only tested source with strong high frequency excitation. As example for walking noise, the same graphs are shown for the male walker with shoes in figure 30 and 31. Figure 30:A weighted standardized levels in the receiving room for the male walker with shoes in the concrete floor laboratory p9. 48

51 Figure 31: A weighted standardized levels in the receiving room for the male walker with shoes in the wooden floor laboratory p8. For the walkers on the concrete floor, the highest values of L n,t,a were reached at about 50 Hz. Here, the values of about 10 to 18 db(a) are higher than in the wooden floor laboratory. Again, at 20 Hz levels are more than 10 db lower, compared to the laboratory with wooden floor. Above 50 Hz, levels decrease again and reach background levels at about 200 Hz on the concrete floor. The levels on the wooden floor have a low value at 50 Hz, but at 40 Hz they are comparable to the concrete situation. Above 50 Hz, in contrast to the concrete situation, levels on the wooden floor increase and reach values of about 20 db(a) at 125 Hz. From 125 Hz on upwards, levels on the wooden floor reduce slowly and reach values of 10 db(a) at about 800 Hz. For the wooden floor, at the very low frequencies below 50 Hz, the carpet gives highest levels of all floor coverings. This is quite similar on the concrete floor. Above 63 Hz the carpet gives lowest levels on the wooden floor and on the concrete floor The difference of the floor coverings are on the wooden floor is bigger as on the concrete floor, as the values on the concrete floor are already very low and reach background level for all floor coverings already at 200 Hz. At higher frequencies above 800 Hz, the carpet gives higher levels than the other floor coverings. This might be due to cracking noises, which were additionally excited in the case of the carpet floor covering Normalized impact sound levels of the different floors The weighted normalized impact sound levels and the spectrum adaption terms of the different floors, measured with the tapping machine, are given in Table 5. Table 5: Weighted normalized impact sound levels and spectrum adaption terms of the different floors. Floor L n,w C I L n,w + C I Bare concrete floor Floor with cement floating floor Floor with cement floating floor and laminate Floor with cement floating floor and parquet Floor with cement floating floor and tiles Floor with cement floating floor and carpet

52 The results show for the concrete floor with floating floor, representing a typical floor construction in Germany (with the exception that the bare floor itself is 140 mm much thinner and lighter than the standard thickness of 180 to 200 mm), that the different floor coverings give not much difference in the normalized impact sound level. The carpet reaches the lowest value of the normalized impact sound level, but considering L n,w + C I , it gives the highest value, and is about one db higher than the floor with laminate, parquet and tiles. Comparing the results to the measurements on the wooden floor, the sum of L n,w + C I shows on the concrete floor about 15 db lower values than on the wooden floor. Again, the floating floor accounts for the most reduction (of 10 db), the floor coverings reduce the sum additionally by 4 5 db. Comparing the different floor coverings, the sum values differ only by one db. 5 Field measurements in single family houses Additionally to the laboratory measurements, similar measurements were conducted in single family houses with wooden floors in Germany. Unlike in other European countries, in Germany wooden multi storey houses have not been built in a greater number. Therefore, to represent common wooden floors in Germany, single family houses are measured in Germany. The market of wooden single family houses is dominated by companies producing pre fabricated houses (in German: Fertighäuser). Therefore, besides House E, all measured houses were pre fabricated houses. House E was an individually planned wooden house, produced by a small manufacturer with a smaller number of houses produced. As multi storey wooden houses were covered by the measurements in Switzerland, which are reported in project report no. 2, multi storey houses are included in the final analysis of the AcuWood project. 5.1 House A House A was a typical pre fabricated single family house with a gable roof for the German market. The design aims for a family of 4. The ground floor contains an open space for kitchen and living room, as well as other small rooms like bathroom and WC, and a small office or guest room. The first floor has a clap sill and is covered by the roof; therefore some of the walls/ceiling in the first floor are tilting. It contains a bathroom and three bedrooms. The total living area of the house is slightly less than 200 m². The house is optimised for low energy consumption and contains a high energy efficient heating system. The construction is typical for newly build houses (of the year 2012). The measured floor separated one of the bedrooms on the first floor and the small office room on the ground floor. The volume of the sending room on the first floor was 31.7 m³, the volume of the office room on the ground floor was 24.7 m³. Both rooms had a common separating floor area of 9.9 m². 50

53 5.1.1 Description of the floor construction The separating floor is described from top to bottom: 9.5 mm floor covering laminate Haro LockConnect plus SILENT AC 3 NKL31 193x1282 mm with 2,5 mm integrated soft underlay 60 mm cement floating floor type ATHE Vuno 5 CT with integrated floor heating system, unit area mass m = 114 kg/m² 30 mm impact sound insulation Knauf DES sm, dynamic stiffness s < 15 MN/m³ 60 mm insulation Knauf DEO WLG mm wood particle board Unilin P5 SOA, unit area mass m = 14,5 kg/m² 240 mm wooden beams with 120 mm mineral wool filling G+H Isover 22/80 mm wooden battens 12.5 mm gypsum boards Knauf, unit area mass m = 8.5 kg/m² The construction of the floor is given in figure 32. Figure 32: Floor construction of House A (Source: Manufacturer of House A, in German). 51

54 5.1.2 Description of the measurement conditions In the Building A, the measurements were conducted similar to the laboratory measurements and with the same measurement equipment. In table 6 the basic measurement conditions in house A are described: Table 6: Description of the measurement conditions in house A. House A Description Sending Room Büro, first floor, V = 31.7 m³ Receiving Room Gast, ground floor, V = 24.7 m³ Common separating area 9.9 m² Air temperature during measurement Room conditions 20 C furnished Floor surface laminate Measurement airborne sound insulation Measurement impact noise On the basis of DIN EN ISO with following deviations: Reduced distance of microphones to walls and between microphones The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of loudspeaker positions: 2 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending room 12, receiving room 12 Calculation of weighted sound reduction index and spectrum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 1: On the basis of DIN EN ISO with following deviations: Reduced distance of microphones to walls and between microphones The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of tapping machine positions: 4 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending room 8, receiving room 24. Calculation of weighted normalized impact sound level and spectrum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 2:

55 Additional measurements Modified Tapping machine similar as tapping machine Japanese rubber ball, excitation on same 4 positions then tapping machine, number of ball drops on each position 5, number of microphone positions in receiving room 6 Walking of persons as described in section 3.1.4, no female walker, male walker with shoes and socks: Moritz, number of independent microphone measurements 6, measurement duration 60s Moving of chair: as described in section on similar 4 positions then tapping machine, number of repeated drawing of chair at each position 4, number of independent microphone positions in receiving room Measurement results of house A The measurement results of the weighted sound reduction index are: R w (C; C tr ; C ; C tr, ) = 55 ( 3; 10; 4; 14) db. The results of the weighted normalized impact noise level are: L n,w (C I, ; C I, ) = 54 (1; 6) db. The graph of the sound reduction index is given in figure D1, the graph of the normalized impact sound level is given in figure D2 in annex D. The values of the levels of the additional measurements are given in annex D. 5.2 House B House B was again a typical pre fabricated single family house with a shed roof for the German market by a different manufacturer. The design aims for a family of 4. The ground floor contains a big living room, a separate kitchen and other small rooms like bathroom and WC. The roof is pitched, therefore the height of the rooms in the first floor is varying. The first floor contains a small room with wc, a bathroom and three bedrooms. The total living area of the house is slightly less than 170 m². The house is optimised for low energy consumption and contains a high energy efficient heating system. The construction is typical for newly build houses (of the year 2012). For the given room locations in the house, the only measurement possible was the measurement of the floor between the small wc room on the first floor and the kitchen on the ground floor. The volume of the sending room on the first floor was 10.1 m³, the volume of the kitchen on the ground floor was 31.7 m³. Both rooms had a common separating floor area of 4.1 m². 53

56 5.2.1 Description of the floor construction The separating floor is described from top to bottom: 10 mm floor covering tiles 65 mm cement floating floor type CT F4 S65 H45 with integrated floor heating system, unit area mass m = 130 kg/m² 35 mm impact sound insulation EPS Knauf DES sm dynamic stiffness s < 10 MN/m³ / Installation pipe (see figure 33) 22 mm wood particle board Pfleiderer Premiumboard, unit area mass m = 14.3 kg/m² 240 mm wooden beams with 50 mm mineral wool filling Knauf TI 140W, WLG /50 mm wooden battens 12.5 mm gypsum fireboards Knauf, unit area mass m = 10.0 kg/m² The construction of the floor is given in figure 33. Figure 33: Floor construction of House B (Source: Manufacturer of House B, in German). 54

57 5.2.2 Description of the measurement conditions In the Building B, the measurements were conducted similar to the laboratory measurements and with the same measurement equipment. In table 7 the basic measurement conditions in house B are described: Table 7: Description of the measurement conditions in house B. House B Description Sending Room WC, first floor, V = 10.1 m³ Receiving Room Küche, ground floor, V = 31.7 m³ Common separating area 4.1 m² Air temperature during measurement Room conditions 20 C furnished Floor surface tiles Measurement airborne sound insulation Measurement impact noise On the basis of DIN EN ISO with following deviations: Reduced distance of microphones to walls and between microphones As the sending room was very small, additionally the number of loudspeaker positions was reduced The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of loudspeaker positions: 1 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending room 2, receiving room 6 Calculation of weighted sound reduction index and spectrum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 1: On the basis of DIN EN ISO with following deviations: Reduced distance of microphones to walls and between microphones As the sending room was very small, additionally the number of tapping machine positions was reduced The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of tapping machine positions: 2 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending 55

58 room 4, receiving room 12. Calculation of weighted normalized impact sound level and spectrum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 2: 2006 Additional measurements Modified Tapping machine similar as tapping machine Japanese rubber ball, excitation on same 2 positions then tapping machine, number of ball drops on each position 5, number of microphone positions in receiving room 6 Walking of persons as described in section 3.1.4, no female walker, male walker with shoes and socks: Moritz, number of independent microphone measurements 6, measurement duration 60s Moving of chair: as described in section on one position, number of repeated drawing of chair 6, number of independent microphone positions in receiving room Measurement results of house B The measurement results of the weighted sound reduction index are: R w (C; C tr ; C ; C tr, ) = 50 ( 1; 3; 0; 5) db. The results of the weighted normalized impact noise level are: L n,w (C I, ; C I, ) = 67 ( 7; 6) db. The graph of the sound reduction index is given in figure E1, the graph of the normalized impact sound level is given in figure E2 in annex E. The values of the levels of the additional measurements are given in annex E. 5.3 House C House C was a typical pre fabricated single family house with a gable roof with an offset of both roofs at the ridge. The design is similar to house A and B. The ground floor contains a big living room, as well as the kitchen and other small rooms like bathroom and WC, and an office room. The first floor has a clap sill and is covered by the roof, therefore some of the walls/ceilings in the first floor are tilting. It contains a bathroom and three bedrooms. The total living area of the house is slightly less than 200 m². The house is optimised for low energy consumption and contains a high energy efficient heating system. The construction is typical for newly build houses (of the year 2012). 56

59 The measured floor separated one of the bedrooms on the first floor and the office room on the ground floor. The volume of the sending room on the first floor was 38.8 m³, the volume of the office room on the ground floor was 39.4 m³. Both rooms had a common separating floor area of 14.4 m² Description of the floor construction The separating floor of house C is described from top to bottom: 10 mm floor covering laminate 65 mm Anhydride floating floor with integrated floor heating system, unit area mass m = 130 kg/m² 30 mm Polystyrene thermal insulation DIN PS P_WD_040 B mm mineral wool impact sound insulation DIN MW P TK B1 30 5, dynamic stiffness s < 8 MN/m³ (air conditioning pipes, see figure ) 22 mm wood particle board 240 mm wooden beams with 100 mm mineral wool filling 22 mm wooden battens 12.5 mm gypsum fire boards, unit area mass m = 10.0 kg/m² The construction of the floor is given in figure 34 and in figure

60 Figure 34: Floor construction of House C (Source: Manufacturer of House C, in German). Figure 35: Detail of floor construction of House C (Source: Manufacturer of House C, in German) Description of the measurement conditions In Building C, the measurements were conducted similar to the laboratory measurements and with the same measurement equipment. In table 8 the basic measurement conditions in house C are described: Table 8: Description of the measurement conditions in house C. House C Description Sending Room Büro, first floor, V = 38.8 m³ 58

61 Receiving Room Büro, ground floor, V = 39.4 m³ Common separating area 14.4 m² Air temperature during measurement Room conditions 20 C furnished Floor surface laminate Measurement airborne sound insulation On the basis of DIN EN ISO with following deviations: Measurement with one loudspeaker position The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of loudspeaker positions: 1 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending room 6, receiving room 6 Calculation of weighted sound reduction index and spectrum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 1: Measurement impact noise According to DIN EN ISO : The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of tapping machine positions: 4 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending room 8, receiving room 24. Calculation of weighted normalized impact sound level and spectrum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 2: 2006 Additional measurements Modified Tapping machine: not measured, as high flanking transmission on a second order path through the doors of sending and receiving room was encountered. It was assumed, that the measurement of the modified tapping machine would not lead to usable results. Japanese rubber ball, excitation on same 4 positions then tapping machine, number of ball drops on each position 4, number of microphone positions in receiving room 6 Walking of persons as described in section 3.1.4, no female walker, male walker with shoes and socks: Moritz, number of independent microphone measurements 6, measurement duration 60s Moving of chair: as described in section on one position, number of repeated drawing of chair 5, number of independent microphone positions in receiving 59

62 room 6 (reduced number of drawing of chair because difficulties of floor space) Measurement results of house C The measurement results of the weighted sound reduction index are: R w (C; C tr ; C ; C tr, ) = 58 ( 2; 7; 4; 17) db. The results of the weighted normalized impact noise level are: L n,w (C I, ; C I, ) = 56 (2; 6) db. The graph of the sound reduction index is given in figure F1, the graph of the normalized impact sound level is given in figure F2 in annex F. The values of the levels of the additional measurements are given in annex F. 5.4 House D House D was again a typical pre fabricated single family house with a gable roof with an offset of both roofs at the ridge. The design is similar to house A. The ground floor contains a big living room and an open kitchen, and other small rooms like bathroom and WC, and additionally an office room. The first floor has a clap sill and is covered by the roof, therefore some of the walls/ceilings in the first floor are tilting. It contains a bathroom and three bedrooms. The total living area of the house is slightly less than 200 m². The house is optimised for low energy consumption and contains a high energy efficient heating system. The construction is typical for newly build houses (of the year 2012). The measured floor separated one of the bedrooms on the first floor and the office room on the ground floor. The volume of the sending room on the first floor was 29.5 m³, the volume of the office room on the ground floor was 34.8 m³. Both rooms had a common separating floor area of 13.0 m² Description of the floor construction The separating floor of house D is described from top to bottom: 38 mm floor covering carpet type CR Rücken, 513, Shag Artikel Nr. W ZOEP PRITZ Classico Grande mm Cement floating floor, unit area mass m = 100 kg/m² 0.15 mm Foil PE 60

63 25 mm Mineral wool impact sound insulation MW P T A2 25 5, ISOVER EP1, dynamic stiffness s < 9 MN/m³ 30 mm thermal insulation EPS 20 P WD 035 B mm ballast chipping (flint) with binding agent System Köhnke, m = 64 kg/m² 22 mm wood particle board 240 mm wooden beams with beam distance of 625 mm 100 mm mineral wool filling between the beams 22 mm wooden battens 12.5 mm gypsum boards, unit area mass m = 10.0 kg/m² The construction of the floor is given in figure 36. Figure 36: Floor construction of House D (Source: Manufacturer of House D, in German) Description of the measurement conditions In Building D, the measurements were conducted similar to the laboratory measurements and with the same measurement equipment. In table 9 the basic measurement conditions in house D are described: 61

64 Table 9: Description of the measurement conditions in house D. House D Description Sending Room Eltern, first floor, V = 29.5 m³ Receiving Room Büro, ground floor, V = 34.8 m³ Common separating area 13.0 m² Air temperature during measurement Room conditions 20 C furnished Floor surface carpet Measurement airborne sound insulation According to DIN EN ISO The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of loudspeaker positions: 2 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending room 12, receiving room 12 Calculation of weighted sound reduction index and spectrum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 1: Measurement impact noise According to DIN EN ISO 140 7: The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of tapping machine positions: 4 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending room 8, receiving room 24. Calculation of weighted normalized impact sound level and spectrum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 2: 2006 Additional measurements Modified Tapping machine similar as tapping machine Japanese rubber ball, excitation on same 4 positions then tapping machine, number of ball drops on each position 4, number of microphone positions in receiving room 6 Walking of persons as described in section 3.1.4, no female walker, male walker with shoes and socks: Moritz, number of independent microphone measurements 6, measurement duration 60 s Moving of chair: not measured, as the floor covering of carpet changes the source, the stick slip effect of the 62

65 feet does not occur on carpet Measurement results of house D The measurement results of the weighted sound reduction index are: R w (C; C tr ; C ; C tr, ) = 56 ( 2; 7; 2; 10) db. The results of the weighted normalized impact noise level are: L n,w (C I, ; C I, ) = 45 (2; 9) db. The graph of the sound reduction index is given in figure G1, the graph of the normalized impact sound level is given in figure G2 in annex G. The values of the levels of the additional measurements are given in annex G. 5.5 House E House E was an individually planned and build wooden single family house with a gable roof. The room height in the ground floor was relatively low, in the first floor it was quite high, as there was no clap sill and the walls had full height. The slope of the roof was relatively gentle, and the roof surface was the ceiling of the rooms. The ground floor contains a big living room and an open kitchen, other small rooms like bathroom and WC, and additionally two small office rooms. The first floor ceiling is the roof, therefore some rooms have a bigger volume than usual rooms. The first floor contains a bathroom, a small room and three bedrooms. The total living area of the house is slightly above 200 m². The house is optimised for low energy consumption and contains a high energy efficient heating system. The construction is typical for newly build houses (of the year 2012). The measured floor separated the small room on the first floor and one of the office rooms on the ground floor. The volume of this sending room on the first floor was 15.6 m³, the volume of the office room on the ground floor was 19.0 m³. Both rooms had a common separating floor area of 6.5 m². Additionally, the same floor was measured between one of the bedrooms ( Kinderzimmer 2 ) on the first floor and the living room on the ground floor. The volume of this sending room on the first floor was 42.1 m³, the volume of the living room on the ground floor was m³. Both rooms had a common separating floor area of 12.4 m² Description of the floor construction The separating floor of house D is described from top to bottom: 11 mm floor covering parquet 2 Schicht Parkett Schiffsboden 63

66 60 mm calcium sulphate screed Laxness Anhydridbinder DIN EN 13454, unit area mass m = 126 kg/m² 20 mm Extruded polystyrene plate EPS Faltplatte 30 2 ibb MudulAir KG EPS WLG 040 for floor heating system 30 mm thermal insulation EPS Knauf DEO, WLG mm foil PE 240 mm Glued laminated timber, unit area mass m = 120 kg/m² The construction of the floor is given in figure 37. Figure 37: Floor construction of House E (Source: Manufacturer of House E, in German) Description of the measurement conditions In Building E, the measurements were conducted similar to the laboratory measurements and with the same measurement equipment. In table 10 the basic measurement conditions in house E are described: 64

67 Table 10: Description of the measurement conditions in house E. House E Description Sending Room 1 Schrankraum, first floor, V = 15.6 m³ Receiving Room 1 Arbeitszimmer 1, ground floor, V = 19.0 m³ Common separating area m² Sending Room 2 Kinderzimmer 2, first floor, V = 42.1 m³ Receiving Room 2 Wohnen / Essen / Küche, ground floor, V = m³ Common separating area m² Air temperature during measurement Room conditions 20 C Empty, with two absorbers in the receiving rooms Floor surface Parquet Measurement airborne sound insulation According to DIN EN ISO The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of loudspeaker positions: 2 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending room 12, receiving room 12 In the small rooms of measurement 1, the distance of microphones to walls and between microphones was reduced Calculation of weighted sound reduction index and spectrum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 1: Measurement impact noise According to DIN EN ISO 140 7: The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of tapping machine positions: 4 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending room 8, receiving room 24. In the small rooms of measurement 1, the distance of microphones to walls and between microphones was reduced Calculation of weighted normalized impact sound level and spec 65

68 trum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 2: 2006 Additional measurements Modified Tapping machine similar as tapping machine Japanese rubber ball, excitation on same 4 positions then tapping machine, number of ball drops on each position 5, number of microphone positions in receiving room 6 Walking of persons as described in section 3.1.4, no female walker, male walker with shoes and socks: Moritz, number of independent microphone measurements 6, measurement duration 60 s Moving of chair: as described in section on similar 4 positions then tapping machine, number of repeated drawing of chair at each position 4, number of independent microphone positions in receiving room Measurement results of house E The measurement results of the weighted sound reduction index are for room situation 1: R w (C; C tr ; C ; C tr, ) = 58 ( 3; 9; 3; 11) db. and for room situation 2: R w (C; C tr ; C ; C tr, ) = 53 ( 2; 7; 1; 8) db. The results of the weighted normalized impact noise level are for room situation 1: L n,w (C I, ; C I, ) = 58 ( 1; 2) db. and for room situation 2: L n,w (C I, ; C I, ) = 61 (0; 1) db. The graphs of the sound reduction index are given in figure H1 and H2, the graphs of the normalized impact sound level is given in figure H3 and H 4. The values of the levels of the additional measurements are given in annex H. 5.6 House F House F was a typical pre fabricated single family house with a gable roof for the German market, similar to house A. The design aims for a family of 3 4. The ground floor contains an open space for kitchen and living room, as well as other small rooms like bathroom and WC, and an office or guest 66

69 room. The first floor has a clap sill and is covered by the roof, therefore some of the walls/ceiling in the first floor are tilting. The first floor contains a small bathroom and two bedrooms. The master bedroom is quite large and contains a bathtub. Therefore, parts of the floor are covered by tiles, in parts the floor covering is carpet. The total living area of the house is slightly less than 200 m². The house is optimised for low energy consumption and contains a high energy efficient heating system. The construction is typical for newly build houses (of the year 2012). The measured floor separated the master bedroom on the first floor and the office rooms on the ground floor. The volume of this sending room on the first floor was 68.7 m³, the volume of the office room on the ground floor was 46.9 m³. Both rooms had a common separating floor area of 18.6 m². As the master bedroom included two different floor coverings, the impact noise level measurements with the different sources were repeated on both floor coverings Description of the floor construction The separating floor of house F is described from top to bottom: floor covering tiles or carpet 55 mm calcium sulphate screed floating floor CAF F5, unit area mass m = 116 kg/m² with floor heating system Pedotherm System N16 CA 40 mm Impact sound insulation extruded polystyrene EPS Knauf DES sm 40 3, dynamic stiffness s < 10 MN/m³ 50 mm thermal insulation EPS Knauf DEO, WLG mm wood particle board Spanplatte Pfleiderer 0.5 mm foil PE 140 mm glued laminated solid timber, unit area mass m = kg/m² The construction of the floor is given in figure

70 Figure 38: Floor construction of House F (Source: Manufacturer of House F, in German) Description of the measurement conditions In Building F, the measurements were conducted similar to the laboratory measurements and with the same measurement equipment. In table 11 the basic measurement conditions in house F are described: Table 11: Description of the measurement conditions in house F. House F Description Sending Room Schlafen, first floor, V = 68.7 m³ Receiving Room Büro, ground floor, V = 46.9 m³ Common separating area 18.6 m² Air temperature during measurement Room conditions 20 C furnished Floor surface Tiles and carpet Measurement airborne sound insulation According to DIN EN ISO The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of loudspeaker positions: 2 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending room 12, receiving room 12 Calculation of weighted sound reduction index and spectrum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 1:

71 Measurement impact noise According to DIN EN ISO 140 7: The measurements were conducted with stationary microphones. Number of tapping machine positions: 4 Number of independent microphone measurements: sending room 8, receiving room 24. Calculation of weighted normalized impact sound level and spectrum adaption terms according to DIN EN ISO 717 2: 2006 Additional measurements Modified Tapping machine similar as tapping machine Japanese rubber ball, excitation on same 4 positions than tapping machine, number of ball drops on each position 5, number of microphone positions in receiving room 6 Walking of persons as described in section 3.1.4, no female walker, male walker with shoes and socks: Moritz, number of independent microphone measurements 6, measurement duration 60 s Moving of chair: as described in section on similar 4 positions then tapping machine, number of repeated drawing of chair at each position 4, number of independent microphone positions in receiving room Measurement results of house E The measurement results of the weighted sound reduction index are: R w (C; C tr ; C ; C tr, ) = 55 ( 2; 7; 2; 9) db. The results of the weighted normalized impact noise level are for floor covering tiles: L n,w (C I, ; C I, ) = 65 ( 6; 5) db. and for floor covering carpet: L n,w (C I, ; C I, ) = 50 (2; 7) db. The graph of the sound reduction index are given in figure I1, the graphs of the normalized impact sound level is given in figure I2 and I3 in annex I. The values of the levels of the additional measurements on both floor coverings are also given in annex I. 69

72 6 Conclusions This report documents the conducted measurements in the laboratories of the IBP and in German single family houses in the field. Field Measurements of the Swiss buildings included in the AcuWood project are described in AcuWood project report No. 2. The conducted listening tests are described in AcuWood Project report No.3. Results from the correlation analysis of objective and subjective ratings are described in AcuWood project report No. 4 and in Späh [26], results of the questionnaire survey are described in Liebl [27]. 7 Literature [1] Forssen, J., Kropp, W.e.a.: Acoustics in wooden buildings. State of the art Vinnova project , Stockholm [2] DIN: DIN EN ISO (1997): Akustik Bewertung der Schalldämmung in Gebäuden und von Bauteilen. Teil 1: Luftschalldämmung. Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN EN ISO 717 1) [3] DIN: DIN EN ISO (1997): Akustik Bewertung der Schalldämmung in Gebäuden und von Bauteilen. Teil 2: Trittschalldämmung [4] Rasmussen, B.: Sound insulation between dwellings Requirements in building regulations in Europe. Applied Acoustics 71(4), [5] Lang, J.: Zur Erweiterung des bauakustischen Frequenzbereichs bis 50 Hz. WKSB 62, [6] DIN: DIN EN ISO (2006): Akustik Bewertung der Schalldämmung in Gebäuden und von Bauteilen Teil 1: Luftschalldämmung (ISO 717 1:1996+AM1:2006). Beuth Verlag GmbH (717 1 (2006)) [7] DIN: DIN EN ISO (2006): Akustik Bewertung der Schalldämmung in Gebäuden und von Bauteilen Teil 2: Trittschalldämmung (ISO 717 2: AM1:2006). Beuth Verlag GmbH (717 2 (2006)) [8] Hagberg, K.: Acoustic development of light weight building system. In: Proc. EURONOISE [9] Rindel, J.: Acoustic Quality and Sound Insulation between Dwellings. In: Proc. Conference in Building Acoustics Dublin 1998 [10] Scholl, W.M.W.: Impact Sound Insulation of Timber Floors: Interaction between Source, Floor Coverings and Load Bearing Floor. Building Acoustics 6(1), [11] Scholl, W.: Impact Sound Insulation: The Standard Tapping Machine Shall Learn to Walk! Building Acoustics 8(4),

73 [12] Jeon, J.Y.J.J.H.: Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Floor Impact Noise. Journal of Temporal Design in Architecture and the Environment 2(1) [13] Brunskog, J., Hwang, H., Jeong C. H: Subjective response to foot fall noise, including localization of the source position. In: Proc. INTER NOISE 2011 [14] ISO: ISO Acoustics Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements. Part 1 to 18, Geneva, Switzerland (ISO 140) [15] Gösele, K.:Zur Bewertung der Schalldämmung von Bauteilen nach Sollkurven. Acustica, 1965, 15 (5), (Buch, 1966) [16] Cremer, L.: Schallschutz von Bauteilen. [17] Thorsson, P.L.P.: Literature study WP1 AkuLite. [18] Thorsson, P.: Subjective evaluation of footsteps noise on lightweight structures Design of laboratory experiments. In: Proc Forum Acusticum 2011 Aalborg, pp [19] DIN: DIN EN ISO (2010): Akustik Messung der Schalldämmung von Bauteilen im Prüfstand Teil 5: Anforderungen an Prüfstände und Prüfeinrichtungen. Beuth Verlag GmbH( (2010)) [20] DIN: DIN EN ISO (2010): Akustik Messung der Schalldämmung von Bauteilen im Prüfstand Teil 4: Messverfahren und Anforderungen (ISO :2010). Beuth Verlag GmbH ( (2010)) [21] Fabian Spinner: Trittschallminderung von Unterdecken unter Verwendung praxisgerechter Trittschallquellen. Bachelorthesis, Hochschule für Technik University of Applied Sciences [22] DIN: DIN EN ISO (1998): Akustik Messung der Schalldämmung in Gebäuden und von Bauteilen. Teil 7: Messung der Trittschalldämmung von Decken in Gebäuden (ISO 140 7:1998). Beuth Verlag GmbH (140 7 (1998)) [23] Thaden, R.: Ein Modell zur Auralisation der Trittschalldämmung. In: Proc. DAGA 2001 [24] Becker, P., Schanda, U., Völtl, R.: Charakterisierung der Anregekraft des menschlichen Gehers für Trittschallmessungen. In: Proc. DAGA 2012 [25] Norsonic: Using the Real Time Analyser RTA 840. Handbook. Compiles with software version 2.0 [26] Späh, M., Liebl, A., Weber, L., Leistner, P.: Correlation between subjective and objective parameters of impact noise sources in wooden buildings. In: Proc. INTER NOISE 2013 [27] Liebl, A.: Evaluation of acoustic quality in wooden buildings. In: Proc. INTER NOISE

74 Appendix A1: Setup of the laboratory with wooden beam floor Figure A1: Pictures of the Sending room with installed Absorbers 72

75 Figure A2: Pictures of the Receiving room with installed Absorbers 73

76 Appendix A2: Basic data of the laboratory with wooden beam floor FigureA3: Measured sound reduction index of the lightweight wooden floor ( floor with floating floor) bare floor, Figure A4: Measured normalized impact sound pressure level of the lightweight wooden floor ( bare floor, floor with floating floor) 74

77 In the following tables, the basic data of the measurements is listed. The reverberation time in the rooms. The reverberation times were measured with the conventional method of stationary pink noise, turned off to measure the reverberation time. The measured reverberation times were above the given values for the minimum reverberation time to be measured with Norsonic 840 [25].The measured sound pressure levels of the airborne sound transmission measurement. The excitation was performed by an dodecahedron loudspeaker at two positions in the sending room, the signal was pink noise. The measurements were conducted by turning microphones, the measurement duration was 64 seconds (two full turns of 32 s). The different microphone measurements were averaged energetically in sending and receiving room. The recorded signals of the different impact sources in the receiving room. This was done by the average function of Artemis, averaging the different microphone signals, the excitation on different positions and for the ball and the chair, the multiple excitations (10 ball drops and 10 times drawing the chair across the floor). The third octave band value were calculated by the filter function with filters of 6 th degree. For the max value of the ball drop, the third octave max function of Artemis was used, with time constant fast (125 ms). 75

78 Table A1: Reverberation time of sending and receiving room of p8 of IBP Frequency [Hz] Reverberation time T [s] Sending Room p8a Reverberation time T [s] Receiving Room p8b L netw A netw NHZP8_gemittelt.xls 76

79 Table A2: Airborne sound pressure level of sending and receiving room of p8 of IBP Frequency [Hz] Sound pressure 1 Sending Room p8a Sound pressure 2 Receiving Room p8b L netw A netw _Messwerte_Luftschalldämmung.xls 77

80 Table A3: Bare Floor. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _Normhammerwerk terzen.xls _ModNormhammerwerk terzen.xls _Stuhlrücken leer terzen_auswertung.xls Rohdecke_Ball_Pos4_Micpos_2.xls 78

81 Table A4: Bare Floor. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Maren) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L Geher_Maren_hart.xls Geher_Andi_hart.xls Geher_Andi_weich.xls _HBD_Hintergrund.xls 79

82 Table A5: Floor with floating floor. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _HBD Brio Estrich_Stuhlrücken Ball terzen_auswertung.xls _HBD Brio Estrich_NHW ModHW Geher.xls 80

83 Table A6: Floor with floating floor. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Lena) Male walker hard footwear (Alex) Male walker socks (Alex) Background noise L _HBD Brio Estrich_NHW ModHW Geher.xls _HBD_Hintergrund.xls 81

84 Table A7: Floor with floating floor and laminate. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _HBD Brio Laminat_NHW ModHW Geher.xls _HBD Brio Laminat_Stuhlrücken Ball terzen_auswertung.xls 82

85 Table A8: Floor with floating floor and laminate. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Lena) Male walker hard footwear (Alex) Male walker socks (Alex) Background noise L _HBD Brio Laminat_NHW ModHW Geher.xls _HBD_Hintergrund.xls 83

86 Table A9: Floor with floating floor and parquet. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _HBD Brio Parkett_NHW ModHW Geher.xls _HBD Brio Parkett_Stuhlrücken Ball terzen_auswertung.xlsx 84

87 Table A10: Floor with floating floor and parquet. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Lena) Male walker hard footwear (Alex) Male walker socks (Alex) Background noise L _HBD Brio Parkett_NHW ModHW Geher.xls _HBD_Hintergrund.xls 85

88 Table A11: Floor with floating floor and tiles. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _HBD Brio Fliesen_NHW ModHW Geher.xls _HBD Brio Fliesen_Stuhlrücken Ball terzen_auswertung.xls 86

89 Table A12: Floor with floating floor and tiles. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Lena) Male walker hard footwear (Alex) Male walker socks (Alex) Background noise L _HBD Brio Fliesen_NHW ModHW Geher.xls _HBD_Hintergrund.xls 87

90 Table A13: Floor with floating floor and carpet. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _HBD Brio Teppich_NHW ModHW Geher.xls _HBD Brio Teppich_Stuhlrücken Ball_Auswertung.xls 88

91 Table A14: Floor with floating floor and carpet. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Vera) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L _HBD Brio Teppich_NHW ModHW Geher.xls _HBD_Hintergrund.xls 89

92 Appendix B1: Laboratory with wooden beam floor and suspended ceiling Figure B1: Measured sound reduction index of the lightweight wooden floor ( floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling, weighting curve ) bare floor, Figure B2: Measured normalized impact sound level of the lightweight wooden floor ( floor, floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling, weighting curve ) bare 90

93 Appendix B2: Basic data of the laboratory with wooden beam floor and suspended ceiling In the following tables, the basic data of the measurements is listed. The reverberation time in the rooms. The reverberation times in the sending room were taken from the measurements on the floor without suspended ceiling, as the upper room stayed unchanged, and were measured with the conventional method of stationary pink noise, turned off to measure the reverberation time. The measured reverberation times were above the given values for the minimum reverberation time to be measured with Norsonic 840, except at 31,5 Hz, where the measured values are slightly below the values given by Norsonic [25]. In the receiving room the reverberation times were measured by MLS technique with Norsonic 840. Therefore, the values are above the recommended values given by Norsonic. The measured sound pressure levels of the airborne sound transmission measurement. The excitation was performed by an dodecahedron loudspeaker at two positions in the sending room, the signal was pink noise. The measurements were conducted by turning microphones, the measurement duration was 64 seconds (two full turns of 32 s). The different microphone measurements were averaged energetically in the sending and receiving room. The recorded signals of the different impact sources in the receiving room. This was energetically averaged in Excel, averaging the different microphone signals and the excitation on different positions. For the ball and the chair, the multiple excitations on the different positions (10 ball drops and 10 times drawing the chair across the floor) were arithmetically averaged, the signals of the different microphones were then energetically averaged. The third octave band values were calculated with the filter function of 6th degree filters in Artemis. For the max value of the ball drop, the third octave max function of Artemis was used, with a time constant fast (125 ms). 91

94 Table B1: Reverberation time of sending and receiving room of p8 with suspended ceiling Frequency [Hz] Reverberation time [s] Sending Room p8a ( ) Reverberation time [s] Receiving Room p8b ( ) L netw A netw NHZP8_gemittelt.xls _Nachhallzeit ER_korr_Mos.xls 92

95 Table B2: Wooden floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling. Averaged third octave band levels of the airborne sound insulation measurement of sending and receiving room in p8 of the IBP Frequency [Hz] Sound pressure 1 Sending Room p8a Sound pressure 2 Receiving Room p8b L netw A netw _HBD_UD_Schalldämmung_Hintergrundpegel.xlsx 93

96 Table B3: Wooden floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _HBD UD_P8_Brio_Terzen_NHW.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Brio_Terzen_modNHW.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Brio_Terzen_Stuhlrücken.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Brio_Terzen_Ball max.xlsx 94

97 Table B4: Wooden floor with floating floor and suspended ceiling. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Melie) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L _HBD UD_P8_Brio_Terzen_Geher_Schuhe.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Brio_Terzen_Geher_Socken.xlsx 95

98 Table B5: Wooden floor with floating floor and laminate and suspended ceiling. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _HBD UD_P8_Laminat_Terzen_NHW.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Laminat_Terzen_modNHW.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Laminat_Terzen_Stuhlrücken.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Laminat_Terzen_Ball max.xlsx 96

99 Table B6: Wooden floor with floating floor and laminate and suspended ceiling. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Melie) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L _HBD UD_P8_Laminat_Terzen_Geher_hart.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Laminat_Terzen_Geher_weich.xlsx 97

100 Table B7: Wooden floor with floating floor and parquet and suspended ceiling. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _HBD UD_P8_Parkett_Terzen_NHW.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Parkett_Terzen_modNHW.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Parkett_Terzen_Stuhlrücken.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Parkett_Terzen_Ball max.xlsx 98

101 Table B8: Wooden floor with floating floor and parquet and suspended ceiling. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Melie) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L _HBD UD_P8_Parkett_Terzen_Geher_hart.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Parkett_Terzen_Geher_weich.xlsx 99

102 Table B9: Wooden floor with floating floor and tiles and suspended ceiling. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _HBD UD_P8_Fliesen_Terzen_NHW.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Fliesen_Terzen_modNHW.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Fliesen_Terzen_Stuhlrücken.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Fliesen_Terzen_Ball max.xlsx 100

103 Table B10: Wooden floor with floating floor and tiles and suspended ceiling. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Ines) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L _HBD UD_P8_Fliesen_Terzen_Geher_hart.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Fliesen_Terzen_Geher_weich.xlsx 101

104 Table B11: Wooden floor with floating floor and carpet and suspended ceiling. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _HBD UD_P8_Teppich_Terzen_NHW.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Teppich_Terzen_modNHW.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Teppich_Terzen_Stuhlrücken.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Teppich_Terzen_Ball max.xlsx 102

105 Table B12: Wooden floor with floating floor and carpet and suspended ceiling. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Mellie*) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L _HBD UD_P8_Teppich_Terzen_Geher_hart.xlsx _HBD UD_P8_Teppich_Terzen_Geher_weich.xlsx * On the carpet, the female walker wore softer shoes than on the other floor coverings 103

106 Appendix C1: Setup of the laboratory with concrete floor.. Figure C1: Pictures of the Sending room with installed Absorbers 104

107 Figure C2: Pictures of the Receiving room with installed Absorbers 105

108 Figure C3: Measured sound reduction index of the concrete floor ( floor with floating floor) bare floor, Figure C4: Measured normalized impact sound level of concrete floor ( bare floor, floor with floating floor) 106

109 Appendix C2: Basic data of the laboratory with concrete floor In the following tables, the basic data of the measurements is listed. The reverberation time in the rooms. The reverberation times were measured with the conventional method of stationary pink noise, turned off to measure the reverberation time. The measured reverberation times were above the given values for the minimum reverberation time to be measured with Norsonic 840, except at 31,5 Hz in the sending room, where the measured values are slightly below the values given by Norsonic [25]. The measured sound pressure levels of the airborne sound transmission measurement. The excitation was performed by an dodecahedron loudspeaker at two positions in the sending room, the signal was pink noise. The measurements were conducted by turning microphones, the measurement duration was 64 seconds (two full turns of 32 s). The different microphone measurements were averaged energetically in the sending and receiving room. The recorded signals of the different impact sources in the receiving room. This was done by the average function of Artemis, averaging the different microphone signals, the excitation on different positions and for the ball and the chair, the multiple excitations (10 ball drops and 10 times drawing the chair across the floor). The third octave band value were calculated by the filter function with filters of 6 th degree. For the max value of the ball drop, the third octave max function of Artemis was used, with time constant fast (125 ms). 107

110 Table C1: Reverberation time of sending and receiving room of p9 of IBP Frequency [Hz] Reverberation time [s] Sending Room p9a Reverberation time [s] Receiving Room p9b L netw A netw _Nachhallzeit_Schalldämmung.xls _Nachhallzeit_Senderaum f Aufnahmen.xls 108

111 Table C2: Bare concrete floor. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard tapping machine on the bare concrete floor. Frequency [Hz] Standard tapping machine _ 01 wb_ _1_p9_luftschalldämmung Prüfstand Rohdecke.xls 109

112 Table C3: Concrete floor with floating floor. Averaged third octave band levels of the airborne sound insulation measurement of sending and receiving room of p9 of IBP. Frequency [Hz] Sound pressure 1 Sending Room p9a Sound pressure 2 Receiving Room p9b L netw A netw _Nachhallzeit_Schalldämmung.xlsx 110

113 Table C4: Concrete floor with floating floor. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _NDP_P9_Estrich_NHW.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_modHW.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Stuhlrücken.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Ball max.xlsx 111

114 Table C5: Concrete floor with floating floor. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Maren) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L _NDP_P9_Estrich_Geher.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Hintergrund.xlsx 112

115 Table C6: Concrete floor with floating floor and laminate. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Laminat_NHW.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Laminat_ModHW.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Laminat_Stuhlrücken.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Laminat_Ball max.xlsx 113

116 Table C7: Concrete floor with floating floor and laminate. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Maren) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Laminat_Geher.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Laminat_Hintergrund.xlsx 114

117 Table C8: Concrete floor with floating floor and parquet. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Parkett_NHW.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Parkett_ModHW.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Parkett_Stuhlrücken.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Parkett_Ball max.xlsx 115

118 Table C9: Concrete floor with floating floor and parquet. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Maren) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Parkett_Geher.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Parkett_Hintergrund.xlsx 116

119 Table C10: Concrete floor with floating floor and tiles. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Fliesen_NHW.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Fliesen_ModHW.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Fliesen_Stuhlrücken.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Fliesen_Ball max.xlsx 117

120 Table C11: Concrete floor with floating floor and tiles. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Maren) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Fliesen_Geher.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Terzen_Fliesen_Hintergrund.xlsx 118

121 Table C12: Concrete floor with floating floor and carpet. Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max _NDP_P9_Estrich_Teppich_NHW.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Teppich_ModHW.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Teppich_Stuhlrücken.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Teppich_Ball max.xlsx 119

122 Table C13: Concrete floor with floating floor and carpet. Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room. Frequency [Hz] Female walker hard footwear (Maren) Male walker hard footwear (Andi) Male walker socks (Andi) Background noise L _NDP_P9_Estrich_Teppich_Gehen.xlsx _NDP_P9_Estrich_Teppich_Hintergrund.xlsx 120

123 Appendix D: Basic data of the measurements in house A Figure D1: Measured sound reduction index in house A ( reference curve) measurement, Figure D2: Measured normalized impact sound pressure level of house A ( reference curve) measurement, In the following tables, the basic data of the measurements is listed. The reverberation time in the receiving room. The reverberation time was measured with the conventional method of stationary pink noise, turned off to measure the reverberation 121

124 time. The measured reverberation times were above the given values for the minimum reverberation time to be measured with Norsonic [25]. The measured sound pressure levels of the airborne sound transmission measurement. The excitation was performed by an dodecahedron loudspeaker at two positions in the sending room, the signal was pink noise. The measurements were conducted by stationary microphones, the measurement duration was 60 seconds. The different microphone measurements were averaged energetically in the sending and receiving room. The recorded signals of the different impact sources in the receiving room. The thirdoctave band value were calculated by the filter function with filters of 6 th degree Head Acoustics Artemis. For the max value of the ball drop, the third octave max function of Artemis was used, with time constant fast (125 ms). 122

125 Table D1: Reverberation time of the receiving room, house A Frequency [Hz] Reverberation time [s] Receiving Room L netw 1.49 A netw

126 Table D2: Averaged third octave band levels of the airborne sound insulation measurement of sending and receiving room, house A. Frequency [Hz] Sound pressure 1 Sending Room Sound pressure 2 Receiving Room

127 Table D3:Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball, house A. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max

128 Table D4: Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room, house A. Frequency [Hz] Male walker hard footwear (Moritz) Male walker socks (Moritz) Background noise L* *comment on background noise: The building was situated close to a big street with high traffic noise. 126

129 Appendix E: Basic data of the measurements in house B Figure E1: Measured sound reduction index in house B ( reference curve) measurement, Figure E2: Measured normalized impact sound pressure level of house B ( measurement, reference curve) In the following tables, the basic data of the measurements is listed. 127

130 The reverberation time in the receiving room. The reverberation time was measured with the conventional method of stationary pink noise, turned off to measure the reverberation time. The measured reverberation times were above the given values for the minimum reverberation time to be measured with Norsonic 840 [25]. The measured sound pressure levels of the airborne sound transmission measurement. The excitation was performed by an dodecahedron loudspeaker at one position in the sending room, the signal was pink noise. The measurements were conducted by stationary microphones, the measurement duration was 60 seconds. The different microphone measurements were averaged energetically in the sending and receiving room. The recorded signals of the different impact sources in the receiving room. The thirdoctave band value were calculated by the filter function with filters of 6 th degree Head Acoustics Artemis. For the max value of the ball drop, the third octave max function of Artemis was used, with time constant fast (125 ms). 128

131 Table E1: Reverberation time of the receiving room, house B Frequency [Hz] Reverberation time [s] Receiving Room L netw 2.08 A netw

132 Table E2:Averaged third octave band levels of the airborne sound insulation measurement of sending and receiving room, house B. Frequency [Hz] Sound pressure 1 Sending Room Sound pressure 2 Receiving Room

133 Table E3: Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball, house B. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max

134 Table E4: Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room, house B. Frequency [Hz] Male walker hard footwear (Moritz) Male walker socks (Moritz) Background noise L* *comment on background noise: The building was situated close to a big street with high traffic noise. 132

135 Appendix F: Basic data of the measurements in house C Figure F1: Measured sound reduction index in house C ( reference curve) measurement, Figure F2: Measured normalized impact sound level of house C ( reference curve) measurement, In the following tables, the basic data of the measurements is listed. It is gained by averaging The reverberation time in the receiving room. The reverberation time was measured with the conventional method of stationary pink noise, turned off to measure the reverberation time. The measured reverberation times were above the given values for the minimum reverberation time to be measured with Norsonic 840 [25]. 133

136 The measured sound pressure levels of the airborne sound transmission measurement. The excitation was performed by an dodecahedron loudspeaker at one position in the sending room, the signal was pink noise. The measurements were conducted by stationary microphones, the measurement duration was 60 seconds. The different microphone measurements were averaged energetically in the sending and receiving room. The recorded signals of the different impact sources in the receiving room. The thirdoctave band value were calculated by the filter function with filters of 6 th degree Head Acoustics Artemis. For the max value of the ball drop, the third octave max function of Artemis was used, with time constant fast (125 ms). 134

137 Table F1: Reverberation time of the receiving room, house C Frequency [Hz] Reverberation time [s] Receiving Room L netw 0.64 A netw

138 Table F2:Averaged third octave band levels of the airborne sound insulation measurement of sending and receiving room, house C. Frequency [Hz] Sound pressure 1 Sending Room Sound pressure 2 Receiving Room

139 Table F3: Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball, house C. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball * L F,max *Remark: The modified tapping machine was not measured in House C, as high flanking transmission on a second order path through the doors of sending and receiving room was encountered. It was assumed, that the measurement of the modified tapping machine would not lead to usable results. 137

140 Table F4: Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room, house C. Frequency [Hz] Male walker hard footwear (Moritz) Male walker socks (Moritz) Background noise L* *comment on background noise: The building was situated close to a big street with high traffic noise. 138

141 Appendix G: Basic data of the measurements in house D Figure G1: Measured sound reduction index in house D ( reference curve) measurement, Figure G2: Measured normalized impact sound pressure level of house D ( reference curve) measurement, In the following tables, the basic data of the measurements is listed. The reverberation time in the receiving room. The reverberation time was measured with the conventional method of stationary pink noise, turned off to measure the reverberation 139

142 time. The measured reverberation times were above the given values for the minimum reverberation time to be measured with Norsonic 840 [25]. The measured sound pressure levels of the airborne sound transmission measurement. The excitation was performed by an dodecahedron loudspeaker at two positions in the sending room, the signal was pink noise. The measurements were conducted by stationary microphones, the measurement duration was 60 seconds. The different microphone measurements were averaged energetically in the sending and receiving room. The recorded signals of the different impact sources in the receiving room. The thirdoctave band value were calculated by the filter function with filters of 6 th degree Head Acoustics Artemis. For the max value of the ball drop, the third octave max function of Artemis was used, with time constant fast (125 ms). 140

143 Table G1: Reverberation time of the receiving room, house D Frequency [Hz] Reverberation time [s] Receiving Room L netw 0.65 A netw

144 Table G2:Averaged third octave band levels of the airborne sound insulation measurement of sending and receiving room, house D. Frequency [Hz] Sound pressure 1 Sending Room Sound pressure 2 Receiving Room

145 Table G3: Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball, house D. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine * rubber Ball L F,max *Remark: The moving of the chair was not measured, as the floor covering of carpet changes the source, the stick slip effect of the feet does not occur on carpet. 143

146 Table G4: Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room, house D. Frequency [Hz] Male walker hard footwear (Moritz) Male walker socks (Moritz) Background noise L* *comment on background noise: The building was situated close to a big street with high traffic noise. 144

147 Appendix H: Basic data of the measurements in house E FigureH1: Measured sound reduction index of room situation 1 in house E ( reference curve) measurement, FigureH2: Measured sound reduction index of room situation 2 in house E ( reference curve) measurement, 145

148 Figure H3: Measured normalized impact sound pressure level of room situation 1 in house E ( measurement, reference curve) Figure H4: Measured normalized impact sound pressure level of room situation 2 in house E ( measurement, reference curve) In the following tables, the basic data of the measurements is listed. The reverberation time in the receiving room. The reverberation time was measured with the conventional method of stationary pink noise, turned off to measure the reverberation time. The measured reverberation times were above the given values for the minimum reverberation time to be measured with Norsonic 840 [25]. The measured sound pressure levels of the airborne sound transmission measurement. The excitation was performed by an dodecahedron loudspeaker at two positions in the sending room, the signal was pink noise. The measurements were conducted by stationary 146

149 microphones, the measurement duration was 60 seconds. The different microphone measurements were averaged energetically in the sending and receiving room. The recorded signals of the different impact sources in the receiving room. The thirdoctave band value were calculated by the filter function with filters of 6 th degree Head Acoustics Artemis. For the max value of the ball drop, the third octave max function of Artemis was used, with time constant fast (125 ms). 147

150 Table H1: Reverberation time of the receiving room, room situation 1, house E Frequency [Hz] Reverberation time [s] Receiving Room L netw 0.77 A netw

151 Table H2:Averaged third octave band levels of the airborne sound insulation measurement of sending and receiving room, room situation 1, house E. Frequency [Hz] Sound pressure 1 Sending Room Sound pressure 2 Receiving Room

152 Table H3: Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball, room situation 1,house E. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max

153 Table H4: Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room, room situation 1, house E. Frequency [Hz] Male walker hard footwear (Moritz) Male walker socks (Moritz) Background noise L

154 Table H5: Reverberation time of the receiving room, room situation 2, house E Frequency [Hz] Reverberation time [s] Receiving Room L netw 0.97 A netw

155 Table H6:Averaged third octave band levels of the airborne sound insulation measurement of sending and receiving room, room situation 2, house E. Frequency [Hz] Sound pressure 1 Sending Room Sound pressure 2 Receiving Room

156 Table H7: Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball, room situation 2,house E. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max

157 Table H8: Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room, room situation 2, house E. Frequency [Hz] Male walker hard footwear (Moritz) Male walker socks (Moritz) Background noise L

158 Appendix I: Basic data of the measurements in house F Figure I1: Measured sound reduction index of house F ( reference curve) measurement, Figure I2: Measured normalized impact sound pressure level of floor covering tiles in house F ( measurement, reference curve) 156

159 Figure I3: Measured normalized impact sound pressure level of floor covering carpet in house F ( measurement, reference curve) In the following tables, the basic data of the measurements is listed. The reverberation time in the receiving room. The reverberation time was measured with the conventional method of stationary pink noise, turned off to measure the reverberation time. The measured reverberation times were above the given values for the minimum reverberation time to be measured with Norsonic 840 [25]. The measured sound pressure levels of the airborne sound transmission measurement. The excitation was performed by an dodecahedron loudspeaker at two positions in the sending room, the signal was pink noise. The measurements were conducted by stationary microphones, the measurement duration was 60 seconds. The different microphone measurements were averaged energetically in the sending and receiving room. The recorded signals of the different impact sources in the receiving room. The thirdoctave band value were calculated by the filter function with filters of 6 th degree Head Acoustics Artemis. For the max value of the ball drop, the third octave max function of Artemis was used, with time constant fast (125 ms). 157

160 Table I1: Reverberation time of the receiving room, house F Frequency [Hz] Reverberation time [s] Receiving Room L netw 0.67 A netw

161 Table I2:Averaged third octave band levels of the airborne sound insulation measurement of sending and receiving room, house F. Frequency [Hz] Sound pressure 1 Sending Room Sound pressure 2 Receiving Room

162 Table I3: Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball, floor covering tiles, house F. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max

163 Table I4: Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room, floor covering tiles, house F. Frequency [Hz] Male walker hard footwear (Moritz) Male walker socks (Moritz) Background noise L

164 Table I5: Averaged third octave band levels of the sources standard and modified tapping machine, the chair and the Japanese rubber ball, floor covering carpet, house F. Frequency Standard Modified Chair Japanese [Hz] tapping machine tapping machine rubber Ball L F,max

165 Table I6: Averaged third octave band levels of the walkers and the background noise in the receiving room, floor covering carpet, house F. Frequency [Hz] Male walker hard footwear (Moritz) Male walker socks (Moritz) Background noise L

166 AcuWood Acoustics in wooden buildings AcuWood is a project within the WoodWisdom-Net Research programme and running It is performed in cooperation with research and industry partners from Germany, Sweden and Switzerland and coordinated by SP Wood Technology. The main objectives are to find objective criteria for acoustic quality that is independent of the type of building system, to increase the knowledge base for future development and to increase the competitiveness of lightweight structures. The project is run in close contact with international R&D and standardization. Stockholm Borås Skellefteå Växjö Tel: SP Report 2014:14