North Carolina Energy Code Future of Commercial Requirements

Transcription

1 North Carolina Energy Code Future of Commercial Requirements 2008 North Carolina Energy Star Conference Conducted by: Appalachian State University Dept. of Technology & Energy Center Boone, NC Jeff Tiller, PE, Chris Mathis and Associates Asheville, NC Margie Meares,

2 Total Energy Use by Sector (TBtu) 3000 Transportation Industrial 2500 Residential Commercial Transporportation 27% Industrial 2004 Commercial 20% Residential 26% % Com- mercial 7% Transpor -tation 28% Residential 29% Industrial 36% 1960

3 Two Sets of Requirements multiple pathways to compliance Building Design for All Commercial Buildings Chapter 7 -- ASHRAE in the North Carolina energy code Design by Acceptable Practice for Commercial Buildings Chapter 8 part of the IECC 2004 with local amendments 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 3

4 Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings More than half of energy use is for HVAC and lighting Energy bill equals 25% of total operating costs Climate sensitive design and off-the-shelf h technologies can cut energy bill by 50%

5 Typical Commercial Building Energy Consumption Patterns Misc Other Equip. Cooking Refrgd'n Lighting HVAC Water Htg 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 5

6 Chapter 7 ASHRAE 90.1 The BIG chapter Referenced Standards ASHRAE Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low- Rise Residential Buildings Scope. Commercial buildings shall meet the requirements of ASHRAE/IESNA Exception: Commercial buildings that comply with Chapter 8. 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 6

7 Organization of ASHRAE Standard Purpose 7 Service Water Heating 2 Scope 3 Definitions 4 Administration and Enforcement 5 Building Envelope 6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning 8 Power 9 Lighting g 10 Other Equipment 11 Energy Cost Budget Method 12 Normative References 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 7

8 High Rise Residential Which Energy Code?

9 Section 5 Envelope Key Concepts Building envelope does not use energy Design affects heating and cooling loads Insulation affects the temperature of inside surfaces; comfort Daylighting can reduce electric lighting 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 9

10 Section 5 Envelope, cont d Integrated design approach saves energy Building envelope requirements address: Opaque elements Roofs, walls, floors, below-grade walls, slabs, opaque doors Fenestration Windows, doors, skylights How often do we get the chance to get this part of the building right? 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 10

11 Section 5 Envelope Compliance Methods Section 5.2 Mandatory Provisions Prescriptive Option Trade-Off Option Energy Cost Budget Compliance 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 11

12 502.3 Basic Requirement: Air Leakage - Building Envelope Sealing Caulk around penetrations of chimney flue vents or attic hatches Caulk between wall and roof Caulk between wall panels and top and bottom plates in exterior walls Caulk between wall panels particularly at corners and changes in orientation Weatherstrip doors Caulk between wall and foundation Caulk around doors and windows Caulk between wall arch floor where floor penetrates wall Caulk at penetrations of utility services or other service entry through walls floors and roofs

13 Major Air Leakage Sites Cavities above suspended ceilings Plenum return spaces (Highly depressurized) Ventilated walls Equipment tunnels and chases Mechanical rooms and mezzanines Unconditioned adjacent space (Storage, warehouse, plant, etc.) Exhaust and ventilation fans, plus wind and stack effect, are major driving forces

14 Return Plenum Problems - Canopy

15 Is Air Barrier Continuous? Brand-new NC building Drywall left off of exterior wall above dropped ceiling Building uses above-ceiling area as return When HVAC operates, entire wall cavity goes to a negative e pressure, increasing air leakage, effectively reducing insulation value, and potentially causing moisture problems

16 Limiting Air Leakage Pathways Materials and connections must: stop air flow withstand jobsite abuses withstand forces of wind and pressure Penetrations must be sealed plumbing, wiring, communications ductwork windows and doors Functional penetrations, such as air intakes for exhaust fans, must be dampered Vestibules (5 Stories or more, with exceptions)

17 Section 5 Envelope -- Vestibules Required at building entrances Self closing doors Exceptions: a. Building entrances with revolving doors. b. Doors not used as a building entrance. c. Doors opening directly from a dwelling unit. d. Building entrances in buildings located in climate zone 1 or 2. e. Building entrances in buildings located in climate zone 3 or 4 that are less than four stories above grade and less than 10,000 ft 2 in area. f. Building entrances in buildings located in climate zone 5, 6, 7, or 8 that are less than 1,000 ft 2 in area. g. Doors that t open directly from a space that t is less than 3,000 ft 2 in area and is separate from the building entrance. 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 17

18 Section 5 - Prescriptive Requirements, Building Envelope Ventilated Attic Semiheated Storage Conditioned Space Unconditioned Space Ventilated Crawlspace Exterior Envelope Semi-Exterior Envelope 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 18

19 U-Factors The amount of heat in Btus (British thermal units) that flows each hour through one square foot, when there is a 1ºF temperature difference across the surface The smaller the number the better 1 U - Factor = R - Value 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 19

20 Common R-values Resistance to Conductive Heat Flow Concrete 0.2 per inch ½ Drywall 0.5 Double-paned glass 1.8 Low-e glass about 3.0 Fiberglass insulation 3 to 4 per inch Cellulose insulation 3.7 per inch Expanded polystyrene 4 per inch Extruded polystyrene 5 per inch Icynene foam 3.6 to 3.7 per inch Polyurethane foam 6.7 to 7.0 per inch

21 Steel Framing and Insulation 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 21

22 Thermal Losses from Steel Stud Walls

23 U-factors for Metal Stud Walls Nominal R-value Effective R-value U-factor Continuous Insulated Sheathing 1/2" EPS 5/8" Poly-Iso 1" XPS R-2.0 R-4.0 R x 4 Metal Framing at 16 inches on Center (3.5 in cavity depth) None (0.0) 0) R-11 (5.5) R-13 (6.0) R-15 (6.4) x 4 Metal Framing at 24 inches on Center (3.5 in cavity depth) R-11 (6.6) R-13 (7.2) R-15 (7.8)

24 Effective R-value of 2x4 Metal Framed Walls (16 oc) o.c.) R R-13 Effective R-Value of 2x4 14 R-11 Metal Framed Wall with R- 12 None 13 Batt Insulation 10 Sheathing R-value 8 OSB/ Drywall /2" XPS /2" Poly-Iso " XPS " XPS 17.5 R-0.5 R-2.5 R-3.4 R-5.0 R-10.0 OSB/ 1/2" XPS 1/2" Poly- 1" XPS 2" XPS Drywall Iso

25 Above Grade Floors Is the Insulation Missing? Continuous insulation is the key 1 of foam is vital for exposed slab edges Heat loss will be more than just 4 of missing insulation Trace other potential Trace other potential discontinuities in wall insulation system

26 Make Insulation Continuous Block walls -- should be insulated; insulating cores very ineffective Floors over unheated spaces, such as parking areas, need insulation For discontinuities in walls, such as offset areas for stairwells, elevators, and other spaces, the exterior envelope must be determined. d The envelope requires both insulation and air sealing.

27 2006 IECC Climate Zones: Zones 4 and Below Don t Require Wall Vapor Barriers (Only NW Mountains need one)

28 2009 NCECC 5 4 3

29 Roof Insulation Requirements: IECC 2003 (Chapter 8 of current code) IECC (Chapter 8): Roof Insulation Requirements Cavity Insulation Maximum Glazing Area 10% 25% 40% 50% Continuous Insulation Cavity Insulation Continuous Insulation Cavity Insulation Continuous Insulation Cavity Insulation Continuous Insulation All-wood R-19 R-14 R-19 R-16 R-25 R-19 R-25 R-19 joist/truss Metal joist/truss R19 R-19 R15 R-15 R25 R-25 R17 R-17 R25 R-25 R20 R-20 R25 R-25 R20 R-20 Concrete slab or NA R-14 NA R-16 NA R-19 NA R-19 deck Metal purlin with R-25 R-15 R-25 R-17 R-30 R-20 R-30 R-20 thermal block Metal purlin X R15 R-15 X R17 R-17 X R20 R-20 R30 R-30 R20 R-20 without thermal block

30 Roof Insulation Requirements: ASHRAE (Chapter 7 of current code and Chapter 5, section 501 of new code) Table ASHRAE Nonresidential Residential Semiheated ASHRAE (Chapter 5) Nonresidential Roof Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Insulation Entirely above Deck R-15 c.i.* R-15 c.i.* R-15 c.i.* Metal Building R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 Attic and Other R-30.0 R-30.0 R-30.0 Residential Roof Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Insulation Entirely above Deck R-15.0 c.i. R-15.0 c.i. R-15.0 c.i. Metal Building R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 Attic and Other R-38 R38.0 R-38 R38.0 R-38 R38.0 Semiheated Roof Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Insulation Entirely above Deck R-4.0 c.i. R-4.0 c.i. R-5.0 c.i. Metal Building R-10.0 R-10.0 R-10.0 Attic and Other R-13.0 R-13.0 R-19.0 * c.i. = continuous insulation -- typically foam

31 Roof Insulation Requirements: IECC 2003 (Chapter 8 of current code) Climate Zone Roofs Insulation entirely above deck R-15, c.i. R-15, c.i. R-20, c.i. Metal buildings (with R-5 thermal blocks) R-19 R-19 R-19 Attic and other R-30 R-30 R-30 Roofs for Metal Buildings: R-19 + R-10 Filled cavity roof -- Thermal blocks are a minimum, R-5 of rigid insulation, which extends 1 in. beyond the width of the purlin on each side, perpendicular p to the purlin. This construction is R-10 insulation batts draped perpendicularly over the purlins, with enough looseness to allow R-19 batt to be laid above it, parallel to the purlins. Thermal blocks are then placed above the purlin/batt, and the roof deck is secured to the purlins. In the metal building industry, this is known as the sag and bag insulation system. R-19: Standing seam with single insulation layer. Thermal blocks are a minimum R-5 of rigid insulation, which extends 1 in. beyond the width of the purlin on each side, perpendicular to the purlin. This construction R-19 insulation batts draped perpendicularly over the purlins. Thermal blocks are then placed above the purlin/batt, and the roof deck is secured to the purlins.

32 Building Envelope Example: Roofs No longer counts: Batts over suspended ceiling tiles

33 Inspection is Critically Important! Insulation specification was R-30 foam on roof deck according to the plans (and HVAC design) The 2 5 inches found 2.5 The 2.5 inches found installed in the field would only provide about R-15

34 Commercial Wall Requirements: ASHRAE (Chapter 7 of current code and Chapter 5, Section 501 of new code) Nonresidential Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Walls, Above Grade Mass R-57ci R-5.7 c.i. R-57ci R-5.7 c.i. R-75ci R-7.5 c.i. Metal Building R-13 R-13 R-13 Steel Framed R-13 R-13 R-13 + R-4 c.i. Wood Framed and Other R-13 R-13 R-13 Below Grade Wall NR NR NR Residential Walls, Above Grade Mass R-7.3 c.i. R-10 c.i. R-11 c.i. Metal Building R-13 R-13 R-13 + R-13 c.i. Steel Framed R-13 + R-4 c.i. R-13 + R-7 c.i. R-13 + R-7 c.i. Wood Framed and Other R-13 R-13 R-13 Below Grade Wall NR NR NR Semiheated Walls, Above Grade Mass NR NR NR Metal Building R-6 R-10 R-11.0 Steel Framed NR R-13 R-13.0 Wood Framed and Other R-13 R-13 R-13.0 Below Grade Wall NR NR NR

35 Commercial Wall Insulation Requirements: IECC 2006 (Chapter 5 of new code) Climate Zone Walls, Above Grade Mass R-57ci R-5.7 c.i. R-5.7 c.i. R-76ci R-7.6 c.i. Metal building R-13 R-13 R-13+R-13 Metal framed R-13 R-13 R-13+R-3.8 c.i. Wood framed and other R-13 R13 R-13 R13 R-13 R13 Walls, Below Grade NR NR NR Walls for Metal Buildings: R-13 Single insulation layer: The first layer of R-13 insulation batts is installed continuously perpendicular to the girts and is compressed as the metal skin is attached to the girts. R-13 + R-13 Double insulation layer: The first layer of R-13 insulation batts is installed continuously perpendicular to the girts, and is compressed as the metal skin is attached to the girts. The second layer of R-13 insulation batts is installed within the framing cavity. 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 35

36 Typical? Non-Compliant! 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 36

37 How about now? 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 37

38 Commercial Floor Requirements: ASHRAE (Chapter 7 of current code and Chapter 5, Section 501 of new code) ASHRAE Nonresidential Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Floors Mass R63ci R-6.3 c.i. R63ci R-6.3 c.i. R85ci R-8.5 c.i. Steel Joist R-19 R-19 R-19 Wood Framed and Other R-19 R-19 R-30 Slab-On-Grade Floors Unheated NR NR NR Heated R-7.5, 12 in. R-7.5, 24 in. R-10, 36 in. Opaque Doors Swinging U U U Non-Swinging U U U Residential Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Floors Mass R-8.3 c.i. R-8.3 c.i. R-10 c.i. Steel Joist R-19 R-30 R-30 Wood Framed and Other R-30 R-30 R-30 Slab-On-Grade Floors Unheated NR NR NR Heated R-7.5, 24 in. R10 R-10, 36i in. R10 R-10, 36i in. Opaque Doors Swinging U U U Non-Swinging U U U-0.500

39 Commercial Floor Requirements: IECC 2006 (Chapter 5 of new code) Floors Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Mass R5 R-5 c.i. R10 R-10 c.i. R-10 c.i. Joist/ Framing R-19 R-19 R-19 Slab-on-Grade Floors Unheated slabs NR NR Heated slabs R-7.5 (12 in R-7.5 (12 in R-7.5 (24 in vert) vert) vert)

40 Section 5 Compliance Meet or exceed minimum R-values in Table 5.3 Only R-value of insulation, not to include air films, etc. OR Meet maximum U-factor, C-factor, or F-factor for the entire assembly OR Perform area-weighted average U-factor, C- factor, or F-factor 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 40

41 Glazing Area Percentage Glazing percentage to Above Grade Wall Gross window area / gross wall area Gross wall area includes Above-grade walls Band joist and subfloor between floors Area of all doors and windows Section 802 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 41

42 NFRC Label Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 42

43 IECC 2006 Commercial Glazing Requirements (new code) Vertical Fenestration (40% maximum of above-grade walls) Required U-factors Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Framing materials other than metal Metal framed windows with or without thermal break Curtain Wall/ Storefront Entrance Door All Other Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC: Projection Factor < SHGC: 0.25 to NR NR SHGC: >= NR NR

44 ASHRAE (Chapter 5) Nonresidential Residential Semiheated ASHRAE 90.1 Fenestration U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -1.27, SHGC north - NR Requirements U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -1.27, SHGC north - NR for Climate U oper -0.67, 067 SHGC north U oper -0.67, 067 SHGC north U oper -1.27, 127 SHGC north - NR Zones 3 and % U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -1.22, SHGC all - NR % U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -1.22, SHGC all - NR % U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -1.22, SHGC all - NR U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -1.27, SHGC north - NR % U fixed -0.46, SHGC all U fixed -0.46, SHGC all U fixed -0.98, SHGC all - NR U oper -0.47, SHGC north U oper -0.47, SHGC north U oper -1.02, SHGC north - NR p p p Fenestration Values for Climate Zone 3 Window- Wall Ratio % U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -1.22, SHGC all - NR U fixed = U-value of fixed windows; U oper = U-value of operable windows SHGC all = Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of all windows SHGC north = Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of north windows Fenestration Values for Climate Zone 4 Window- Nonresidential Residential Semiheated Wall Ratio % U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -1.22, SHGC all - NR U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -1.27, SHGC north - NR % U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -1.22, SHGC all - NR U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -1.27, SHGC north - NR % U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -0.57, SHGC all U fixed -1.22, SHGC all - NR U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -1.27, SHGC north - NR % % U fixed -0.57, 057 SHGC all U fixed -0.57, 057 SHGC all U fixed -1.22, 122 SHGC all - NR U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -0.67, SHGC north U oper -1.27, SHGC north - NR % U fixed -0.46, SHGC all U fixed -0.46, SHGC all U fixed -0.98, SHGC all - NR U oper -0.47, SHGC north U oper -0.47, SHGC north U oper -1.02, SHGC north - NR Note: ASHRAE is an option for the current and new codes

45 Product Information and Installation ti (Section 5.8) Insulation (5.8.1) Not compressed Substantial contact/supported Recessed equipment if >1% Not above suspended ceilings Insulation needs to be protected 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 45

46 Organization of ASHRAE Standard Purpose 7 Service Water 2 Scope Heating 3 Definitions 8 Power 4 Administration and 9 Lighting Enforcement 10 Other Equipment 5 Building Envelope 11 Energy Cost 6 Heating, Ventilating, Budget Method and Air-Conditioning 12 Normative References 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 46

47 Section 6 HVAC Key Concepts Goal a system which minimizes system losses and utilizes free heating and cooling Scope and Compliance Paths Establish minimum equipment efficiencies Establish a min. level of control for systems Establish minimum levels of construction and insulation of systems. Simplified Approach/Prescriptive Path Submittals 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 47

48 Section 6 HVAC Scope (6.1.1) 1) New Buildings Mechanical equipment & systems serving HVAC needs of new buildings Additions Same as new buildings Exception if served by existing systems need not comply except for any new equipment or systems Alterations Replacement equipment minimum efficiency only New cooling for un-cooled spaces to comply Alterations to cooling system not decrease economizer capability unless meets prescriptive requirements New ductwork & piping to comply Exceptions repairs, refrigerant change, relocation, space constraints 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 48

49 Section 6 Simplified Approach Option Limited to buildings that meet the following criteria buildings with 1 or 2 stories buildings < 25,000 ft2 single-zone systems Unitary packaged or split system; air-cooled or evaporatively-cooled only; equipment efficiencies per tables Economizer if required Outside air requirements are less than 3000 CFM and less than 70% of airflow Manual changeover or dual set-point thermostat Heat pump supplementary control No reheat or simultaneous heating and cooling for humidity control 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 49

50 ASHRAE / IESNA Simplified Approach 1. Each system must serve a single zone. 2. Cooling shall be packaged or split system either air or evaporative cooled. 3. Economizers required in certain circumstances. 4. Heating shall be packaged or split system heat pump, gas, electric, or hot water. 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company

51 ASHRAE / IESNA Simplified Approach (cont.) 5. Outside air requirements shall be less than 3,000 cfm and less than 70% of supply air quantity; or energy recovery system. 6. Requires manual changeover or dual set point thermostat. 7. When possible, heat pump feature will always provide heating.

52 ASHRAE / IESNA Simplified Approach (cont.) 8. No reheat or simultaneous heating and cooling. 9. Control for systems larger than 65,000 Btuh and ¾ HP fan motor require a time clock. 10. Piping insulation and weather protection. 11. Ductwork and plenum insulation. 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company

53 ASHRAE / IESNA Simplified Approach (cont.) 12. Ducted systems air balanced to 10% of design. 13. Separate thermostats interlocked to prevent simultaneous heating and cooling. 14. Exhausts over 300 cfm shall have gravity or motor dampers. 15 System greater than cfm 15. System greater than 10,000 cfm shall have optimum start controls.

54 Condensation Challenges A/C ductwork: F Cooling below 71 0F Metal framing in winter Metal framing in summer Cool piping for chilled water

55 What Happened?

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57 Non-Code Compliant

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59 Example; 25-ton: Cooling Efficiency Cooling efficiency: 25 tons = 300, Btuh

60 Example; 25 ton: Heating Heating efficiency: 25 tons = 300,000 Btuh

61 Economizers in North Carolina IECC 2003 Chapter 7 (ASHRAE 90.1): Would be required in Asheville and high elevations IECC 2003 Chapter 8: Economizers required in all zones except 1,2,3b,5a and 6b (meaning all of North Carolina except the coastal areas to Charlotte)

62 Example; 25 ton: Duct Insulation

63 Example; 25 ton: Ducts Table 6-D in User Manual R-3.5: 1-inch duct liner, fiberboard, duct board, flex duct; 1.5-inch mineral fiber duct wrap R-6.0: 1.5-inch duct liner, fiberboard, duct board, flex duct; 2.5-inch flex duct, mineral fiber duct wrap R-8.0: 2-inch duct liner, fiberboard, duct board, flex duct; 3-inch flex duct, mineral fiber duct wrap Duct Sealing Required (to be discussed later)

64 Example; 25 ton: Other Air Balancing add note to the design drawings or specs calling for balancing according to ASHRAE 111, NEBB, AABCm or other industry-recognized recognized standard Since no fan exceeds 300 cfm, a backdraft damper is not required per

65 ASHRAE / IESNA HVAC Mandatory Provisions Applies to the Prescriptive Path and the Energy Cost Budget method Requirements address Life cycle cost analysis Equipment efficiencies Load calculations Controls Construction and insulation Completion requirements

66 Constant vs. Variable Speed Systems Constant speed fans and pumps, constant temperature heating and cooling systems and constant volume ventilation and exhaust systems are efficient only at full load conditions. Variable systems are efficient at part loads. Motors: Multiple speed, modular, variable speed. Supply Air: Bypass, variable air volume. Supply temperature: Reset based on demand or outdoor air temperature. Outdoor air: Reset based on occupancy. Primary heating and cooling equipment: staged, modular.

67 Section 6 Mechanical Equipment Efficiency Section 6.4 Air conditioners & Condensing Units Heat Pumps Water Chilling Packages standard conditions Packaged Terminal and Room Air Conditioners & Heat Pumps Furnaces, Duct Furnaces and Unit Heaters Boilers Heat Rejection Equipment 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 67

68 Section 6 Load Calculations Load Calculations are required! Akf Ask for them! 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 68

69 Section 9 Lighting 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 69

70 Energy-Efficient Efficient Lighting Sources

71 Lighting Power Densities Using the Building Area Method Building Area Type a Lighting g Power Density (Watt/ft 2 ) Automotive Facility 1.5 Convention Center 1.4 Court House 1.4 Office 1.3 Dining: Bar, Lounge/ Leisure 1.5 Parking Garage 0.3 Dining: Cafeteria/ Fast Food 1.8 Penitentiary 1.2 Dining: Family 1.9 Performing Arts Theater 1.5 Dormitory Police/Fire Station 1.3 Exercise Center 1.4 Gymnasium 1.7 Hospital/Health Care 1.6 Hotel Library 1.5 Manufacturing Facility 2.2 Motel 2.0 Motion Picture Theater 16 Post Office 1.6 Religious Building 2.2 Retail 1.9 School/University Sports Arena 1.5 Town Hall 1.4 Transportation 1.2 Motion Picture Theater 1.6 Warehouse

72 Does the Building Comply? Determine the total connected power in watts for the proposed lighting Determine the interior lighting power budget for the entire building or space Building complies if: Interior lighting power budget - total t connected power 0

73 Exterior Lighting Criteria Lighting power supplied through building electrical service Must use energy-efficient efficient lighting sources to highlight paths, walkways and parking areas 45 Lumens/Watt Fluorescent or Compact Fluorescent Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium Exceptions Historical Section 805.5/805.6 Safety Signage Emergency

74 Section 11 Energy Cost Budget Method Alternative to prescriptive method except buildings with no mechanical systems Based on overall building performance expressed as energy cost budget Mandatory Provisions all must be met Budget (or baseline) based on prescriptive measures Allows trade-offs between measures Useful for optimizing design 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 74

75 So, What Now? In Commercial, Appendix B is not enough Plan review and inspection of energy features is needed 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 75

76 Key Inspection Points Envelope Insulation values correct? Proper installation? i Fenestration -- % glass Fenestration U-factor and SHGC (on plans and in field) Air sealing details HVAC Programmable controls? Economizer? Duct and pipe insulation? Ducts sealed? ed 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 76

77 Key Inspection Points (cont.) HVAC (continued) No simultaneous heating and cooling (except where allowed for reheat) Complex systems Lighting Fan power Temperature reset Zoning Reheat limitation Etc. If most lamps are not T-8 fluorescent or more efficient lamps, need to check Check controls Exit signs Exterior lighting 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 77

78 ASHRAE 90.1: Advanced Design Guide Office Building ASHRAE Advanced Design Guide Roof Zone 4 Zone 4 Insulation Entirely above Deck R-15 c.i.* R-20 c.i.* Metal Building R-19.0 R Attic and Other R R-38 Walls, Above Grade Mass R-5.7 c.i. R-11.4 c.i. Metal Building R-13 R-13 Steel Framed R-13 R-13+R-7.5 Wood Framed and Other R-13 R-13 Below Grade Wall NR NR Floors Mass R83ci R-8.3 c.i. R83ci R-8.3 c.i. Steel Joist R-30 R-30 Wood Framed and Other R-30 R-30

79 ASHRAE 90.1: Advanced Design Guide Office Building Fenestration Values for Climate Zone 4 Window- ASHRAE Advanced Design Guide Wall Ratio % U fixed -0.57, SHGC all Up to 40% of wall area U oper -0.67, SHGC north U U fixed -0.57, SHGC all SHGC U oper -0.67, SHGC north Area of north glass * SHGCn U fixed -0.57, SHGC all Area of south glass * SHGCs > U oper -0.67, SHGC north Area of east glass * SHGCe U fixed -0.57, SHGC all Area of west glass * SHGCw U oper -0.67, SHGC north South, east, west has overhang U fixed -0.46, 046 SHGC all U oper -0.47, SHGC north -0.36

80 ASHRAE 90.1: Advanced Design Guide Office Building Interior Lighting ASHRAE Advanced Design Guide 1.30 Watts/. Sq ft 0.90 Watts/ sq ft 90 lumen/ watt linear fluorescent Dimmable fixture within 12 ft of N/S window wall or within 8 ft of skylight edge Auto-off in all unoccupied rooms Reflectance of 80% on ceilings, 70% on walls and vertical partition

81 Cooling ASHRAE 90.1: Advanced Design Guide Office Building ASHRAE Advanced Design Guide 0-65 kbtuh 10 SEER 13 SEER kbtuh 103EER/112IPLV EER/ 11.4 IPLV kbtuh 9.7 EER/ 11.2 IPLV 10.8 EER/ 11.2 IPLV > 240 kbtuh 9.5 EER/ 11.2 IPLV 10 EER/ 10.4 IPLV Furnaces All sizes 80% AFUE 80% AFUE Heat pumps 0-65 kbtuh 10 SEER/ 6.8 HSPF 13 SEER/ 7.7 HSPF kbtuh 10.1 EER 10.6 EER/ 11 IPLV >135 kbtuh 9.3 EER/ 9.2 IPLV (>240) 10.1 EER/ 11 IPLV Other Economizers -- depend Economizers > 54 kbtuh Ventilation controls Motorized control with optional CO2 sensors Sealed ducts Sealed ducts 81% gas instantaneous water htr EF > 99%

82 ASHRAE 90.1: Advanced Design Guide Office Building ASHRAE Advanced Design Guide Roof Zone 4 Zone 4 Insulation Entirely above Deck R-15 c.i.* R-20 c.i.* Metal Building R-19.0 R Attic and Other R R-38 Walls, Above Grade Mass R-5.7 c.i. R-11.4 c.i. Metal Building R-13 R-13 Steel Framed R-13 R-13+R-7.5 Wood Framed and Other R-13 R-13 Below Grade Wall NR NR Floors Mass R83ci R-8.3 c.i. R83ci R-8.3 c.i. Steel Joist R-30 R-30 Wood Framed and Other R-30 R-30

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85 Corners 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 85

86 Wall Insulation Zone 11a: Wall Insulation Requirements (NC 2006 Code -- Chaper 8) Maximum Glazing Area 10% 25% 40% 10% Wood Framing R11 R-11 R11 R-11 R11 R-11 R11 R-11 Metal Framing R-11 R-11 R-11 R-11 CMU with integral insulation R-11/ R-5* R-11/ R-5* R-11/ R-5* R-11/ R-5* Other masonry walls R11 R-11 R11 R-11 R11 R-11 R11 R-11 * R-11 metal or wood stud wall or R-5 continuous foam 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 86

87 Economizers (Simple) Air economizers required on systems if cooling capacity: > 90,000 Btu/h Not required in climate zones: 1, 2, 3b,5a or 6b Not required if the cooling of proposed equipment meets or exceeds the EER listed in Table Not required on system with air or evaporative cooling condensers and which serve spaces with open case refrigeration or that require filtration equipment in order to meet the minimum ventilation requirements of Chapter 4 of IMC. Zone 7 >135,000Btu/h Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 87

88 Economizers (Simple) Trade-off high cooling efficiency for economizer Total cooling capacity Table Climate zones Equipment efficiency (EER) Total Cooling Capacity of Equipment Building Location Zones 6a, 9a, 10a, 11a, 12a, Zones 3a, 3b, 4a, 7a, Zones 4b, 5a, 5b, 12b, 13a, 13b, 14a, 14b, , 9b, 10b, 11b 6b, 7b 90,000 Btu/h to 134,999 Btu/h N/A 11.4 EER 10.4 EER 135,000 Btu/h to 759,999 Btu/h N/A 10.9 EER 9.9 EER 760,000 Btu/h or more N/A 10.5 EER 9.6 EER Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 88

89 Economizers (Complex) In Accordance with Simple Requirements of Section Air economizers required on systems if cooling capacity: > 90,000 Btu/h > 65,000 Btu/h Not required in climate zones: 1, 2, 3b 1, 2, 3b, 5a or 6b Exception Water economizers that can cool supply air by either direct or indirect evaporation or both and provide up to 100% of expected system cooling load at outside air temperatures of 50 F dry bulb/45 F wet bulb and below Not required in systems under 135,000 Btu/h cooling capacity in climate zones 3c, 5b, 7, 13b, 14 1/28/2008 Section Mathis Consulting Company Page 89

90 Air-Side Economizers Use dampers to increase outside air when outside air cool system requires cooling 100% Economizer o Operation Outside Air 55º F Outside air dampers are fully open. Maximum outside air 100% 80º is provided Exhaust F 55º F Normal Operation Outside air dampers are positioned to provide the minimum outside air 80º F 1/28/2008 Section Mathis Consulting Company Page 90

91 Water-Side Economizer Strainer Cycle 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 91

92 Shutoff Dampers (Simple and Complex) Required for outdoor-air and exhaust systems with design air flow rates > 3000 cfm Must automatically close during periods of non-use Simple: Exceptions Where restricted by health and life safety codes Where serving areas designed for continuous operation Systems with readily accessible manual dampers 1/28/2008 Section / Mathis Consulting Company Page 92

93 VAV Fan Control (Complex) Individual fans with motors 25hp Driven by a mechanical or electrical variable speed ddi drive Be a vane-axial fan with variable pitch blades OR Have controls or devices to result in fan motor demand 50% of their design wattage at 50% of design airflow when static pressure set point = 1/3 of the total design static pressure 1/28/2008 Section Mathis Consulting Company Page 93

94 Heat Rejection Equipment (Complex) New 2004 Requirement Each fan powered by a motor 7.5 hp to have capability to operate that fan at 2/3 of full speed or less Have controls to automatically change the fan speed to control the leaving fluid temperature or condensing temperature/pressure of the heat rejection device Exception Factory-installed heat rejection devices within HVAC equipment tested and rated in accordance with Tables (1) 3 through (3) 3 1/28/2008 Section Mathis Consulting Company Page 94

95 Requirements for Multiple Zone Systems (Complex) Systems shall be VAV systems that are designed d and capable of being controlled to reduce primary air supply to each zone to a minimum before reheating, recooling or mixing takes place Several exceptions 1/28/2008 Section Mathis Consulting Company Page 95

96 Duct and Plenum Insulation (Simple and Complex) Required for supply and return ducts and plenums Located in unconditioned d space - R5 Located outside the building envelope - R8 Exceptions Located within equipment Design temperature difference between interior and exterior of duct or plenum > 15 F Ducts designed d to operate at static ti pressures > 3 in. wg to be leak tested in accordance with SMACNA Complex: Furnish documentation that representative sections totaling at least 25% of the duct area have been tested and meet the requirements Section / /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 96

97 Duct Sealing (Simple and Complex) Seal and securely fasten all joints, longitudinal and transverse seams and connections with: welds gaskets mastics mastic-plus-embedded fabric systems Tapes Duct tape is not permitted as a sealant on any metal ducts 1/28/2008 Section / Mathis Consulting Company Page 97

98 Pipe Insulation (Simple and Complex) Thermally insulated according to Section (complex system requirements refer to Table ) 1/28/2008 Section / Mathis Consulting Company Page 98

99 Pipe Insulation Exceptions Exceptions Factory-installed piping within equipment Piping conveying fluids between 55 F and 105 F Piping conveying fluids not heated or cooled through h the use of fossil fuels or electric power Runout piping not exceeding 4 ft in length and 1 in. in diameter between the control valve and HVAC coil 1/28/2008 Section / Mathis Consulting Company Page 99

100 HVAC System Completion (Complex) Before issuance of certificate t of occupancy Air system balancing Hydronic system balancing Manuals 1/28/2008 Section Mathis Consulting Company Page 100

101 System Balancing (Complex) Supply Air Outlets and Zone Terminal Devices Must Have Means to Air Balance Discharge Dampers Prohibited on Constant Volume and Variable Volume Fans with Motors > 25 Hp Hydronic Systems Individual Hydronic Heating and Cooling Coils to be Equipped with Means for Balancing and Pressure Test Connections Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 101

102 Manuals (Complex) O & M Manual Required Contents Equipment Capacity and Required Maintenance Equipment O & M Manuals HVAC System Control Maintenance and Calibration Information Written Narrative of Each System Operation 1/28/2008 Section Mathis Consulting Company Page 102

103 Heat Recovery for SWH Condenser heat recovery required for heating/reheating h of SWH provided: d Facility operates 24 hours/day Total installed heat capacity of water-cooled systems >6,000,000 Btu/hr of heat rejection Design SWH load >1,000,000 Btu/h The required heat recovery system shall have the capacity to provide the smaller of : 60% of the peak heat rejection load at design conditions or the preheating required to raise the peak service hot water draw to 85 degree F Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 103

104 Service Water Heating Summary of requirements Heat traps to reduce standby losses Pipe insulation to reduce distribution and standby losses Circulation loop temperature controls to reduce distribution losses 1/28/2008Section 804 Mathis Consulting Company Service Water Heating Page 104

105 Typical Commercial Building Energy Consumption Patterns Misc Other Equip. Cooking Refrgd'n Lighting HVAC Water Htg 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 105

106 Heat Traps Required on noncirculating hot water systems Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Service Water Heating Page 106

107 Pipe Insulation Noncirculating system insulation requirements First eight feet of outlet piping on systems with no integral heat traps 1/2 inch of insulation required Circulating systems 1 inch of insulation Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Service Water Heating Page 107

108 Hot Water System Controls Application: circulating hot water systems Automatic time switches required to turn off the pump and heat tracer tape when it is not in use Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Service Water Heating Page 108

109 More Information For additional training materials see s.stm Code Books: 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 109

110 Commercial Energy Code Compliance Lighting Requirements Chapter 8 NCECC 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 110

111 Outline Overview of Commercial Energy Codes Code Requirements Building Envelope Mandatory Requirements Prescriptive Requirements Mechanical Systems Simple Systems Complex Systems Service Water Heating Lighting Systems Requirements for Chapter 7 (ASHRAE 90.1) are covered in a separate presentation 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 111

112 IECC Chapters 7 and 8 Commercial Building Compliance Options Chapter 7 ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Standards for Buildings Except Low- Rise Residential Buildings p Design by Acceptable Practice for Commercial Buildings Scope Section 2 Building Envelope Building Mechanical Systems Section 5 Section 6 (Simple Approach If Bldg < 25,000 s.f.) Service Water Heating Systems Section 7 Building Lighting Systems Section 9 Total Building Performance Section 10 Chapter 8 Section Section Section Section Section Section (less than 50% glazing only) ) 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 112

113 IECC Chapter 8 Design by Acceptable Practice Building System Compliance Options Envelope Lighting Mandatory Provisions (required for all compliance options) Prescriptive Option Trade Off Option Energy Code Compliance Mechanical HVAC Performance Option SWH 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 113

114 Scope General Lighting system controls Connection of ballasts Max. interior lighting power Min. acceptable exterior lighting equipment 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 114

115 Interior Lighting Compliance Mandatory Requirements and Interior Lighting Power Requirements Controls Switching The building complies if its total connected power is no greater than the interior lighting power. Total Connected Power ( ) < Interior Lighting g Power ( ) Entire Building Partial Building 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 115

116 Interior Lighting Controls Lighting controls required for each area enclosed by ceiling height partitions Switch locations In view of lights On or off indication from remote location Occupancy sensor Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 116

117 Interior Lighting Controls Exceptions Emergency/security lighting Stairway or corridor lighting for egress Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 117

118 Additional Controls Each area with mandatory controls must have: Light reduction controls ( ) Automatic ti lighting shutoff ( ) Guestrooms ( ) Exceptions only 1 luminaire an occupant-sensing device corridors, storerooms, restrooms, or public lobbies Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 118

119 Bi-Level Switching Light Reduction Controls Areas that are required to have manual control shall also Reduce connected lighting load uniformly by 50% for each space Exceptions Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 119

120 Bi-Level Switching Compliance Examples Example: Alternate Luminaries S S 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 120

121 Bi-Level Switching Compliance Examples Example: Dimmer Control Option Example: Alternate Lamps (a/b) D S S Dimmer Switch 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 121

122 Automatic Lighting Shutoff In buildings > 5000 ft 2 must have automatic control devices to function cto et either e on Scheduled basis using time-ofday Unscheduled basis by occupant intervention In 2004 IECC requirement for spaces >250 ft 2 in buildings larger than 5,000 ft 2 Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 122

123 Occupant Override Where automatic time switch control devices are installed to comply with Automatic ti Lighting Shutoff, device shall be equipped with an override switching device that: Readily accessbile Located so that person using the device can see the lights or area controlled by the switch Manually operated Allows lighting to remain on for no more than 2 hours when an override is initiated Controls an area <5,000 square feet Some Exceptions Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 123

124 Holiday scheduling If automatic time switch is installed: Automatic holiday scheduling feature that turns off all loads for at least 24 hours and then resumes to normally scheduled operation Exceptions Retail stores and associated malls, restaurants, grocery stores, churches and theaters 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 124

125 Guest Rooms Master switch required at entry $ $ $ $ $ Standard d Room Suite Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 125

126 Exterior Lighting g Controls Automatic switching or photocell controls shall be provided for all exterior lighting not intended for 24 hour operation. Automatic time switches shall have a combination Seven-day and seasonal daylight program schedule adjustment A minimum 4-hour power backup 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 126

127 Tandem Wiring Center to Center Exceptions Luminaires with electronic high-frequency ballasts Luminaires not on same switch controls or not in the same area Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 127

128 Exit Signs Internally illuminated exit signs shall not exceed 5 Watts per side Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 128

129 Interior Lighting Power Requirements Mandatory Requirements and Interior Lighting Power Requirements Controls Switching The building complies if its total connected power is no greater than the interior lighting power. Total Connected Power < Interior Lighting g Power Entire Building Partial Building 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 129

130 Total Connected Power Total connected lighting wattage includes: Lamp wattage Ballast wattage Sources of bulb/ballast wattages Manufacturer s literature Industry default tables Exceptions Specialized medical, dental, and research lighting Professional sports arena playing field lighting Display lighting for gallery exhibits, museums, and monuments Guest room lighting in hotels, motels, boarding houses, or similar buildings Emergency lighting automatically ti off during normal building operation 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 130

131 Energy-Efficient Lighting Sources White LED 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 131

132 Interior Lighting Power Mandatory Requirements and Interior Lighting Power Requirements Controls Switching The building complies if its total connected power is no greater than the interior lighting power. Total Connected Power < Interior Lighting g Power Entire building Building is all one occupancy or a majority occupancy exists (Section ) Tenant area or partial building Use for tenant spaces in larger building or divide whole building into area types Table /Table Entire Building Partial Building 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 132

133 What is the Interior Lighting Power Budget for this Building? Bathrooms Office A: 400 ft 2 Office A Office B: 850 ft 2 Bathrooms: 350 ft 2 Corridor: 50 ft 2 Corridor Retail A: 500 ft 2 Retail B: 500 ft 2 Future: 350 ft 2 Future Development Retail A Retail B Office B Total Building Area = 3000 ft 2 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 133

134 Does the Building Comply? Determine the total connected power in watts for the proposed lighting Determine the interior lighting power budget for the entire building or space Building complies if: Interior lighting power budget - total connected power = 0 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 134

135 Exterior Lighting Criteria Lighting g power supplied through building electrical service Must use energy-efficient lighting sources to highlight paths, walkways and parking areas 45 Lumens/Watt Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium Exceptions Where approved because of the following considerations: Historical Safety Section 805.5/ /28/2008 Signage Mathis Consulting Company Page 135

136 Electrical Energy Consumption In buildings having individual dwelling units, provisions shall be made to determine the electrical energy consumed by each tenant by separately metering individual dwelling units Section /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 136

137 Conclusion? We can t do it all in a day Web resources Future workshops Plan review training Worked examples But we have to start somewhere! Simple prescriptive techniques will be most common Performance techniques usually involve professionals with a license on the line AIA, PE, etc. 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 137

138 Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings Matters! More than half of energy use is for HVAC and lighting g Typical energy bill equals 25% of total operating costs Climate sensitive design and off-theshelf technologies can cut energy bill by 50% 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 138

139 Additional Resources gov/training/presentati ons.stm /iecc_com_wb.pdfcom 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 139

140 Occupancy Sensors Section For high usage areas with irregular schedules Applications Private offices Classrooms Conference rooms Break rooms Restrooms 1/28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 140

141 Section 9 Mandatory Provisions Exit Signs (section 9.4.3) New Exit Sign Requirements Internally illuminated exit signs shall not exceed 5 watts per face , IECC /28/2008 Mathis Consulting Company Page 141