An Investigation on the Possibility of Using Bamboo CMP Pulp for Newsprint Production

Transcription

1 International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. Available online at IJACS/213/6-13/ ISSN X 213 IJACS Journal An Investigation on the Possibility of Using Bamboo CMP Pulp for Newsprint Production Ramin Vaysi Assistant Professor,Wood and Paper Department, Islamic Azad University of Chalous Branch, Mazandaran,Iran. Corresponding author yahoo.com. ABSTRACT: In this research, some chips of bamboo stem in the west of Mazandaran (Noshare region in north of Iran) were randomly chosen and CMP pulps were prepared at the yield 85%in 12 minutes, by using cooking conditions of Wood and Paper Industries of Mazandaran newsprint papers were prepared from the bamboo CMP and Mill(MWPI) CMP pulps, first in a separate and then mixed way. Then the optical and mechanical properties were measured and compared according by using TAPPI Standard test methods. The results showed that the most strength of the burst, breaking length, tensile, fold and tear strength were in the handsheets obtained from 1% the bamboo CMP pulp. The lowest strength (except brightness and roughness) was in CMP pulp Mill. The results also pointed out that the above-mentioned all strengths (except brightness) can be improved by using 25-1% of the bamboo CMP pulp, too. The results also indicated that 25-1% of the bamboo CMP pulp can to replace some of the CMP pulp of MWPI Mill. Keywords: Bamboo, CMP Pulp, Newsprint, Optical and Mechanical Properties. INTRODUCTION The bamboos are a group of woody perennial evergreen (except for certain temperate species) plants in the true grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae. Some are giant bamboos, the largest members of the grass family. There are more than 7 genera divided into about 15 species. They are found in diverse climates, from cold mountains to hot tropical regions. They occur across East Asia, from 5 o N latitude in Sakhalin through to Northern Australia, and west to India and Himalayas. They also occur in sub Saharan Africa and in the Americas from the Mid-Atlantic United States, south to Argentina and Chile, reaching their southernmost point anywhere, at 47 o S latitude. Major areas with no native bamboos include Europe and Antarctica. Bamboos are the fastest growing woody plants in the world. Their growth rate is due to a unique rhizome-dependent system, but is highly dependent on soil and climate conditions. It has been measured surging skyward as fast as 122 cm in a 24-hour period and can also reach maximal growth rate exceeding one meter per hour for short period of time. Many prehistoric bamboos exceeded heights of 75 meters. All bamboos grow to full height and girth in a single growing season of 3-4 months. During this first year the young shoots strike skyward supported photosynthesis from the rest of the clump with no time to sprout their own branches and leaves. Over the next year the pulpy wall of each culm slowly dries and hardens, sprouting branches and leaves during the second year from juvenile sheathes that form each node. Over the following year the culm hardens still further shedding its juvenile sheaths and commencing its life as a fully mature culm. Over the next 2-5 years depending on species, fungus and mould begin to form on the outside of the Culm, eventually penetrating and overcoming the culm so that by around 5-8 years depending on species and climate the culms begin to collapse and decay. This brief life means culms are ready for harvest and suitable for use in construction from 3-7 years. Culms of bamboo have parenchyma, xylem, fiber and phloem. The mature Culms of bamboo are important raw materials for using in wood and paper industries. They are of economic and high cultural significance in East Asia and South East Asia where they are used extensively in gardens, as a building material, and as a food source. Bamboo imported in Iran from China a few years ago. There are 16.5 kg apparent per Capita for paper and board in Iran. The raw materials in Iranian mill are hornbeam, beech, aspen, iron wood, bagasse and waste paper. And in all year, about 5, t/y bamboo stems produced from natural and planted forests in the north of Iran (fig 1). About 52 t/y newsprint produced in MWPI from hornbeam,beech and aspen, but there are important problem for provided raw materials in MWPI, today's. The aim of this study was adding of the bamboo CMP pulp to replace some of the CMP pulp for newsprint production in MWPI Mill. There are a few studies about bamboo properties, Latif et al. (1995) reported that there were not significant differences between age and bamboo Culm longitudinal(6). Razake et al. (1995)

2 Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 6 (13), , 213 reported that radial shrinkage and swelling in Culcutta were not mixed pulps. In that, the possibility of using mixed from imported long-fiber and bamboo Kraft pulps replace of imported long-fiber pulp (11). Yosofi et al. (211) with adding of educational waste-paper treated by Na 2 SO 3 for newsprint manufacturing reported that all properties improved compare the control sample (pulp mill) with Na 2 SO 3 pulping and deinking. The all properties improved in Na 2 SO 3 deinked pulp and mixed with the CMP pulp mill, too. The results showed that between all treatments, Na 2 SO 3 deinked of waste papers have better properties for newsprint production (1). The newsprint exposed to polychromatic radiation showed the largest amount of yellowing when exposed to irradiation in the wavelength region of 33 to 385 nm (UV-A region); such yellowing has been attributed to the formation of new phenolic and carboxylic groups from quinines radicals during photo-yellowing and long-optical aging (Andrady and Searle 1995). Figure 1. Bamboo in north of Iran Experimental program Physical and biometrical properties In this study, 1 kg samples were taken randomly from bamboo stem of Nowshahr Forest in north of Iran. From each stem, three disks with interval of L/3 of the stem length were separated. In first stage samples were prepared for measured fiber biometrical and physical properties by using Franklin (1954) and ASTM standard test methods respectively. The physical properties investigated are oven dried density, basic density, shrinkage, swelling, porosity, EMC. The standard test method for specific gravity of wood and wood-based materials is found in ASTM D Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) is an important in-service factor because wood and woody materials like bamboo, are subjected to long-term and short-term variation in surrounding relative humidity and temperature. Conditioning of bamboo to specific moisture contents can be carried out using the standard guide for moisture conditioning of wood and wood based materials, ASTM D Bamboo is assumed to shrink and swell similar to wood, and therefore could be investigated using the standard methods of testing small clear specimens of timber, ASTM D The biometrical properties investigated are fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen, fiber thickness, Runkel and flexibility coefficients. The data were statically analyzed in the stem longitudinal directions. The important equations are shown below (2, 8): R =1*2P/C F= 1*C/d Where: R= runkel coefficient, F= flexibility coefficient, P= fiber thickness, C= lumen and d= fiber diameter. Chemical compound in bamboo Stem flour provided from bamboo samples and then measured ash and extractive by TAPPI standards. Then the mineral compounds dissolved and separated from ash of bamboo flour by 63% nitric acid for an hour, mineral and organically compounds of bamboo identifications by Atomic adsorption method. The extractives was washed from bamboo flour by acetone and the residue was added BSTFA reactor and samples kept in Ben Marry Bath in 7 oc for an hour, and they were analyzed by GC-MS method. For the identification of compounds were used GC diagram which shows abundance and retention time of each compound, and calculation of quartz index and Adams table. Pulp In this study, bamboo chips were provided randomly from bamboo stem and cooked under CMP conditions(table 1), then pulps were prepared at the yield of 85%(2,1).

3 Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 6 (13), , 213 Table1. Cooking condition for bamboo CMP pulp preparation Cooking condition Bamboo CMP pulp Cooking condition Bamboo CMP pulp Proportion C:W sodium sulfite:2% Cooking time (min) 12 Na 2O( g/lit) 97 Temperature ( C) 16 SO 2 ( g/lit) 18 Pressure(bar) 7 Proportion L:W 7:1 Yield of Pulp (%) 85 Pulp Refining Then pulps were refined with PFI Mill to 3 C.S.F. freeness, and 6o gr/m 2 handsheets were made from bleached and unbleached pulp according to TAPPI T 25 om-88 (2,1). Paper sheets, optical and mechanical measurements In second stage, Brightness, opacity and yellowness (optical properties) according to ISO methods on 6 g/m 2 paper sheets using a Technibrite Micro TB-1C spectrophotometer and TAPPI Test Method T 224 om- 94 respectively(6,9,1),then their mechanical properties: tear, tensile, burst, fold and breaking length were measured by using TAPPI Standard test methods (2, 1). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION About 5, t/y bamboo stems produced from natural and planted forests in the north of Iran. In this research, the paper properties, physical and fiber biometrical variation investigated in bamboo culm longitudinal direction. The results showed that the amount of oven dried density, basic density, shrinkage and swelling have increased toward middle disk in the stem longitudinal direction and then decreased. The higher of amount parameters is observed in the middle disk and the least in the lower disk of the bamboo stem. In that, the amounts of fiber length, diameter and EMC are increased in the longitudinal direction while the amount of porosity is declined towards the crown. The results showed that there were significant differences between biometrical properties and most physical properties, but there were not significant differences between EMC and oven dried density. This variation was with regard to the longitudinal direction (fig 2-4). In general, the average amount oven dried density, basic density, shrinkage, porosity, EMC, fiber length and Runkel coefficient were calculated at.632g/cm 3,.594g/cm 3,21.28%,57.83%,15.28%, 1675 and respectively. The experimental results shown that the fiber biometry of the bamboo were very fit. The fiber length and Runkel coefficient were 1.7mm and 353 in bamboo respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences between biometrical properties and most physical properties. The results of Atomic adsorption this study showed that the average of Mg, Cu, K, Fe, Zn, Mn and Pb ions were 1.87,.6, 1.894,.26,.71,.6 and.3 ppm, respectively. The result of GC-MS showed that114 compounds were in stem of bamboo, that Banzaldehyde(43.86%),Xylene (1.79%), Iron,monocarbonyl (1.94%), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid (1.23%), Bibenzyl (1.58%), Eicosane(1.47%) and Benzoic acid(.46%) there were the most and important compounds in bamboo.these compounds are very important in durability and consumption bamboo. The results of paper making showed that the most of brightness were in the 1% CMP pulp mill and lowest in bamboo CMP pulp. The most of burst, breaking length, tear, yellowness, opacity and tensile were in bamboo CMP pulp. Table 2. Avrage of optical and mecanical properties in bamboo ( Phyllostachys nigra) Properties Brightness ( % ) Burst (kpa) Breaking leng. (km ) Tear ( mn ) Cobb test ( %) Tensile (kn/m) Bamboo CMP pulp The results in mixed pulps showed that the important strength of the burst, breaking length, tensile and tear increased in the handsheets obtained from 25-1% the bamboo CMP pulp + CMP pulp mill (fig. 2-4). The results also pointed out that the above-mentioned strengths can be improved by adding 25-1 % of the bamboo CMP pulp to replace some of the CMP pulp of MWPI Mill and it is possible for pure (1%) bamboo CMP pulp. The results also indicated that bamboo properties were very fit and same the hard woods. The results also pointed out that the above-mentioned of wood of bamboo properties can to replace some or full of the raw material for production pulp and paper, fiber board, particle board, and another wood composition boards in the wood and paper industries.

4 Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 6 (13), , 213 Breaking length( km ) Yellow ness% Figure2. Comparison of breaking length (left) and yellowness (right) of the hand sheets from bamboo CMP pulp and CMP pulp mill. Brightness% 6 Tensile KN/m Bamboo CMP Pulp % Figure3. Comparison of brightness (left) and tensile (right) of the hand sheets from CMP pulp and CMP pulp mill. Opacity% Cobb test gr/m Bamboo CMP Pulp % Figure4. Comparison of opacity (left) and cobb test(right) of the hand sheets from bamboo CMP pulp and CMP pulp mill.

5 Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 6 (13), , 213 Tear mn Burst(kpa) Figure5. Comparison of tear (left) and burst (right) of the handsheets from bamboo CMP pulp and CMP pulp mill. CONCLUSIONS About 5, t/y bamboo stems produced from natural and planted forests in the west of Mazandaran (Noshare region in north of Iran). In this research, some chips of bamboo stem were randomly chosen and CMP Pulps were prepared at the yield 85%in 12 minutes and 97 g/lit Na 2 O by using cooking conditions of wood and paper industries of Mazandaran(MWPI) newsprint papers were prepared from the bamboo CMP and Mill(MWPI) CMP pulps. The results showed that the most strength of the burst, breaking length, tensile, fold and tear strength were in the handsheets obtained from 1% the bamboo CMP pulp. The lowest strength (except brightness and roughness) was in CMP pulp Mill. In this research, the paper properties, physical and fiber biometrical variation investigated in bamboo Culm longitudinal direction. In general, the average amount oven dried density, basic density, shrinkage, porosity, EMC, fiber length and Runkel coefficient were calculated at.632g/cm 3,.594g/cm 3,21.28%,57.83%,15.28%, 1675 and respectively The experimental results shown that the fiber biometry of the bamboo were very fit. The fiber length and Runkel coefficient were 1.7mm and 353 in bamboo respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences between biometrical properties and most physical properties.the results of this study showed that the average of Mg, Cu, K, Fe, Zn, Mn and Pb ions were 1.87,.6, 1.894,.26,.71,.6 and.3 ppm, respectively. specified 114 compounds in stem of bamboo, that Banzaldehyde(43.86%),Xylene (1.79%), Iron,monocarbonyl (1.94%), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid (1.23%), Bibenzyl (1.58%) and Benzoic acid(.46%) there were the most and important compounds in bamboo. These compounds are very important in consumption bamboo. The results also pointed out that the above-mentioned all strengths (except brightness) can be improved by using 25-1% of the bamboo CMP pulp, too.the results also pointed out that the above-mentioned strengths can be improved by adding 25-1% of the bamboo CMP pulp to replace some of the CMP pulp for newsprint production in MWPI Mill. REFERENCES Andrady AL, Searle ND Photoyellowing of Mechanical Pulps; Part 2: Activation Spectra for Light-induced Yellowing of Newsprint Paper by Polychromatic Radiation, TAPPI Journal, 78(5), Barzan A, Soraki S.22. Procedure for experimental, Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries,Sari, Iran, Frozanfar R.21. Investigation on the Production Possibility of NSSC Pulp and Fluting Paper from Poplar, proceeding of 1 st national conference "Wood science and technology",islamic Azad University of Chalous,Iran, Kollman FP, w jr Principles of wood science and Technology, vol: 1, new York, Latif M.1995.Bamboo in Malaysia, Past, present and future research, proceeding of 4 th international bamboo workshop, Thailand, Lindstom H Fiber length, tracheide diameter, and Late wood percentage in Norway spruce, development from pith out wards, Wood and Fiber Science, Qiu Z, Ni Y, Yang S. 23. Using DTPA to decrease manganese induced peroxide decomposition, Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 23(1),1-11 Razak O.1995.Planting and utilization of bamboo in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysia Forest Research Institute, seth RS the effects of fiber length & coarseness on the tensile strength of webs, tappi J., N.3, Vaysi R, Mirshokraie SA.27. Investigation on the optical behavior of acetylated and non-acetylated hornbeam CMP pulp following accelerated irradiation aging, Journal of sciences and techniques in natural resources, Islamic Azad University of Chalous Branch, 2(2), Vaysi R.28. Investigation and Comparative of the Paper Properties from Imported Long-Fiber and Bamboo Kraft pulps, international conference" tropical forestry change in a changing world" Bangkok, Thailand, Vichnesky S, Fuhr B, Melnichuk J.23. Characterization of wood and non-wood mechanical pulps by differential thermal analysis, Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 29(1 ),17-2..