Invasive Plants Taking Root in Alaska
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1 Invasive Plants Taking Root in Alaska Prepared by: Caleb Slemmons Homer Soil and Water Conservation District November, 2006 Sponsored by: Alaska Association of Conservation Districts and US Forest Service, State and Private Forestry
2 What is an invasive species?
3 Definitions "Invasive species" means an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. (Executive Order 13112) "Alien (or exotic) species means, with respect to a particular ecosystem, any species, including its seeds, eggs, spores, or other biological material capable of propagating that species, that is not native to that ecosystem. (Executive Order 13112)
4 Not these aliens
5 These aliens Orange hawkweed Butter and eggs Ox-eye daisy Common tansy Purple loosestrife Spotted knapweed
6 What are noxious weeds Federal Noxious Weed List (US Department of Agriculture) Federal Noxious Weed Act (1974) Alaska Administrative Code (AS ) Prohibits seeds of certain plants from being legally imported Canada thistle - Listed as a PROHIBITED NOXIOUS WEED for Alaska
7 What can invasive plants do? Out compete and smother native plants Where are the berries? Japanese Knotweed near Juneau, AK Tom Heutte, USDA Forest Service,
8 What else? Impact on native biodiversity Photos: Caleb Slemmons, Homer Soil and Water Conservation District Native Alaskan wildflowers (Left to right - lousewort, dwarf dogwood and chocolate lily)
9 Ecosystem function/services alteration Disrupt nutrient cycles, hydrology and fire cycles - Every year thousands of acres of invasive, non-native cheatgrass burn in the West (Utah DNR) Effects to food webs and energy flows?
10 For example a boreal food web (after Stenseth et al., 1998). Orange hawkweed an introduced forb
11 A cascade of effects (after Stenseth et al., 1998). Could affect herbivore consumers from decreased nutrition to toxins
12 To top tropic levels (after Stenseth et al., 1998). Then predators are affected which can cause effects to upper trophic levels
13 Alaska is NOT Immune
14 Hieracium aurantiacum Orange Hawkweed Infestation under way Also called devil s paintbrush and king-devil 54 sites known on Kenai Peninsula over 500 locations reported statewide
15 Kodiak Infestation following treatment with an herbicide (below) Dense infestation of orange hawkweed on Kodiak s Camp Island
16 Other effects: agriculture, recreation, aesthetics Patch of Canada thistle resprouting at an old hayfield near Homer, AK White sweetclover is spreading along the Matanuska, Stikine and Nenana Rivers Photo: Hans Klausner, Homer Soil and Water Conservation District Photo: Michael Shephard, USDA Forest Service
17 Invasive reed canary grass in the Kenai Keys of the Kenai River Excludes important native wetland plants May slow stream flow and reduce habitat quality for salmon Can promote deposition of silt and degrade waterfowl habitat Photo: Marcus Mueller, Kenai Peninsula Borough
18 Ornamental plants can be INVASIVE? Range of Lythrum salicaria (2006) Purple loosestrife Infests 20,000 acres/yr Listed as a noxious weed in ~30 states (not ALASKA) From Also ox-eye daisy, common tansy and butter and eggs
19 Invasive Plants can also Impact Aquatic Systems Simplified Aquatic Food Web Eagle Caddisfly Attached algae, diatoms Salmon Stonefly Habitat Detritus, carrion and leaf fragments Decomposers Emergent and submergent plants
20 Cascading Effects in Aquatic Systems Simplified Aquatic Food Web Eagle Caddisfly Attached algae, diatoms Salmon Stonefly Habitat Detritus, carrion and leaf fragments Decomposers Emergent and submergent plants Purple loosestrife outcompetes native wetland plants
21 Cascading Effects in Aquatic Systems Simplified Aquatic Food Web Eagle Caddisfly Attached algae, diatoms Salmon Stonefly Habitat Detritus, carrion and leaf fragments Decomposers Emergent and submergent plants Purple loosestrife outcompetes native wetland plants
22 Expansion of Purple Loosestrife in Massachusetts ( )
23 Why are invasive plants successful? 1. Lack of predators 2. Produce abundant amounts of seeds and use successful dispersal mechanisms 3. Seed have a high rate of germination 4. Reproduce vegetatively as well as sexually 5. Aggressive root systems 6. Habitat generalists that thrive on disturbance
24 Why are invasive plants successful? Photo by: Michael Shephard, US Forest Service 1. Lack of predators 2. Produce abundant amounts of seeds and use successful dispersal mechanisms 3. Seed have a high rate of germination 4. Reproduce vegetatively as well as sexually 5. Aggressive root systems 6. Habitat generalists that thrive on disturbance seeds/plant that can be carried miles from parent plant
25 Why are invasive plants successful? 1. Lack of predators 2. Produce abundant amounts of seeds and use successful dispersal mechanisms 3. Seed have a high rate of germination 4. Reproduce vegetatively as well as sexually 5. Aggressive root systems 6. Habitat generalists that thrive on disturbance
26 Why are invasives successful? 1. Lack of predators 2. Produce abundant amounts of seeds and use successful dispersal mechanisms 3. Seed have a high rate of germination 4. Reproduce vegetatively as well as sexually 5. Aggressive root systems 6. Habitat generalists that thrive on disturbance Spread underground via rhizomes
27 Why are invasives successful? 1. Lack of predators 2. Produce abundant amounts of seeds and use successful dispersal mechanisms 3. Seed have a high rate of germination 4. Reproduce vegetatively as well as sexually 5. Aggressive root systems 6. Habitat generalists that thrive on disturbance
28 Why are invasives successful? 1. Lack of predators 2. Produce abundant amounts of seeds and use successful dispersal mechanisms 3. Seed have a high rate of germination 4. Reproduce vegetatively as well as sexually 5. Aggressive root systems 6. Habitat generalists that thrive on disturbance
29 Where are they coming from? Transport vectors. Imported forage and seeds, ornamental plants for landscaping
30 Invasive plants can be EXPENSIVE Economic impact > $137 billion/yr. (Pimentel et al, 2000) Patch of Canada thistle sprouts at an old hayfield near Homer, AK
31 What can I do? Prevention - The Best Medicine Alaska may be resistant but, Warming trends, increasing development Its time for action! TELL OTHERS ABOUT INVASIVE PLANTS Spread the word, not the weed Help to remove invasive ornamental plants! Volunteer to help with community weed pulls
32 More Info Homer Soil and Water Conservation District Invasive Plant Program m and the Kenai Peninsula - CWMA Alaska Committee for Noxious and Invasive Weed Management Forest Health Protection - Alaska Alaska Natural Heritage Program Invasive Plant Ranks and Statewide Database More links by UAF Coop Extension
33 CONTACT INFO: Caleb Slemmons Invasive Plants Program Coordinator Homer Soil & Water Conservation District Homer, AK Phone: (907) ext 5 caleb@homerswcd.org OR Sue True District Manager Kenai Soil and Water Conservation District Phone: (907)
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