Paul Ziemkiewicz Joe Donovan West Virginia University Water Research Institute Morgantown WV. West Virginia University Water Research Institute 1
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1 Paul Ziemkiewicz Joe Donovan West Virginia University Water Research Institute Morgantown WV West Virginia University Water Research Institute 1
2 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 2
3 Backstack On bench wetlands Unmined Valley Fill West Virginia University Water Research Institute 3
4 Leaching: HCO3 SO4 Ca Mg Se p r e c i p discharge West Virginia University Water Research Institute 4
5 µg Se/L Post reclamation construction Within 900 yards West Virginia University Water Research Institute 5
6 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 6
7 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 7
8 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 8
9 Overburden Mine Spoil Discharge 25-40% inorganic Se Se 2-, Se 0? oxidation 60-75% organically bound and other immobile Se forms Not subject to oxidation/ mobilization Mobile forms: SeO 3 2- oxidizes to SeO 4 2- (slow) Internal sequestration e.g. SeO FeOOH Immobile selenium Leaching Mobile selenium SeO 3 2-, SeO 4 2- What can be done to enhance FeOOH Sequestration? West Virginia University Water Research Institute 9
10 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 10
11 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 11
12 Natural or induced precipitation and evaporation/transpiration Rock or soil Discharge Leachate Leachate collection West Virginia University Water Research Institute 12
13 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 13
14 Treatment: A control B 0.25 in. C 2.25 in. D 9 in. E 18 in. (0%) ferrihydrite (6 lysimeters) (0.2%) ferrihydrite (6 lysimeters) (1.5%) ferrihydrite (6 lysimeters) (6%) ferrihydrite (6 lysimeters) (12%) ferrihydrite (6 lysimeters) West Virginia University Water Research Institute 14
15 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 15
16 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 16
17 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 17
18 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 18
19 West Virginia University Water Research Institute 19
20 Selective Handling with FeOOH Addition West Virginia University Water Research Institute 20
21 Leaching: HCO3 SO4 Ca Mg Se p r e c i p discharge West Virginia University Water Research Institute 21
22 Special handling cell for AMD control Precipitation organic shale West Virginia University Water Research Institute 22
23 FeOOH Requirement permit area 150 ha permit area 371 ac ac squared 2 coal thickness 8 ft 3 OB/coal ratio 10 OB/coal 4 OB thickness 80 ft 5 OB volume 47,942,794 cu yd 6 OB mass 21,792,179 tons 7 organic shale 2,179,218 tons 8 9 cell volume 641 ac ft 10 cell height 30 ft 11 combined cell area 21.4 ac 12 cells/permit 3 13 each cell 7.1 ac 14 FeOOH density 1.75 tons/cu yd 15 FeOOH layer 1.5 ft 16 FeOOH volume 51,727 cu yd 17 FeOOH mass 90,522 tons/permit Perfectly square 371 acre permit 7.1 ac 7.1 ac 7.1 ac West Virginia University Water Research Institute 23
24 WITHOUT FEOOH Permit area A. area under cells 21.4 ac B. area not under cells ac C. total area ac net infiltration 1.37 gpm/ac A. area under cells 29 gpm B. area not under cells 474 gpm C. total area 509 gpm Se concentration % removal 0% A. area under cells 300 µg/l B. area not under cells 0.5 µg/l Se load A. area under cells lbs/day B. area not under cells lbs/day C. total area lbs/day WITH FEOOH Permit area A. area under cells 21.4 ac B. area not under cells ac C. total area ac net infiltration 1.37 gpm/ac A. area under cells 29 gpm B. area not under cells 479 gpm C. total area 509 gpm Se concentration % removal 76% A. area under cells 72 µg/l B. area not under cells 0.5 µg/l Se load A. area under cells lbs/day B. area not under cells lbs/day C. total area lbs/day net Se concentration 17.8 µg/l net Se concentration 4.6 µg/l West Virginia University Water Research Institute 24
25 Control of selenium in special handling cells FeOOH application Control will likely be less than 100% Minimization of water movement through shale: compaction, configuration Dilution with low selenium ground water Surface water, maybe West Virginia University Water Research Institute 25
26 Se mass balance in overburden OB Se cutoff for selective handling Can the high Se rock be selectively handled? Degree of Se segregation in overburden FeOOH cost Development of low cost source of FeOOH West Virginia University Water Research Institute 26
27 Relationship between Se concentration in major spoil types and leachate concentrations e.g. convert mg Se/kg to µg Se/L Background leachate Se concentrations from non-organic shale spoils Is Se removal proportional to FeOOH layer thickness or is removal hydraulically controlled? Will 1.5 ft. of FeOOH provide the same removal performance with 5 or 30 ft. of overlying, organic shale? West Virginia University Water Research Institute 27
28 Paul Ziemkiewicz, PhD, Director West Virginia Water Research Institute West Virginia University Water Research Institute West Virginia University 28
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