Recovery of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) from Coal Mine Drainage
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1 Recovery of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) from Coal Mine Drainage Paul Ziemkiewicz, Water Research Inst. Xingbo Liu, Mechanical Engineering Dept. West Virginia University Aaron Noble, Mining Engineering Dept. Virginia Tech NARUC Subcommittee on Clean Coal and Carbon Management February 27, 2018
2 REE: RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION Demand Project Strategy Feedstock Acid mine drainage Treatment AMD precipitates Quality Quantity
3 Our strategic disadvantage: China controls exports ~ 35kt/yr
4 Projected TREE demand through 2025 (tons/year) Global demand USA 7% ann. Growth total* defense** ,403 15, ,845 16, ,176 18, ,469 19, ? ,804 20,980 1, ,265? 22,527 1, ,947 24,195 1, ,951 25,995 1, ,387 27,939 1,397 * 10% global ** 5% USA demand This assumes that USA manufacturing demand does not increase beyond current rates
5 USDOE Funded REE research at WVU Phase Development of a cost-effective & environmentally benign process to treat and recover REEs from AMD 2. Preliminary process system design and technoeconomic analysis in preparation for pilot-scale testing 3. Down select by USDOE/NETL Phase Build and operate a pilot plant 2. Report cost/performance
6 Participants WVU Paul Ziemkiewicz, PhD Director, WVU Water Research Institute Xingbo Liu, PhD Professor, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Aaron Noble, PhD Assistant Professor, Mining Engineering External Mepco Inc. Rosebud Mining Co. West Virginia Dept. of Environmental Protection Alliance Coal Corp. Consol Energy, Inc. Rockwell Automation
7 Objective: Develop new, sustainable market-driven opportunities around domestic REE sources Important criteria for attracting investment Size of the resource Market valuation Development costs Preliminaries: exploration, planning, site development capx opx Technology readiness (TRL) Environmental footprint permitting liabilities
8 Mineral associations in WV coals from WVGES Monazite (less commonly xenotime): REE (PO 4 SiO 4 ) weathered from granite as micron-sized particles Does not dissolve in weak acid, requires concentrated acid to liberate REEs When burned in a PC boiler all of the inert minerals fuse into alumino-silicate glass Which is even more Resistant to acid attack
9 Acid Mine Drainage: AMD 1. H 2 SO 4 leaches REEs from shale 2. REE s precipitate with Fe(OH) 3 Pyrite + O 2 + H 2 O Fe 2+ + O 2 + OH - = Fe 2+ + H 2 SO 4 = Fe(OH) 3 Pyrite
10 AMD sludge, Why We Care Inherent value: $225/kg of mixed Rare Earth oxide In-situ Rare Earth value of $96/t AMD sludge DW Refining cost = $65/t: estimated profit = $30/t 61% (dry weight) are the more valuable critical and heavy Rare Earth Elements We estimate that a commercial refinery would recover its CapX and OpX within 2.5 years Typical AMD treatment and sludge handling AMD sludge dewatering cell in Central WV In-situ value = $1.3 million Coal tailings or spoil Acid forms and leaches REE from coal waste rock AMD moves along pit floor AMD Treatment Acid neutralization oxidation Precipitate separation Decant to regulated discharge Dewatering cells Deep mine
11 AMD treatment
12 Acid mine drainage: TREE Concentration vs. raw water ph
13 UG mine Flooding status controls REE concentration overburden Low ph, hi REE Unflooded, Free Draining Mine Discharge River Flooded High Dilution High ph, low REE Flooded Mine Low Dilution Mine Pump overburden Mine Discharge River overburden No Discharge River
14 Heavy REEs are generally more valuable than light Rare Earth Elements Light Critical H Heavy *Unstable He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm* Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pt Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
15 Sampled locations: 140 NAPP CAPP
16 CAPP VS. NAPP: Little difference between REE distribution or total concentration (g/t) Sites sampled: CAPP 42 NAPP 110 CAPP NAPP All La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Sc Y Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu TREE
17 Distribution of HREE in AMD sludge is similar to south China clays Bayan Obo, Mountain Pass South China Clay almost all LREE 50% HREE - Sc
18 Heavy and Critical REEs n=155 % dry weight
19 REE concentrations and weighted in situ value (n=155). LREE, HREE, Critical Scandium represents 91% of weighted value. metal value
20 In situ sludge value=market value of REEs excluding transport and processing Small AMD sludge drying cell 0.5 ac, 10 ft deep, 80% moisture Sludge DW 1,300 t $190/ton of sludge DW In situ REE value = $247,000
21 Accessibility/extractability/dewatering WVDEP-Omega AMD treatment site 14 Geotubes in cell: In-situ value $182,700 One Geotube length 140 ft width 20 ft height 5 ft volume 396 m 3 moisture 65% mass Dry Weight 146 t REE mass 58 kg in-situ value $ 225 / kg in-situ value $ 13,050
22 Estimated REE production CAPP/NAPP 155 sites Sludge cells sampled to date: 155 Sludge 2,344,452 m 3 solids content 21% Sludge 519,413 tons DW average TREE grade g/t TREE 217,686 kg in-situ value $ /kg TREE in-situ TREE value $ 48,979,379 Sampled All Sites Units sites (n=140) est. total APP 1 est. total APP 2 Total Q L/sec 6,221 94, ,000 % total APP Q 6.56% 1.49% Total TREE flux kg/year 41, ,059 2,781,412 In-situ $225/kg TREE 9,313, ,988, ,817,729 1 APP basin AMD discharge (Q) per this study 2 APP basin AMD discharge (Q) per Stewart et al., 2017
23 Next Step: Refine and separate REEs to commercial grades
24 REE Recovery 1. Acid Leaching 2. Solvent Extraction 3. Economics Gold mine near Battle Mt., NV Ore processed at its acid heap leach and solvent extraction plant
25 Revenue potential: two scenarios (we are in the early stages of optimizing the modular plant) Parameter modular plant Centralized plant 6.25 t/hr 2100 t/day sludge feed grade overall process recovery weighted average metal quotation 425 g/t, 65% moisture 87.20% $225/kg REE inherent value realization REE concentrate production $96/t plant feed $6100/t concentrate 1.36 t/day 29 t/day internal rate of return 10% 46% payback period (operating years) 18.5 years 2.5 years Net present value (1=10%) $ 47,217 $ 63,454,000
26 Questions? Paul Ziemkiewicz, PI Director, WVU Water Research Institute Morgantown WV
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