Distribution, Pest Status, and Research Programs for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in the Southeastern US

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1 Distribution, Pest Status, and Research Programs for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in the Southeastern US Jim Walgenbach NC State University Mt Hort Crops Res & Ext Ctr Mills River, NC

2 Additional Contributors Kathy Flanders, Auburn University Savanah Duke, Auburn University Ron Smith, Auburn University Scott Stewart, University of Tennessee Frank Hale, University of Tennessee Blake Layton, Mississippi State University Powell Smith, Clemson University Mike Merchant, Texas A&M Mike Toews, University Georgia Dominic Reissig, NC State University Tom Kuhar, Virginia Tech Ames Herbert, Virginia Tech Kim Sam, Arkansas State Plant Board Amanda Hodges, University of Florida Ric Bessin, University of Kentucky

3 Occurrence and Distribution of BMSB in the Southeast Severe pest Agricultural and nuisance problems Established, nuisance problems Detections only 2009

4 Bakken et al Occurrence of BMSB on wild hosts in non-managed woodlands and soybeans in NC and VA. Environ. Entomol. 44:

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6 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Timeline 57/120 counties 2010/11 (6 counties) 2011/12 (2 counties) 2012/13 (19 counties) 2013/14 (30 counties) Suspected, but no samples Louisville Lexington Ric Bessin, University of Kentucky

7 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Distribution Confirmed 2009 Confirmed 2010 Confirmed Confirmed by UT Extension Agents (no specimen): Montgomery, Wilson, Marshall, Putnam, Roane, Hancock, Claiborne, Greene, Unicoi, Carter, Warren 2011 Confirmed 2012 Confirmed 2013 Confirmed *Knox Country New State Record Scott Stewart, University of Tennessee 2014 Confirmed 2015 Confirmed

8 Mike Toews, University of Georgia

9 Kathy Flanders, Auburn University

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11 Factors Limiting BMSB Distribution in Southeastern US. Photoperiod Overwintering Ecology Summer temperatures Host plant availability

12 BMSB Life History Origin of Eastern US BMSB Beijing, China Xu et al Biol. Invasions 16: Critical day length for ovarian development and diapause induction hours day length Fujiya et al Watanabe, M Ann. Rep. Toyama Inst. Health 11: hour day length Tanagi & Hagihara Plant Protection 34: Temperature affects rate of ovarian development Watanabe, M Funo Med Journal 12: Development in relation to temperature 15 C, 33 C, 538 DD from egg-adult Nielsen et al Environ. Entomol. 37:

13 Photoperiod Effect on Reproduction of Overwintered Adults % females ovipositing Hours of light (25 C)

14 Reproductive Stages of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug* 1: Immature oocytes, Spermatheca clear 2: Defined oocytes, still immature 3: Mated, maturing oocytes, Spermatheca evident 4: Nature oocyte in common duct, Scleritized spermatheca 5: Distended appearance, Oocytes degrading *Nielsen rating system, modified after Katayama et al. 1993

15 2013 BMSB Female Reproductive Rank Asheville, NC Reproductive Rank Jun 14-Jun 21-Jun 28-Jun 12-Jul 19-Jul 30-Jul 2-Aug 6-Aug 9-Aug 13-Aug 16-Aug 23-Aug 4-Jun Number dissected 11-Jun 18-Jun 25-Jun 2-Jul 9-Jul 16-Jul 23-Jul 30-Jul 6-Aug 13-Aug 20-Aug

16 BMSB Phenology Asheville, NC > 14 hr day length Relative abundance Relative abundance overwintering adults eggs f 1 adults May 30.5 JUN 61 JUL 91.5 AUG 122 SEP OCT 183 f 1 adults 2014 Adults Nymphs 0 0 May 30.5 JUN 61 JUL 91.5 AUG 122 SEP OCT 183

17 Day Length >14 Hrs in the Southeast Raleigh (76) days Atlanta (66) San Antonio (22) College Station (39) Montgomery (58) Tifton (48) Orlando days 0 days

18 BMSB Overwintering/Spring Emergence Study Diapausing adults collected in October in overwintering shelters. Shelters placed apple crates and covered with chloroplast. Mortality and emergence recorded in the following spring.

19 Intensity of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Populations in NC Plymouth CHEROKEE GRAHAM Mills River CLAY SWAIN MACON HAYWOOD JACKSON MADISON TRANSYL- VANIA BUNCOMBE YANCEY HENDERSON MITCH- ELL McDOWELL POLK AVERY RUTHERFORD WATAUGA CALDWELL BURKE ASHE ALLEGHANY WILKES ALEX- ANDER CATAWBA LINCOLN CLEVELAND GASTON IREDELL SURRY YADKIN MECKLEN- BERG DAVIE ROWAN CABARRUS UNION STOKES FORSYTH DAVIDSON STANLY ANSON ROCKINGHAM GUILFORD RANDOLPH MONT- GOMERY RICH- MOND MOORE CASWELL ALA- MANCE SCOT- LAND CHATHAM LEE HOKE ORANGE PERSON DURHAM HARNETT CUMBER- LAND GRAN- VILLE WAKE WARREN VANCE FRANKLIN JOHNSTON SAMPSON NASH WILSON WAYNE DUPLIN HALIFAX EDGECOMBE GREENE LENOIR NORTH- AMPTON PITT JONES ONSLOW CRAVEN HERTFORD BERTIE MARTIN BEAUFORT PAM- LICO CARTERET GATES CHOWAN WASHING- TON TYRRELL HYDE DARE ROBESON BLADEN PENDER COLUMBUS BRUNSWICK NEW HANOVER Widespread agricultural and nuisance pest. Locally intense agricultural and nuisance pest. Local hotspots in residential areas. Low level populations in isolated areas.

20 Cumulative Emergence of Overwintered BMSB in North Carolina 100 Raleigh Mills River 80 % Emergence Jan 31-Jan 2-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 31-May 30-Jun

21 Salisbury Plymouth Mills River

22 Mean Daily Temperature 35 Mills River Sallibury Plymouth 30 Mean daily temp ( C) JUN 30.5 JUL 61 AUG 91.5 SEPT 122

23 BMSB Pest Status in Southeast

24 Pest Status of BMSB in the Southeast State Apple Peach Veget* Corn Cotton Soybean KY X X X X X VA X X X X X NC X X X X X X SC X X X X TN X X X X AL X X GA *BMSB as a pest of vegetables is much greater on organic vs conventional production.

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27 BMSB Research Activities in the Southeast Kentucky (Bessin, Hardwood, Palli) Exclusion netting for organic control Stink bug communities in soybean Impact of biological control, including gut content analysis Development of BMSB RNAi tools. Tennessee (Jenny Moore) Exclusion netting for organic control Impact of biological control agents

28 BMSB Research Activities in the Southeast Virginia (C. Bergh, A. Herbert, T. Kuhar, D. Pfeiffer) Monitoring tools and management strategies on tree fruit, vegetables, grapes and field crops Seasonal movement patterns among habitats Overwintering biology and ecology Factors affecting colonization of new habitats Development on different hosts Impact on soybeans, corn and cotton Organic management on vegetables Structural and household pest control approaches Development of climate models for predicting spread

29 BMSB Research Activities in the Southeast North Carolina (J. Walgenbach, D. Reissig, G. Kennedy) Management on fruits, vegetables and field crops Trap crops in organic systems Impact of biologic control agents in managed and non-managed habitats Overwintering biology and ecology Biotic and abiotic factors affecting colonization of different regions

30 BMSB Research Activities in the Southeast Georgia (M. Toews, G. Tillman, T. Cottrell) Distribution in southern cotton-corn-soybean systems Bacterial and fungal pathogen load in BMSB (G. Medrano, USDA-ARS College Station) Trapping and distribution studies

31 BMSB Research Activities in the Southeast Alabama (K. Flanders) Distribution and spread of established populations throughout state. Impact of southern climates on development and reproduction.

32 Summary BMSB has become firmly established in several areas of the southeast, principally in mountain and piedmont areas. BMSB population dynamics in southeast is likely to be much different than mid-atlantic states due to climatic. Establishment in coastal plain ecoregions appears to be hampered by climatic factors, including summer and winter temperatures, day length, and possibly host plant availability.

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