Eligmocarpus cynometroides

Transcription

1 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ISSN (online) IUCN 2008: T A Eligmocarpus cynometroides Assessment by: Buerki, S. & Devey, D. View on Citation: Buerki, S. & Devey, D Eligmocarpus cynometroides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.t a Copyright: 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES

2 Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Tracheophyta Magnoliopsida Fabales Leguminosae Taxon Name: Eligmocarpus cynometroides Capuron Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(iii,v); C2a(i,ii); D ver 3.1 Year Published: 2013 Date Assessed: July 31, 2013 Justification: E. cynometroides is a highly threatened species that is restricted to a very small area in the vicinity of Petriky in southeastern Madagascar. Population size may be as low as 21 individuals and is subject to ongoing threats of cutting for timber, habitat conversion for agriculture and a potential future threat of a mining development in the vicinity of the remaining individuals. Although recent efforts have been made to prioritize E. cynometroides for ex situ conservation in the form of seed banking, no collections have been made to date. This species is at considerable risk of becoming extinct in the near future and is therefore listed as Critically Endangered. Geographic Range Range Description: Eligmocarpus cynometroides is confined to a very small area of southeast Madagascar, with an historical range that includes the Petriky (Ampetrika) coastal forest southwest of Taolañaro, and from near Ranopiso. Capuron (1968) indicates that it also occurs on the southern slopes of the Vohitsadriana Massif slightly south of Ranopiso (Du Puy et al. 2002) and it has also been reported from Andohahela National Park (collected by Ratovoson in 1999). However, present day distribution is thought to be restricted to the Petriky site only, due to the fact that recent trips in Ranopiso area failed to find this species (F. Ratovoson pers. comm. 2013). Outside Petriky no individuals of E. cynometroides have been collected since Extent of occurrence (EOO) has been estimated using GeoCAT (Bachman et al 2011) based on a minimum value including only Petriky collections (5 km 2 ) and a maximum value based on all known historical collections and sightings (66 km 2 ). Using the same procedure, minimum (16 km 2 ) and a maximum (24 km 2 ) area of occupancy (AOO) values were estimated with a 2 x 2 km grid cell. Due to the ongoing threats of direct harvesting and habitat conversion as well as the possibility of a mining development the Petriky site can be considered a threat defined location. If there are still individuals extant at the Ranopiso and Andohahela localities then these could be considered a single threat defined location considering the same threats as at Petriky. Therefore, there is an estimated one to two locations. Occurs from sea level up to 400 m. Country Occurrence: Native: Madagascar 1

3 Distribution Map 2

4 Population Subpopulation sizes are always very small, with the largest subpopulation found in Petriky (a future mining site) with <30 trees (Randriatafika et al. 2007). As an example of the decline of this species, 27 trees were recorded in Petriky in 2001 and only 23 trees remained in 2004 (Randriatafika et al. 2007). Moreover, when the site was visited in 2012 two more trees had been felled and several trees are now surrounded by degraded forest and in the vicinity of villages. The recent surveys therefore suggest an observed population of 21 individuals at the Petriky site (Devey et al. 2013). Collection trips, undertaken by the Service Forestier in the 1950s and 1960s, in the forests west of Ranopiso, identified further individuals, but subsequent trips, undertaken by Ratovoson in 1999 were unable to find any trees. This is further evidence that the only viable subpopulation today is most likely to be found in Petriky (F. Ratovoson pers. comm. 2013). In addition, with the exception of the subpopulation found in the Andohahela National Park (that might be reduced to only one tree; F. Ratovoson pers. comm. 2013), the other individuals occur outside of the national park network and are therefore highly threatened. Outside of Petriky, no individuals of E. cynometroides have been collected since Considering the possibility that several individuals may still be extant outside of Petriky the maximum population is estimated to be 25 individuals, giving a total estimated range of individuals. Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) E. cynometroides is a small tree from 7-15 m tall. It occurs in deciduous or partially evergreen woodland, in the short transition zone between the dry, deciduous southern and the humid, evergreen eastern vegetation types, on sand or sandy laterite (Du Puy et al. 2002). Flowers from November to December and recorded as fruiting in February. An ecological study conducted on the individuals in Petriky (the last population known of this species located in SE Madagascar) showed that this species has a very low rate of seed production (ca. 1 seed/kg of fruit) and, moreover, its seed germination was also shown to be limited (<5%) (Randriatafika et al. 2007). More attention should be focused on these individuals to understand the breeding system and pollination syndrome of this species, and to try to improve seed production (a crucial aspect for the survival of this species). Systems: Terrestrial Use and Trade (see Appendix for additional information) Used as a timber by local communities, but not exported more widely. Threats (see Appendix for additional information) Direct threats to this species include cutting for timber as this species is widely used by local communities since its wood is similar to rosewood (Dalbergia spp.; Randriatafika et al. 2007). Habitat in this region is being converted for agricultural use, specifically grazing areas for Zebu cattle (Moat and Smith 2007). In addition there is the plausible threat of mining development that, if initiated, would put significant pressure on the Petriky subpopulation. In addition this species is facing the serious biological threats of low seed production and germination, exacerbated by its difficulties in the dispersal of the fruits. 3

5 Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) A programme has been put in place to collect seeds and develop protocols for improving the germination rate. A nursery in Madagascar has also been developed to repopulate the species in its former habitat. Only one record of this species is known to occur in a protected area (Andohahela NP), although recent surveys have failed to confirm presence here. Further field research is still needed in Andohahela NP, especially in the eastern part. Credits Assessor(s): Buerki, S. & Devey, D. Reviewer(s): Andriambololonera, S. Facilitators(s) and Compiler(s): Bachman, S. 4

6 Bibliography Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., de la Torre, J. and Scott, B Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. In: V. Smith and L. Penev (eds) e- Infratructures for data publishing in biodiversity science. Zookeys 150: Capuron, R Contributions à l'étude de la flore forestière de Madagascar. Adansonia 8(2): Devey, D.S., Forest, F., Rakotonasolo, F., Ma, P., Dentinger, B.T.M. and Buerki, S A snapshot of extinction in action: The decline and imminent demise of the endemic Eligmocarpus Capuron (Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae) serves as an example of the fragility of Madagascan ecosystems. South African Journal of Botany (in press). Du Puy, D.J., Labat, J.-N., Rabevohitra, R., Villiers, J.-F., Bosser, J. and Moat, J The Leguminosae of Madagascar. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver ). Available at: (Accessed: 13 November 2013). Moat, J. and Smith, P Atlas of the Vegetation of Madagascar. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew. Randriatafika, F., Rabenantoandro, J., Birkinshaw, C., Vincelette, M., Biology, ecology, risk of extinction, and conservation strategy for Eligmocarpus cynometroides (Fabaceae): a priority species at Petriky. In: Ganzhorn, J.U., Goodman, S.M., Vincelette,M. (ed.), Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of Littoral Ecosystems in Southeastern Madagascar, Tolagnaro (Fort-Dauphin), pp Washington. Citation Buerki, S. & Devey, D Eligmocarpus cynometroides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.t a Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. 5

7 Appendix Habitats Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Marine Coastal/Supratidal -> Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand Dunes Resident Marginal - Use and Trade End Use Local National International Construction or structural materials Yes No No Threats Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming & ranching -> Nomadic grazing Ongoing Whole (>90%) Slow, significant declines Medium impact: 7 Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> Loss of pollinator 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> Reduced reproductive success 3. Energy production & mining -> 3.2. Mining & quarrying Future Whole (>90%) Very rapid declines Medium impact: 7 Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> Loss of pollinator 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> Reduced reproductive success 5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood harvesting -> Intentional use: (subsistence/small scale) Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Rapid declines Medium impact: 7 Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Conservation Actions in Place 6

8 Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning Action Recovery plan: No Systematic monitoring scheme: No In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range Occur in at least one PA: Yes Percentage of population protected by PAs (0-100): 1-10 Area based regional management plan: No Invasive species control or prevention: Not Applicable In-Place Species Management Harvest management plan: No Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes In-Place Education Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No Included in international legislation: No Subject to any international management/trade controls: No Conservation Actions Needed Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection 3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> Reintroduction 3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> Genome resource bank Research Needed Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends 1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology 2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan 7

9 Research Needed 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends Additional Data Fields Distribution Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 5-66 Number of Locations: 1-2 Lower elevation limit (m): 0 Upper elevation limit (m): 400 Population Number of mature individuals: Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes Extreme fluctuations: No Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes 8

10 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES