Plant biodiversity assessments in Byblos & Beirut coastal areas. Pr. Magda BOU DAGHER KHARRAT

Transcription

1 Plant biodiversity assessments in Byblos & Beirut coastal areas Pr. Magda BOU DAGHER KHARRAT

2 Biodiversity levels Different species Variation of life at all levels of biological organization". (Kevin et al. 2004) Species diversity

3 Human induced extinction due to an intentional or unintentional actions

4 Massacre des raies avril 2012! Crime écologique maritime à Tyr

5 3, 2, 1,.... Extinction! Extinction rates are now 100 to times above normal, or background, levels Tigre de Tasmanie, Éteint en 1936

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7 Conservation approaches Species Habitat KBA IUCN red list IPA IBA. Protected species Protected areas

8 Protect species scientifically rigorous approach to determine risks of extinction Protected species

9 35 Biodiversity hotspots on earth Protect habitats Only 2.3% of world s land area > 50% of known plants Conservation International, % of terrestrial vertebrate animals 9

10 The major refugia of plants according to phylogeography Médail F. & Diadema K., Journal of Biogeography,

11 Prioritization of endemic, threatened species and the habitats where they live is a crucial point of conservation actions. Prioritization

12 Ecological indicators Bioindicators Shelford s law of tolerance The existence and the abundance and the distribution of a species in an ecosystem are determined by wether levels of one or more physical or chemical factors fall within the range tolerated by the species. 75 C Trematomus sténotherm Pin sylvestre eurytherm C C 0 2

13 Eury steno

14 Disturbed ecosystems privilege «eury» species instead of «steno» species "weeds are plants that are especially successful at colonizing disturbed, but potentially productive, sites, and at maintaining their abundance under conditions of repeated disturbance" (Liebman, Mohler and Staver 2001, Resources). Invasive species Alien species Plant distribution - endemic

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16 VULNERABILITY HAZARD RISK Plant species and habitats vulnerability Biodiversity vulnerability index (BVI) Habitat fragmentation hazard index (HFI) HNS hazard index (HNS) Habitat fragmentation risk index (BVI HFI) HNS risk index (BVI HNS) Coastal vulnerability to oil pollution Environmental sensitivity index (ESI) BVI + ESI Shoreline exposure index to oil (SEI) Oil spill risk index (BVI ESI) SEI

17 Lebanon coastline 230 Km of linear sea shore The coastline is divided between sandy or pebbly beaches and rocky micro-cliffs. Dune ecosystems have nearly disappeared, except in the south of Sour. National Physical Master Plan of the Lebanese Territory - DAR IAURIF

18 20 Km along the coastline Km along the coastline Byblos 1.45 km width 100 m Lebanon case studies Beirut 2.5 km width 0-80 m

19 Beirut Byblos Land cover land use Natural and semi natural habitats

20 Beirut Byblos 21

21 20 Km along the coastline Km along the coastline Beirut 2.5 Km width Byblos 1.45 Km width No Beirut Byblos Nb of cells Nb of habitats Nb of sampled plot/cell (min - max)

22 BEIRUT BYBLOS Habitat Types Description Habitat Types Description 311a 312a Dense pine forest Dense forest of oaks (Quercus spp) 313 Dense mixed forest 313 Dense mixed forest 322a Sparse forest of oaks 322a Sparse forest of oaks 322b Other type of open deciduous forest 323 Sparse mixed forest 323 Sparse mixed forest 331 Shrubby vegetation 331 Shrubby vegetation Shrubby vegetation (with scattered tree) 332 Medium dense herbaceous vegetation 410 Shrubby vegetation (with scattered tree) Medium dense herbaceous vegetation 630r Rocky beach 630r Rocky beach 630s Sole beach 630s Sole beach 650 Rocky outcrop 650 Rocky outcrop 23

23 Plant screening All the habitats types in the study areas should be sampled : At least 1 plot by cell should be sampled. Field visits Plot size 3m 3m

24 Beirut Byblos Number of plots selected Number of plots sampled Unsampled plots Unaccessible zone 10 (security isuue) 2 (security issue) Military zone 11 2 Destroyed ecosystem 1

25 Number of Species sampled Beirut Byblos Including Systematic sampling of Dalieh Beirut M. El Zein unpublished data El Zireh island - Byblos Vela & Vela 2015

26 Indicators used for calculating the Biodiversity Vulnerability Index Species diversity Log (species richness)/log (terrestrial surface) (BVI) Species of high conservation value Log (high conservation value species richness) / Log (terrestrial surface) IUCN redlisted species, Diversity of natural and seminaturals habitats Shannon index Habitats of high conservation value Directive habitat, CORINE, IUCN habitat Relative cover of habitats of conservation value

27 Species diversity SD Log (species richness) / Log (terrestrial surface) 12 species 9 species 14 species 35 espèces SD cell1 = xxx SD Lowest SD 1 Medium SD 2 Highest SD 3

28 Ideally Cell1 Cell 2 3 plots 4 plots 24 species 65 species Cell 3 2 plots 18 species SR1 SR2 SR3 In reality

29 Ideally Cell1 Cell 2 3 plots 4 plots 24 species 65 species Cell 3 2 plots 18 species SR1 SR2 SR3 In reality 24 species 12 species 9 species SR1 SR2 SR3 Extrapolation for the same habitats? Regardless of its surface?

30 Habitats content BEIRUT HABITAT R 630S A PINE (OPEN) QUERCUS (OPEN) PLOT SPECIES % 10.40% 4.20% 5.30% BYBLOS HABITATS R DENSE 322A A PLAGE DE GALET 410 DENSE 410 NORMAL PLOTS SPECIES % % 1.20% 3.60% 3.40% 20% 6.10% BEIRUT + BYBLOS HABITATS R DENSE 322A A PLAGE DE GALET 410 DENSE 410 NORMAL PINE 630S PLOTS SPECIES % 3.40% 20% 6.10% QUECUS OPEN 31

31 Is there a significant relation between habitat surface and species number found? No

32 Comparaision of species composition between different plots in the same habitat Plot1 Plot2 Plot3 Plot4 plot5 plot6 Total Sp1 x x x x 3 Sp2 x x 2 sp3 x x 2 Sp4 x x 2 Sp5 x x x 3 Sp6 x x 2 sp7 x x x x x 5 Total Extrapolation is not possible: - Habitat are not really comparable in terms of species composition - Habitat have «comparable» species numbers Each habitat type could be characterized by the mean species number of all the plots sampled.

33 Species diversity SD Log (species richness) / Log (terrestrial surface) SD Lowest SD 1 Medium SD 2 Highest SD 3

34 Species of high conservation value SHCV Log (high conservation value species richness) / Log (terrestrial surface) Conservation value Endemic (E) Strict endemic 2 Regional endemic 1 Rare (R) 1 Threatened (T) 2 E + R 3 E + T 4 R + T 3 E + R + T 4-5 SR 1 < x < < x < < x < 5 3

35 Biodiversity Vulnerability Index BVI Species diversity SD Species of high conservation value Diversity of natural and seminaturals habitats Habitats of high conservation value SD + SHCV + DH + HCV = SD SHCV BVI SHCV HCV HCV DH DH BVI

36 VULNERABILITY HAZARD RISK Plant species and habitats vulnerability Biodiversity vulnerability index (BVI) Habitat fragmentation hazard index (HFI) HNS hazard index (HNS) Habitat fragmentation risk index (BVI HFI) HNS risk index (BVI HNS) Coastal vulnerability to oil pollution Environmental sensitivity index (ESI) BVI + ESI Shoreline exposure index to oil (SEI) Oil spill risk index (BVI ESI) SEI

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