Pennsylvania s Forests and Agroforestry

Transcription

1 Today s Program Pennsylvania s Forests and Agroforestry Welcome to the Summer Burst of AG 101. You should be able to hear music and can control the MP3 Player shown in your view. Program will begin at 1:00 PM Kristen Saacke Blunk, Moderator Penn State Agriculture & Environment Center, Cooperative Extension

2 Session VII Field, Forage & Grains Crop production and identification Session VIII Pest Management weeds, insects, fungus, virus, disease Last Week - Session IX Specialty Crops Vegetables, fruits, greenhouse production

3 You are HERE Session XI Pennsylvania s Forests and Agroforestry Session XII Special Topics whole landscape approaches, riparian systems, adaptive management Summer Burst Farm Visits

4 Today s Program Pennsylvania s Forests and AGROforestry Jim Finley Professor of Forest Resources Penn State School of Forest Resources Mike Jacobson Associate Professor of Forest Resources Penn State School of Forest Resources

5 Pennsylvania s Private Working Forests Agroforestry Workshops PA Bureau of Forestry US Forest Service PSU Cooperative Extension Natural Resources Conservation Service

6 Millions of Acres Pennsylvania s Forests 16.6 million acres of forest (58% of the state) More forest today then in the last 150 years World-class quality hardwoods Suite of uses and values Vital to our economy and quality of life Year

7 PA Forest Ownership PUBLIC (29%) State Forest 2.1 million acres State Game Lands 1.5 million acres Allegheny National Forest 0.5 million acres Other 0.9 million acres PRIVATE (71%) 600,000+ landowners 12 million acres

8 The land consists of soil, water, plants, and animals, but health is more than a sufficiency of these components. It is a state of vigorous self renewal in each of them, and in all collectively. A. Leopold

9 Position Aspect Shape Shape Aspect Position Position

10 Tolerance Shade Tolerant: hemlock, beech, hornbeam, flowering dogwood, hophornbeam, black gum, red maple Intermediate: white pine, ash, basswood, black oak, red oak, white oak, black birch Intolerant: red pine, black cherry, sugar maple, tulip poplar, aspen, black locust, willow, paper birch

11 Stand Development Shade Tolerance White Tolerant Dotted Intermediate Striped Intolerant

12 1928

13 1937

14 S S 1947

15 A S S 1958

16 A S S 1968

17 A S S 1978

18 A S S 1988

19 S S 1998

20 S S 2008

21 Forestry in Action: Sustainable Forest Management

22 Introduction to Silviculture

23 Objectives Options Opportunities

24 Silviculture The theory (science) and practice (art) of controlling forest establishment, composition, structure, and growth

25 Establishment

26 Composition

27 Growth

28 Quality

29 Simply Silviculture Is: What you leave The Residual What you establish The Regeneration

30 Getting from Point A to Point B A Current Stand Condition Planting Pruning Herbicides Prescribed fire Thinning Forest stand improvement Road work Regeneration Harvests B Desired Stand Condition

31 Forests Function as Systems

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33 Intermediate Treatments

34 The Role of Timber Harvesting in Forest Stewardship Why Harvest? Meeting Objectives Establishing Desired Conditions Forest Stewardship and Sustainability Retaining Options Planning or Happenstance

35 Cutting: Removes Competition Controls Light Redistributes Growth Controls Species Composition Meets Objectives Produces Income ($ and other values)

36 The Timber Harvest Paradox The harvest represents the most opportune time to have a positive impact on the forest. The harvest, without forethought, can have long-term significant negative impacts on the forest

37 Diameter and Age

38 Single Species Stand Structure N U M B E R Average Diameter O F T R E E S DIAMETER

39 N U M B E R O F T R E E S Diameter Before Cutting Single Species Thinning DIAMETER Diameter After Cutting

40 * Crown Placement Condition Species * Univ. of Minnesota Extension. * Univ. of Minnesota Extension

41 Shade Tolerance Tolerance varies by species Shade intolerants more generally more valuable Even-aged forests dominated by intolerants Stands differentiate by species by size

42 N U M B E R O F T R E E S Mixed Species Stand Structure All Species Sugar Maple White Ash Black Cherry DIAMETER

43 N U M B E R All Species Mixed Species Thinning Sugar Maple O F T R E E S White Ash DIAMETER Black Cherry

44 Growing Quality Focus on Retention Species Site Diversity Markets Condition Quality Crown Competition Risks

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46 Improve Tree Growth

47 Regeneration Treatments

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49 Advanced Regeneration

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51 Regeneration Systems Uneven-aged Single Tree Selection Group Selection Even-aged Seed Tree Shelterwood Clearcut

52 N U M B E R O F Uneven-aged Stand Structure Shade Tolerant Species Original Stand Residual Stand T R E E S DIAMETER (AGE)

53 * Single Tree Selection (Uneven-aged) * Univ. of Minnesota

54 Group Selection (Uneven-aged) * * Univ. of Minnesota Extension

55 Regeneration Systems Uneven-aged Single Tree Selection Group Selection Even-aged Seed Tree Shelterwood Clearcut

56 Even-aged Forests

57 Seed Tree (Even Aged) * Univ. of Minnesota Extensio

58 Shelterwood (Even Aged) * * Univ. of Minnesota Extension

59 Clearcut Clearcut (Even Aged) * * Univ. of Minnesota Extension

60 Enhance Wildlife Habitat

61 Protect Water Quality

62 Aesthetics and Leisure

63 Not Silviculture

64 N U M B E R All Species X Inch Diameter Cut O F T R E E S Sugar Maple White Ash Black Cherry DIAMETER

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66 X X X

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69 Photo from C. Nowak

70 Negative Consequences to the Reduced diversity Reduced food sources Increased disease & insect, risk to storm damage Reduced volume, stocking, and quality Slower growth Extended time to next harvest of equal volume Future options constrained Reduced $ value per acre Ecosystem

71 High Grading: Select cut Selective cut Selectively cut Diameter cut All trees bigger than inches

72 Simply Silviculture Is: What you leave The Residual What you establish The Regeneration

73 Your woodlot is in fact, a historical document which faithfully records your personal philosophy. Let it tell a story of tolerance toward living things, and of skill in the greatest arts: how to use the earth without making it ugly. Aldo Leopold A Fierce Green Fire

74 Mike Jacobson AG 101 Webinar June 30, 2011 AGR0FORESTRY 101

75 Agroforestry simply stated is: The incorporation of trees with other plants or livestock to achieve economic benefits and environmental services History New name to old practice Oldest land use practice slash and burn / shifting cultivation 1,300 years history of trees on farm pollen records Tree domestication before that 19 th C taungya Today: Shift from efficient production to sustainable production

76 In the US Agroforestry is.. Alley Cropping Silvopasture Forest Farming Riparian Forest Buffers Windbreaks Must be: Deliberate Significant interaction

77 Inputs Simple Agricultural System Maximize Yield Externalize Off-site Issues

78 On-Site Ecosystem Services Inputs Agroforestry System Crop Yield Off-Site Ecosystem Services

79 Examples from tropics: Improved fallows Multiple benefits Main cost - waiting till after fallows for crop

80 Faidherbia spp intercropping in Africa

81 Non timber forest products

82 Opportunities for Agroforestry Large farms need agroforestry technologies developed to provide environmental services that complement economic returns - commodity farming is challenged by the agriculture/community interface. Small farms and forests need agroforestry specialty crops as a source of income - - it is difficult for them to compete in the commodity markets.

83 Agroforestry for large farms - riparian buffer technologies Total Nitrogen (kg ha -1 ) 8 Over a 5-year study, 4 agroforestry buffers 2 best controlled 0 sediment losses. 6 Agroforestry Grass buffer Control Treatment

84 Riparian buffer benefits Water quality and stream ecology Specialty products Filbert Pecan Walnut Butternut Willow Willow Blue berries Service berries Bee balm Elderberries Robles-Diaz-De-Lion and Kangas, 1999

85 Landowner Future Intentions for CREP Likely to: Buffers Leave buffer intact 85% Remove buffer to re-crop or graze 5% Manage for timber 44% Harvest non-timber forest products 9% Easement establishment on CREP buffers

86 Silvopasture benefits Dropping nutrients Extended cool season Cow comfort shade Improved forage Improved cattle performance Reduced fire hazards Control understory vegetation More Products: Timber, Pine Straw, Hunting Leases, Forage, Meat, Carbon?

87 Windbreaks/Snowbelts/Shelterbelts Benefits to protected zone (downwind) Higher crop yields Livestock (energy and shade) Snow control Odor control Pesticide control (organic farming)

88 Agroforestry for large farms - Confined Animal Feeding Operations Odor abatement Energy savings

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90 Alley cropping benefits Income enhancement and diversification Reduced wind and/or water erosion Improved companion crop production More efficient utilization of nutrients Wildlife habitat and aesthetics Land conversion opportunities

91 Different intercropping systems Timber & switchgrass Timber and hay production Timber & willow

92 Small farm opportunities - agroforestry specialty crops a 200% increase Aguilar F.X., M.M. Cernusca, M.A. Gold and C. Barbieri Frequency of consumption, familiarity and preferences for chestnuts in Missouri. Agroforestry Systems 79:19-29

93 Forest farming: a different approach to agroforestry

94 Forest farming products Medicinal Products Decorative Florals Handicrafts Food Products

95 Forest farming benefits An alternative income opportunity Domestication/cultivation of forest botanicals Take pressure of wild resources Keep land forested

96 Average price paid to collector/grower Ginseng Woods grown Wild-simulated Field grown in Canada Average price of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius ) root ( ) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $50.00 $0.00 Wild/Wild-simulated Woods-cultivated Field-grown

97 Goldenseal

98 Bloodroot Black cohosh

99 Ground-pine Clubmoss Princess pine Wild leek/ramps

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101

102 True price vs. market price That s why there is little cultivation of these botanicals Wild-crafting has costs as well finding the plants Issues: Type of marketing/value added Certification Organic Quality Insurance Markets are key

103 Does agroforestry pay? Need to show complementarity Complementarity rather than compete for resources already been used Interactions of crop elements critical More complicated than annual crops Comparison and field trial had to devise Time period to measure More than one production period

104 Costs and benefits of agroforestry In all cases: Costs: Lost growing area (opportunity cost of land) Opportunity costs of labor Capital investments? Time value of money Lack of experience Benefits: Income, product diversification, Environmental services, Biodiversity? Risks

105 Agroforestry is happening out there! FY $27 million obligated for agroforestry NRCS Reported Practices for All Plans, Land Uses, and Programs FY 2008, 2009, 2010 USDA PROGRAMS (% Number) NRCS Conservation Practices Applied Number %CSP %EQIP %CRP %WHIP %OTHER %CTA Alley Cropping (ac) Multi-Story Cropping (ac) Riparian Forest Buffer (ac) 124,748 13, Silvopasture Establishment (ac) 1, Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment (ft) 21,811,497 10, Source: Performance Results System (PRS) NRCS Summary of Conservation Practice (Applied and reported practices )

106 Riparian Forest Buffers Acres Less than ,500 2,500-5,000 5,000-10,000 Greater than 10,000 No Reported Activity Number of Applications

107 Success of Programs (USA)

108 A Case for Consumer-Driven Agroforestry Extension Programming Three Potential Scenarios Timber-Related Practices Livestock-Related Practices Specialty Crop, Small-Scale Intensive Practices Each one reaches a different audience and requires different collaborators

109 Demonstrations and research Need to see it done

110 The landscape continuum

111 Summary Separation of agriculture, forestry and nature STILL A MAJOR ISSUE There are potential economic and environmental benefits, but need to deal with costs Labor/time Risk Complexity/knowledge Finding markets And profit is necessary but not sufficient Culture, preferences, policy constraints, sustainability If its one thing we know farmers and landowners are not alike

112 There is momentum! USDA All lands Interagency team 2012 Farm Bill Mike Jacobson AFTA

113 Resources School of Forest Resources Extension Pennsylvania Forests Web Seminar Center 2 nd Tuesday of each month

114 Resources Natural Resources Finance and Taxation Association for Temperate Agroforestry USDA National Agroforestry Center World Agroforestry Centre

115 Q&A on Pennsylvania s Forests and AGROforestry Recording of this session will be posted in the AG DIALOGUE box, along with a pdf of today s powerpoint AFTER the live session at Jim Finley Professor of Forest Resources Penn State School of Forest Resources Mike Jacobson Associate Professor of Forest Resources Penn State School of Forest Resources

116 NEXT on AG 101: Special Topics Agronomic issues, transitioning to organic systems and managing onsite water resources. July 7 1:00 to 2:30 PM at SPEAKERS: Extension specialists Dr. Doug Beegle, Charlie White, Bryan Swistock Register for AG101 at