Effects of Landscape Pattern on Oak Dispersal and Regeneration in an Urban Landscape
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1 Effects of Landscape Pattern on Oak Dispersal and Regeneration in an Urban Landscape Julia Michalak Ph. D. Candidate University of Washington Urban Ecology Research Lab
2 Road Map Background and theoretical context 1) Do landscape patterns influence seedling abundance? 2) Do landscape patterns influence dispersal services? Summary and implications
3 Urban effects on ecological structure and function Urbanization Indirect changes Direct land cover alterations Altered species communities Altered Ecosystem Function Grimm et al. 2008
4 Garry Oaks (Quercus garryana) Ecologically significant species Population is declining due to urban development Larsen and Morgan 1998
5 Acorn dispersal services Benefits to the oak Carry acorns away from parent Bury acorns Colonize new habitat Expand range/adapt to climate change Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Cost to the oak: Seed predation (Fuchs et al. 2000, Levin et al. 2003) Steller s Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) Western Gray Squirrel (Sciurus griseus) Urban and non-urban Urban and non-urban Non-urban
6 Landscape Patterns Canopy Cover Conceptual Model Landscape Patterns - % Urban Dispersal Behavior Presence, Absence and Abundance Seed Dispersal Services Seedling Patterns
7 1) Do landscape patterns influence seedling abundance? Landscape Patterns Canopy Cover Landscape Patterns - % Urban Dispersal Behavior Presence, Absence and Abundance Seed Dispersal Services Seedling Patterns
8 Methods: Seedling Abundance Summer oak woodlands - Measured % urban land cover within 0.5 km buffer 157 vegetation plots - Seedling abundance - Visually estimated canopy cover Analyzed using mixed-effects regression models
9 Effect of Canopy Cover Mean # of seedlings (+ 1 sd) Seedling abundance (2009) a b c Oak Non-oak Forest No Canopy Canopy type Seedling Canopy Cover Seedling Urban Cover
10 Effects of Urban Development Summary of seedling abundance by oak woodland # of seedlings Canopy Estimate P-Value Type % Urban n.s. No significant relationship % urban land cover within 0.5 km Seedling Canopy Cover Seedling Urban Cover
11 2) Do landscape patterns influence dispersal services? Landscape Patterns Canopy Cover Landscape Patterns - % Urban Dispersal Behavior Presence, Absence and Abundance Seed Dispersal Services - Acorn removal - Acorn predation - Germination
12 Methods Dispersal Behavior Experimental acorn planting plots Flagged acorns facilitate relocation Urban: > 50% urban land cover Non-urban: 30% urban land cover 2009 (mast year): 2 sites, 36 plots, 720 acorns Canopy cover type 2010 (mast failure): 9 sites, 54 plots, 1680 acorns Analysis with binomial mixed-effects regression models Open grassland Non-oak forest Oak
13 Canopy Cover
14 Higher Removal under Forest Cover % Acorns removed 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Acorn removal 2009 (mast year) a b 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Oak Forest No Open Canopy Grassland Canopy Cover a Acorn removal 2010 (mast failure) b a c Open Grassland Canopy Cover Oak Forest No Canopy Removal Predation Germination Removal Predation Germination Forest Cover Urban Cover
15 No Difference in Predation % Removed acorns 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Predation 2009 (mast year) n.s. Oak Forest Open No Grassland Canopy Canopy Cover 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Predation 2010 (mast failure) n.s. Oak Forest No Open Canopy Grassland Canopy Cover Removal Predation Germination Removal Predation Germination Forest Cover Urban Cover
16 Germination not different between forest and no canopy cover % Remaining acorns 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Acorn germination (2009) a b b Oak Forest Open No Grassland Canopy Canopy Cover 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Acorn germination (2010) n.s. Oak Forest Open No Grassland Canopy Canopy Cover Removal Predation Germination Removal Predation Germination Forest Cover Urban Cover
17 Urban Development
18 % Removed Higher Removal in Urban Sites % 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Acorn removal 2009 (mast year) Not urban n.s. Urban 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Acorn removal 2010 (mast failure) a Not urban b Urban Removal Predation Germination Removal Predation Germination Forest Cover Urban Cover
19 Higher Predation in Urban Sites Predation 2009 (mast year) Predation 2010 (mast failure) % Removed acorns 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% n.s. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% a b Non-urban Urban Non-urban Urban Removal Predation Germination Removal Predation Germination Forest Cover Urban Cover
20 Higher Germination in Urban Sites % Remaining acorns 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Acorn germination 2009 (mast year) Not urban n.s. Urban 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Acorn germination 2010 (mast failure) a Not urban b Urban Removal Predation Germination Removal Predation Germination Forest Cover Urban Cover
21 Summary of Forest Cover Squirrels and jays prefer forest cover (Fuchs et al. 2000, Ryan and Carey 1995) Oak seedling abundance is higher under forest cover Dispersal activity is higher under forest cover Germination does not differ between forested and non-forested sites Forest cover appears to facilitate acorn dispersal
22 Summary of Urban Development Oak seedling abundance is no different depending on urban development Dispersal services are inferior in urban landscapes Possible explanations: Germination is higher in urban landscapes Inter-annual variability dampens influence of dispersal services More research needed
23 Broader Implications Forest connectivity and spatial arrangement is likely to be important in facilitating dispersal Urban development may have long-term impacts on oak regeneration Multi-year studies are needed given the temporal variability of dispersal patterns
24 Acknowledgements Major Advisor: Dr. Marina Alberti, Director, Urban Ecology Research Lab, Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington Committee Members: Dr. Joshua Tewksbury (UW Biology), Dr. Joshua Lawler, Dr. Jerry Franklin (UW School of Forest Resources) Pierce County Parks and Recreation Cascade Land Conservancy Joint Base Lewis-McChord Department of Public Works Camp Murray Environmental Programs
25 Citations Fuchs, M. A., P. G. Krannitz, and A. S. Harestad. 2000b. Dispersal of Garry oak acorns by Steller s jays. Proceedings of Biology and Management of Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, B.C., Feb., Volume One. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, B.C. and University College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, B.C. 490pp. Grimm, N. B, S. H. Faeth, N. E. Golubiewski, C. L. Redman, J. Wu, X. Bai, and J.M. Briggs Global Change and the Ecology of Cities. Science 319: Larsen E.M. and J.T. Morgan Management recommendations for Washington s priority habitats: Oregon White Oak Woodlands. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, 37pp. Levin, S. A., H. C. Muller-Landau, R. Nathan, and J. Chave The ecology and evolution of seed dispersal: a theoretical perspective. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34: Ryan, L. A. Carey, A. B Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-348. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
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