BREEDING FOR HIGH-BIOMASS SUGARCANE AND ITS UTILISATION IN JAPAN.

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1 BREEDING FOR HIGH-BIOMASS SUGARCANE AND ITS UTILISATION IN JAPAN By Y. TERAJIMA 1, M. MATSUOKA 1, S. IREI 1, T. SAKAIGAICHI 1, S. FUKUHARA 1, K. UJIHARA 1, S. OHARA 2 and A. SUGIMOTO 1 yoshifum@affrc.go.jp KEYWORDS: Sugarcane, Inter-Specific Hybrid, Inter-Generic Hybrid, Biomass, By-Product. Abstract IN JAPAN, sugarcane has been used only for sugar production.,for the sugarcane industry to survive, utilisation of by-products is essential. The sugarcane cultivars used for sugar production are of low productivity. To achieve the utilisation of by-products, high-biomass sugarcane clones were generated by inter-specific and inter-generic crossing with Saccharum spontaneum L. and Sorghum bicolor L. Many high-biomass clones had longer, thinner stalks, and more millable stalks than commercial cultivars. Their Brix and sucrose contents were low, but their sugar yield and Brix yield were higher than commercial cultivars because of higher cane yield in Tanegashima Island and Ie Island. Furthermore, they could produce a large amount of bagasse. Using high-biomass clones, it may be possible to obtain stable and high-yielding sugarcane production and utilisation of by-products may become a reality in Japan. At present, we have designed a program for the simultaneous production of sugar and biomass ethanol from high-biomass clones. Introduction The sugarcane production area in Japan is limited to the Nansei Islands. In the milling season, total harvested area, cane production, and average cane yield were ha, t and 58.2 t/ha, respectively. The sugarcane area harvested and production are decreasing in the islands because of unstable average yields caused by typhoons, drought, and poor soil. Sugarcane, however, is an important crop for sugar production to maintain food security. Sugarcane has been used only for sugar production in Japan, even though production costs are very high. To reduce costs, utilisation of by-products is essential. By-products, such as molasses and bagasse, are produced in small quantities because sugarcane cultivars for sugar production exhibit low and unstable yields in poor natural environments. To overcome these problems, we have carried out inter-specific and inter-generic crosses with S.spontaneum L., Sorghum bicolor L. and Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. to develop high-biomass sugarcane clones for multi-purpose use. This study addresses the productivity and utilisation possibility of high-biomass sugarcane clones in Japan. Materials and methods High-biomass clones which were used in this study were generated by inter-specific (S.spontaneum) and inter-generic (Sorghum bicolor) crossing (Table 1). Experiment 1 consisted of inter-specific hybrid 98SY465 and commercial cultivar NCo310. Individual plots consisted of three rows 3 m long by 1.1 m wide with three replications. At intervals of 15 cm, single-bud setts were planted in March 2002 and harvested in January 2003, December 2003, and March

2 Experiment 2 consisted of 3 inter-specific and inter-generic hybrids and commercial cultivar NCo310. Individual plots consisted of five rows 5 m long by 1.1 m wide with 3 replications. At intervals of 15 cm, single-bud setts were planted in May 2004 and harvested in February Experiment 3 consisted of six inter-specific and inter-generic hybrids (Table 1) and three commercial cultivars, NCo310,, and NiTn18. Individual plots consisted of one row 3 m long by 1.25 m wide with no replication. At intervals of 30 cm, two-bud setts were planted in May 2004 and harvested in March 2005 and March In each experiment, number of millable stalks, stalk length, stalk diameter, one stalk weight, cane yield, total dry matter yield, sugar yield, Brix yield and fibre yield as well as Brix (percent cane), pol (percent cane) and fibre (percent cane) were determined. Table 1 Immediate parentage of commercial cultivars and high-biomass clones. variety and clone name NCo310 NiTn18 S3-19 KRSp S41 97S109 98SY465 99GA26 99GA112 00GS260 Immediate parentage Co421 Co312 CP F160 KF81-39 ROC11 IRK67-1 Glagah Kloet (S.spontaneum ) NCo310 Glagah Kloet (S.spontaneum ) G38 US (Sorghum ) (S.spontaneum ) KF Miscanthus KRSp93-28 (S.spontaneum F1) NiF3 KRSp93-14 (S.spontaneum F1) Sorghum F1 Sorghum JW134 (S.spontaneum ) Results and discussion Characteristics of high-biomass sugarcane clones In experiment 1, high-biomass clone 98SY465 had longer and thinner stalks, lighter one-stalk weight, lower juice Brix and polarisation than NCo310 (Table 2). In plant cane, cane yield of 98SY465 and NCo310 were not different, but in the first-ratoon crop, yield of 98SY465 was greater than that of NCo310 because of better ratooning ability. In the second-ratoon crop, cane yield, total dry-matter yield, sugar yield, Brix yield, and fibre yield of 98SY465 were twice as high as NCo310 (Table 2). When longer ratooning, the cane yield of 98SY465 increased slightly, but the yield of NCo310 decreased. In Japan, frequency of ratooning is low because conventional cultivars are easily affected by adverse environmental conditions. There is a possibility to increase the frequency of ratooning using high-biomass clones. In experiment 2, cane Brix yield and fibre yield were greater in high-biomass clones S3-19, KRSp93-19 and 97S41 than NCo310 principally because these high-biomass clones had more millable stalks and higher fibre content (Table 2). Dry matter content per one stalk of high-biomass clones was higher for the high-biomass clones than for NCo310. This indicates that these clones can accumulate more photosynthetic products per one stalk than NCo

3 Table 2 Mean values of yield components of high-biomass clones in Tanegashima Island. Cropping Millable Stalk Stalk One stalk Brix Pol Fiber Cane Total dry Sugar Brix Fiber stalk number length diameter weight content yield matter yield yield yield yield type (stalks/a) (cm) (cm) (g) (%) (%) (%) (kg/a) (kg/a) (kg/a) (kg/a) (kg/a) new planting NCo310 1) 1st ratoon nd ratoon new planting SY465 1) 1st ratoon nd ratoon NCo310 2) 1st ratoon S3-19 2) KRSp ) 1st ratoon S41 2) ) Data of Experiment 1, 2) Data of Experiment 2. Experiment 3 was carried out on Ie Island. This island exhibits one of the lowest average sugarcane yields in Japan because of severe drought and typhoon. In Ie Island, high-biomass clones expressed similar characteristics to those expressed in Tanegashima. Although small plots and no replication prevent conclusive results, high-biomass clones showed large variations for cane yield, sugar content, and sugar yield. Cane yield and Brix yield of best performance clones were about twice as high as commercial cultivars (Table 3). 98GHES166 had a high sugar content, 97S109, 99GA26 and 00GS260 had low sugar and high fibre content, and 99GA112 had high fibre content (Table 3). Clone 98GHES166 can be used for conventional sugar production and 97S109, 99GA26, 00GS260 can be used for sugar and fibre utilisation, while 99GA112 is recommended solely for fibre utilisation. Additional evaluation will be established in other Nansei Islands to confirm the preliminary observations of these high-biomass clones. Table 3 Mean values of yield components of high-biomass clones in Ie Island. Millable One stalk Brix Pol Fiber Cane Sugar Brix Fiber stalk number weight content yield yield yield yield (stalks/a) (g) (%) (%) (%) (kg/a) (kg/a) (kg/a) (kg/a) NCo NiTn S GHES GA GA GS Possible utilisation of high-biomass sugarcane clones Sugarcane breeders have reported that inter-specific and inter-generic crosses can generate high-biomass clones and many researchers have discussed their utilisation possibilities (Alexander, 1985: Legendre and Burner, 1995: Rao and Albert-Thenet, 2005). However, there are no reports of successful commercial use of high-biomass clones. Using high-biomass clones, it may be possible to obtain stable and high-yielding sugarcane production in the Nansei Islands chain. At present, we have designed a program for the simultaneous production of sugar and biomass ethanol from these clones. 761

4 The objectives of this program are 1) maintenance of present sugar production; 2) produce ethanol by fermenting the large quantity of sugar rich molasses; 3) produce all the energy needed for sugar and ethanol production with bagasse. Our yield simulations confirmed that sugar production could be maintained at present levels and three-times more biomass ethanol could be generated compared with the conventional process (Ohara et al., 2005). In addition, we demonstrated that a carbon-neutral process could be achieved using the new process. REFERENCES Alexander, A.G. (1985). The Energy Cane Alternative. Elsevier., Netherlands., Legendre, A.G. and Burner, D.M. (1995). Biomass production of sugarcane cultivars and early-generation hybrids. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2: Rao, P.S. and Albert-Thenet, J.R. (2005). Fuel cane biomass potential for year round energy production. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 25: 537. Ohara, S., Terajima, Y., Sugimoto, A., Hayano, T., Ujihara, K., Sagehashi, M. and Sakoda, A. (2005). Biomass ethanol production from sugarcane for energy with supporting current sugar production. J. Japan Ins. Energy, 84(11): L AMÉLIORATION DE LA CANNE À SUCRE POUR UNE FORTE TENEUR EN FIBRE ET SON UTILISATION AU JAPON Par Y. TERAJIMA 1, M. MATSUOKA 1, S. IREI 1, T. SAKAIGAICHI 1, S. FUKUHARA 1, K. UJIHARA 1, S. OHARA 2 et A. SUGIMOTO 1 ( yoshifum@affrc.go.jp) MOTS CLÉS: Canne à Sucre, Hybride Interspécifique, Hybride Inter-Générique, Biomasse, Sous Produit. Résumé AU JAPON, la canne à sucre a été utilisée uniquement pour la production de sucre et pour la survie de l industrie sucrière, l utilisation des sous-produits est essentielle. Les cultivars de canne à sucre utilisés pour la production de sucre sont de faible productivité. Pour pouvoir utiliser des sous-produits, les clones en forte teneur en biomasse ont été produits par des croisements interspécifiques et inter-génériques impliquant Saccharum spontaneum L. et sorgho bicolore L. Une majorité de clones à forte biomasse avaient des tiges plus longes et minces, ainsi que plus de tiges usinables comparés aux cultivars commerciaux. Leur taux de Brix et de saccharose était faible, mais leur rendement en sucre et leur rendement en Brix était plus fort que les cultivars commerciaux grâce à un plus fort rendement de canne dans les îles Tanegashima et Ie. En outre, ces clones pouvaient produire une quantité de bagasse plus élevée. En utilisant les clones à forte biomasse, il serait possible d obtenir une production stable de canne à sucre à fort rendement et l utilisation des sous-produits pourrait devenir une réalité au Japon. Actuellement, nous avons conçu un programme pour la production simultanée de sucre et d éthanol à partir de clones à forte biomasse. 762

5 MEJORAMIENTO POR ALTA BIOMASA EN CAÑA DE AZÚCAR Y SU UTILIZACIÓN EN EL JAPÓN Por Y. TERAJIMA 1, M. MATSUOKA 1, S. IREI 1, T. SAKAIGAICHI 1, S. FUKUHARA 1, K. UJIHARA 1, S. OHARA 2 y A. SUGIMOTO 1 ( yoshifum@affrc.go.jp) PALABRAS CLAVE: Caña de Azúcar, Hibrido Interespecífico, Híbrido Intergenerico, Biomasa, Subproductos. Resumen EN EL JAPÓN, la caña de azúcar ha sido utilizada únicamente para la producción de azúcar, sin embargo, para que la industria de la caña sobreviva es fundamental que se pueda emplear en la producción de subproductos, puesto que los cultivares de caña utilizados para la producción de azúcar tienen muy baja productividad. Por eso, para llegar a producir subproductos, se tuvieron que obtener clones de alta producción de biomasa los cuales fueron logrados mediante cruzamientos interespecíficos e intergenéricos con Saccharum spontaneum L. y Sorghum bicolor L. Muchos de los clones de alta biomasa tuvieron tallos más largos, delgados y cepas con mayor macollamiento que los cultivares comerciales. Sus contenidos de Brix y sacarosa fueron bajos pero al final su producción de azúcar y Brix fué más alta que los cultivares comerciales en Tanegashima Island y Le Island, más aún, esos clones produjeron mayor cantidad de bagazo. Empleando los clones de alta biomasa, fue posible obtener alta producción de azúcar la cual fue mucho más estable, lo que ha hecho que la producción de subproductos en el Japón se esté volviendo una realidad. En la actualidad, hemos diseñado un programa de simulaciones de producción de azúcar y etanol a partir de esa biomasa, basados en esos clones de alta biomasa. 763