Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants. The Political System of the United Kingdom
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1 Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants The Political System of the United Kingdom
2 Intro Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (1/18)
3 Last Week s Remaining Question What alternatives methods are available to curtail Prime Ministerial power? The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (2/18)
4 Current Events Cameron threatens to kick out ministers/(party members) who campaign for the no side... The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (3/18)
5 Today: Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants Recent debates focused on PM (is she/he like a president) Prime Minister PM clearly dependent on other players within cabinet, parliament, departments, party Civil Service who governs? Cabinet/Ministers But: Even if PM more powerful, just one vertex of the core executive triangle Today: Focus on Minister Civil Servant edge The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (4/18)
6 Today: Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants Recent debates focused on PM (is she/he like a president) PM clearly dependent on other players within cabinet, parliament, departments, party But: Even if PM more powerful, just one vertex of the core executive triangle Today: Focus on Minister Civil Servant edge Who is in charge: The Minister or Sir Humphrey? (clip) The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (4/18)
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8 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles Recap: The Westminster Model Parliament is sovereign Ministers are accountable to Parliament Civil Servants neutral and loyal to ministers Policy-making power located in the executive Government serves the public The system of decision-making is secret Civil Servants advise, ministers decide (Kavanagh et al. p ) The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (6/18)
9 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles Recap: The Westminster Model Parliament is sovereign Ministers are accountable to Parliament Civil Servants neutral and loyal to ministers Policy-making power located in the executive Government serves the public The system of decision-making is secret Civil Servants advise, ministers decide A planned symbiosis between two sets of actors (Haldane 1918) A myth to justify what is going on?!? (Kavanagh et al. p ) The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (6/18)
10 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles Who is a Minister? currently lists 113 ministers, 25 whips and other functionaries The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (7/18)
11 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles Who is a Minister? The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (7/18)
12 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles Who is a Minister? The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (7/18)
13 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles Who is a Minister? The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (7/18)
14 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles Policy-Making in a Fragmented System Collective Cabinet government is a myth The PM cannot oversee all (or most) political decisions and projects British government highly fragmented departmental turf Joined-up government often portrayed as a naive/ridiculous idea Departmentalism Ministers stay for about two years on average The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (8/18)
15 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles Why Ministers Depend on Officials Ministers rely on their officials for Factual information Political advice Access to Whitehall networks Political cover Implementation of their desired policies The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (9/18)
16 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles Why Departments Depend on Ministers Departments develop policies but... Ministers provide legitimacy (and are politically responsible) Ministers fight battles with other departments, cabinet, the PM Ministers drive legislation through parliament Civil servants do not like weak ministers Conflict between departments/ministers can be spectacular The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (10/18)
17 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles The Changing Role of (Cabinet) Ministers Traditionally, very close symbiosis of ministers/top civil servants Largely stable relationship during post-war years, but some evidence for changing role of ministers How can we understand what ministers actually do? Four basic roles: 1. Policy role (involvement in policy making) 2. Political role (representation of policy/department in various arenas) 3. Executive role (departmental management & decision making) 4. PR role (relations with media, public, interest groups) The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (11/18)
18 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles The Changing Role of (Cabinet) Ministers Traditionally, very close symbiosis of ministers/top civil servants Largely stable relationship during post-war years, but some evidence for changing role of ministers How can we understand what ministers actually do? Four basic roles: 1. Policy role (involvement in policy making) 2. Political role (representation of policy/department in various arenas) 3. Executive role (departmental management & decision making) 4. PR role (relations with media, public, interest groups) The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (11/18)
19 Co-Dependency A Minister s Roles Four Ideal Types of Ministers 1. Agenda Setters: changes agenda, culture, broad policy line of his/her department; example: Brown at the exchequer 2. Policy Initiators: initiates a fundamentally new policy (Blunkett at the Home Office: ASBOS & dispersal orders) 3. Policy Selectors: chooses from alternatives presented by his/her officials (Liddel as Secretary of State for Scotland) 4. Policy Legitimators/Minimalists: little impact, rubber-stamping departmental policy Ministers role(s) depend on context and circumstances By and large, ministers more active and dominant than in the past Ministers more likely to seek outside sources for policy advice The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (12/18)
20 The Changing Role of Civil Servants Traditionally, Mandarins Oxbridge educated Gentlemen closely involved in policy making Advice on policy Advice on presentation (Permanent) reform of traditional Civil Service started with Thatcher Attempts to bring in a more managerial style, Civil Servants as policy implementors (Growing importance of ministers) (Growing importance of the treasury) The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (13/18)
21 New Public Management An attempt to bring in market mechanisms and private-sector culture Efficiency and cost saving Decentralisation Performance indicators, targets, quality assurance etc. Affects the whole public sector (including schools, universities, the NHS etc.) Growth of agencies Introduced by Thatcher, continued by Major The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (14/18)
22 New Labour Reforms In many ways, a continuation of Conservative policy Less concern about scope of costs of government activity, more emphasis on effectiveness, modernisation, delivery Even more modernisation, public-private partnerships and choice Big government, but citizens as consumers of public services Even more external advisers Further de-centralisation and Europeanisation of the Civil Service Not much change under the coalition The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (15/18)
23 Traditional Whitehall model not longer accurate Ministers more assertive and hands-on Permanent reform of the Civil Service and the wider public sector, often with unintended and negative consequences (Contradiction between NPM ideas and ministerial assertiveness) The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (16/18)
24 Traditional Whitehall model not longer accurate Ministers more assertive and hands-on Permanent reform of the Civil Service and the wider public sector, often with unintended and negative consequences (Contradiction between NPM ideas and ministerial assertiveness) Yet, pockets and elements of traditional Whitehall culture and Departmentalism remain (clip) The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (16/18)
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26 Class questions See the handout The Political System of the United Kingdom Ministers, Departments, Civil Servants (18/18)
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