Contribution of Virtual Power Plants in Electric Market Considering Uncertainty in Virtual Power Plant Connection with Upstream Network

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1 Research Arcle Journal of Energy Managemen and Technology (JEMT) Vol. 2, Issue 3 70 Conrbuon of Vrual Power Plans n Elecrc Marke Consderng Uncerany n Vrual Power Plan Connecon wh Upsream Nework SASAN AZAD 1, MOHAMMAD MEHDI AMIRI 2, AND MOHAMMAD TAGHI AMELI 3 1, 2, 3 Shahd Behesh Unversy/Power engneerng Deparmen, Tehran, Iran. * Correspondng auhor:azad h m Manuscrp receved 19 July, 2018;Revsed 29 Augus, 2018, acceped 31 Augus,2018. Paper no. JEMT Today, radonal neworks are changng o acve grds due o he burgeonng growh of dsrbued energy resources (DER), whch demands scrupulous aenon o echncal nfrasrucures, as well as economc aspecs. Provdng energy servces and spnnng reserve n he marke s one he feaures of hs ssue. In hs sudy, from economc pon of vew, he aggregaon of DERs n a dsrbuon nework o parcpae n jon energy and reserve markes s nvesgaed. Ths approach, whch s predcaed upon prce-based un commmen mehod, has consdered vrually all he echncal daa n he proposed model. I s worh o menon ha unceranes of loads marke prces, as an nheren characersc of he elecrcy markes, are reaed n hs sudy, and her effec on he operaon of vrual power plans n energy and reserve markes has been horoughly dscussed. The nnovaon of hs paper s o consder he uncerany n connecon beween he vrual power plan and he upsream nework, along wh he menoned unceranes. To hs end, n hs paper, a 4-bus nework s consdered as a vrual power plan n whch he condon of opmal operaon of dsrbued generaons, energy sorage sysems and removable load consderng uncerany n energy prce and connecon wh upsream nework and also, uncerany n delvery of spnnng reserve have been suded o maxmze he prof of vrual power plan. Smulaon has been carred ou n MATLAB envronmen usng eachng-learnng based opmzaon algorhm (TLBO) for 24 hours on he proposed nework Journal of Energy Managemen and Technology keywords: vrual power plan, eachng-learnng based opmzaon algorhm, dsrbued energy sources, energy marke and reserve, uncerany, reserve delvery. hp://dx.do.org/ /jem NOMENCLATURE, j Index for buses amoun of acve and reacve exchanged power beween vrual power plan (VPP) and he h neghborng grd (posve sgn for purchasng from he neghborng grd and negave sgn for sellng o ) N oal number of buses P DG ; Q DG amoun of acve and reacve power generaed by h DG un a hour for he energy marke R DG amoun of acve power generaed by h DG un a hour for reserve marke P IL ; Q IL R IL amoun of curaled load of h IL a hour amoun of curaled load of h IL alloed o spnnng reserve marke a hour PDG mn; Pmax DG mnmum and maxmum acve power generaon of h DG un ρ L, real energy prce

2 Research Arcle Journal of Energy Managemen and Technology (JEMT) Vol. 2, Issue 3 71 η sr effcency of EES P n ; Q n ndex for hours P E ; Q E amoun of acve and reacve exchanged power beween VPP and upsream nework (posve sgn for purchasng from he neghborng grd and negave sgn for sellng o ) SUC DG ; SDC DG sar up and shu down coss of h DG un MUT ; MDT mnmum up me and mnmum down me of h DG un P sr amoun of charged/dscharged capacy of h EES a hour n (posve sgn for chargng sae and negave sgn for dschargng sae) ρ E, energy marke prce ρ R, spnnng reserve marke prce ρ n prce of power exchange wh neghborng grd r probably of reserve delvery R up, R Down ramp-up and ramp-down rae of h DG un 1. INTRODUCTION In recen decades, accordng o resrucurng n elecrc ndusry, energy generaon sysems n power sysem have ended from cenralzed generaon n grea power plans o small scale generaon n dsrbuon neworks and usng dsrbued energy resources (DER) such as dsrbued generaon and energy sorage sysems. In order o mplemenaon of DERs and mprove her presence n elecrc markes, he dea of vrual power plan has been proposed and used by many researchers. Vrual power plan s an economcal-echncal and praccal srucure whch nerconnecs dsrbued generaon and consumpon sources n a way ha vrual power plan operaor would be able o manpulae DERs [1]. Vrual power plan provdes he capably of presence n energy markes and spnnng reserve n an economcal and relable way n order o gan maxmum prof hrough negraon of varous DERs a nework level and propose a flexble operaonal profle [2]. In hs regard, n [3] opmal operaon of a vrual power plan conss of several CHP uns based on he decenralzed conrol sraegy has been provded. In [4] a plan o response o new demand has been proposed whch can be appled n he area of vrual power plans o conrbue n elecrc marke. In [5], DERs negraon has been carred ou usng uns conrbuon per base prce and opmal purchase proposals has been obaned n elecrc and spnnng reserve markes. In [6] he sraegy of opmal proposals for vrual power plan has been dscussed. In [7], he vrual power plan speculaon has been suded n energy marke and exra servce of spnnng reserve n whch f vrual power plan s conneced o nework n more han one pon, n order o reduce operaonal expenses and ncrease prof, more expors and less mpors wll be done from he pon whch prce forecas s more expensve and also less expors and more mpors wll be done from he pon whch s less expensve. The problem of opmal proposal sraegy of a vrual power plan conss of wnd farm, phoovolac power plan and a gas power plan has been provded n [8]. Ths problem has been formulaed as a complexneger number lnear plannng and conss of long erm blaeral conracs wh regard o vrual power plan conrbuon n DA marke. Vrual power plan n [9], sars o plannng energy sorage sysems and prce proposal n he marke accordng o he amoun of avalable wnd and forecased real me prces. Snce prce based generaon plannng s a suable mehod for proposng a vrual power plan o parcpae n he energy marke and spnnng reserve, n hs paper, consderng he uncerany of VPP connecon wh he upsream nework and he uncerany of he delvery of spnnng reserve ha no menoned n [11], I has been ryng o brng he resuls as well as he prof from energy sales by he vrual power plan closer o realy. In he secon 2 of hs paper, he problem s proposed and explaned, n secon 3 modellng of unceranes used n he sudy s dscussed, n secon 4 dscusson and smulaon resuls for hree dfferen scenaro are explaned and fnally n secon 5 overall concluson s provded. 2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Please use auomac hyphenaon and check your spellng. Addonally, be sure your senences are complee and ha here s connuy whn your paragraphs. Check he numberng of your graphcs and make sure ha all approprae references are ncluded. A. Operaon Coss of Vrual Power Plans DG operaon cos has been shown n equaon (1): C(P DG ) = α P 2 DG + β P DG + γ (1) In whch α, β and γ are operaon cos coeffcens [12]. Equaon (2) shows sorage sysems operaon cos: Load sheddng cos s as follow: C(P sr ) = (0.1 P sr ) (2) C(p IL ) = α IL P 2 IL + β IL P IL (3) In whch α and β are load sheddng penaly coeffcens [13]. B. Objecve Funcon The objecve funcon of proposal problem has been shown n (4) consderng unceranes n order o maxmze VPP benef whch means revenues subrac from coss. Coss has been explaned n he las secon bu revenues are due o presence n energy and spnnng reserve marke and also he revenue of supply real loads [11]. Bene f = 24 =1 ρ E, E + No e =1 24 =1 ρ n P n + 24 =1 [r. (ρ E, + ρ R, ) + (1 r ).ρ R, ] R + 24 No DG =1 24 =1 No DG =1 24 =1 No cur =1 24 =1 r.c =1 ρ L, P [ ) ) Load ] r.c (P DG + R DG + (1 r ).C (P DG.I ] [SUC DG + SDC DG ) ) (P IL + R IL + (1 r ).C (P IL.L (4) In whch ρ E,, ρ R, and ρ L, are prce n energy marke, reserve marke and real marke respecvely. E s exchangng power wh upsream nework, R s equal o sum of removable loads power and DG for reserve marke n he h hour and r s he possbly of reserve delvery n h hour. P IL and R IL are he amoun of dsconneced load and dsconneced load o delver o reserve marke n each hour respecvely.

3 Research Arcle Journal of Energy Managemen and Technology (JEMT) Vol. 2, Issue 3 72 C. Problem Consrans Please DG capacy consran P mn DG Removable load consran DG upper lm DG lower lm (P DG + R DG ) P max DG (5) 0 (P IL + R IL ) P max IL (6) (P DG +1 P DG ) R Up, = 1, 2,..., 24 (7) (P DG P DG +1) R Down, = 1, 2,..., 24 (8) Energy sorage consrans (Cap 1 P mn sr ) 24 P sr k=1 (P max Cap 1 sr ) (9) Cap Cap 1 R ch, = 1, 2,..., 24 (10) Cap 1 Cap R Dch, = 1, 2,..., 24 (11) Power balance consran P E + R E + P DG + P n + P IL + (P Ch ηp DCh ) P load = N j=1 V, Vj, Yj cos(δj, δ, + θ j ) AND S b : = 1, 2, 3, UNCERTAINTIES MODELLING (12) A In hs sudy, unceranes n energy prce, load, reserve delvery and also VPP connecon wh upsream Nework have been nvesgaed. To generae sochasc daa, log-normal probably dsrbuon funcon (PDF) s deployed for prce values [14], whle load values are generaed usng normal PDF. A. Scenaro generaon for prce value And Reserve Delvery The prce daa whch s exraced from [15] comprses boh ancpaed prce values and correspondng sandard devaons resuled from prce forecas procedure. Havng generaed 1000 random prce scenaros, a 1000 branch fan-ype scenaro ree s bul and reduced o 30 scenaros usng backward reducon mehod aferwards. Each scenaro represens hree srngs for energy, reserve, and real prces for a 24 h me horzon. Every member of hs srng s generaed usng log-normal PDF wh a mean value equal o forecased prce and sandard devaon as menoned before. Also, o ndcae reserve uncerany, a parameer (r ) has been used n he objecve funcon whch s equvalen o 0.9. B. Scenaro generaon for load value In order To nclude load uncerany, load curve s unformly scaled wh a fve sep load facor as shown n Table.1. The probably values assgned o load facors represen a sepwse esmaon of normal PDF wh a mean value equal o 1 and a sandard devaon equal o 0.1. Table 1. The Probable Dsrbuon s arbued o he uncerany n load wh Upsream Nework Scenaro Load facor Probably Table 2. The Probable Dsrbuon s arbued o he uncerany n exchange power wh upsream Nework Scenaro Exchange power facor Probably C. Uncerany n VPP connecon wh upsream nework To consder he uncerany of he connecon wh upsream nework, whch s he uncerany n he exchange of power wh he upsream nework, hree modes are consdered, for whch a probably coeffcen s assumed for each case n accordance wh able.2. D. Uncerany augmened objecve funcon To observe he effec of unceran parameers on benef, he expeced value of he benef s maxmzed [11]: Benef expeced = s P s Benef s (13) s=1 In case, prce,load and connecon wh upsream nework are deemed as sochasc parameers, he probably of each scenaro s he produc of correspondng probables assocaed o prce and load and connecon wh upsream scenaros. 4. SIMULATION RESULTS ANALYSIS In hs secon, numercal resuls from he proposed mehod has been dscussed for a 4-bus sysem wh a 24 hour me horzon whch has been shown n Fg. 1. The forecased load curve has been shown n Fg.2 for 24 hour perod [11]. Esmaed prce of energy marke, real and reserve marke has been ndcaed n Fg.3 [11]. In hs sudy, he man focus s on VPP performance n reserve and energy markes. In order o sudy he mpacs of presen unceranes on VPP performance n real envronmen, four scenaros wh dfferen unceranes has been consdered. In he frs scenaro, VPP performance s assessed n spnnng reserve and energy markes whou consderng any uncerany n energy, load, reserve delvery and also VPP connecon wh upsream nework. In he second Scenaro, only energy prce values has been assumed as parameers wh uncerany n he marke. In he hrd scenaro, energy, load and reserve delvery are consdered as parameers wh unceranes. Fnally n he fourh scenaro, he unceranes n he hrd scenaro and also uncerany of VPP connecon o upsream nework have been

4 Research Arcle Journal of Energy Managemen and Technology (JEMT) Vol. 2, Issue 3 73 Table 3. Vrual power plan performance n Scenaro 1 Fg. 1. undersudy Sysem Fg. 2. Predced Toal Load In The Nex 24 s DG generaon DG generaon Toal DG Generaon, marke, marke, Chargng and dschargng Of Inerruped EES, h Fg. 4. Resuls for VPP decson makng n scenaro 1 Fg. 3. Predced Prce n he Nex 24 s consdered. Also, phoovolac un n he proposed model has been used only n he fourh scenaro. Smulaon s done n MATLAB envronmen usng TLBO algorhm. A. The Frs Scenaro: whou uncerany Ths scenaro ndcaes he VPP behavor n energy and reserve marke based on he defne amouns for load and energy prce. Also, n hs scenaro, here s no uncerany n reserve delvery and connecon wh upsream nework. In Table. 3, DG source performance n reserve and energy markes, energy sorage behavor and he amoun of dsconneced loads by VPP s ndcaed. Accordng o Table. 3, DG generaon s maxmum n me perod of The reason s ha n he menoned me perod, he average cos of power generaed by DG s 9.5 local currency per klowas whle energy supply cos durng 1-11 from he upsream nework s 11.5 local currency and durng hours s 14.5 local currency. So, DG generaon wh maxmum power s no economcally logcal. Also, s assumed ha here s no uncerany n reserve delvery (r = 1) herefor, DG sources prefer o provde maxmum reserve capacy o acheve maxmum prof n hs scenaro. Summary of he behavor of VPP n hs scenaro s presened n Fg. 4. I should be noed ha, reserve mus ready o use n 10 mnues and snce reserve preparaon speed s 30 kw/mn, so can delver only 30kw o marke as reserve. Durng he hours 16-21, snce he cos of purchasng energy from marke s less han he cos of producon by DG, so VPP prefers o buy from marke o supply s load and durng hours s same as I should be noed ha dsconneced load power s devoed o reserve marke. Table.3 ndcaes ha durng hours 7-8 and 11-13, operaor obans more prof o VPP hrough remove sysem load and devoe o reserve marke. Also, due o sorage capacy and chargng speed (12kw/hr),

5 Research Arcle Journal of Energy Managemen and Technology (JEMT) Vol. 2, Issue 3 74 Table 4. Benef of VPP n dfferen Scenaro (moneary un) Benef / Scenaro 1 Scenaro 2 Scenaro 3 Scenaro 4 Scenaro Ne Benef s observed ha sorage s charged a maxmum speed n hours 1-6 and due o he consan prce of energy marke durng hours 7-10, sorage has no dscharge bu durng hours when he marke prce rses, he sorage s dscharged a maxmum speed o reach s mnmum capacy of 5 klowas. The sorage s charged agan n hours wh s maxmum speed o sell sored energy a a hgher prces n hours Durng he hours 7-8 and 11-15, removable loads up o 25 klowas are dsconneced. The reason s ha load sheddng allows he VPP o release DG source capacy o offer n he reserve marke whch leads o more prof. Table. 4 shows VPP prof for 24 hours for all Scenaros. As can be observed, here s no requremen for a posve prof n he whole hours n order o acheve maxmum prof and he objecve of VPP s maxmze prof hroughou he enre perod. B. The Second Scenaro: uncerany n energy prce In hs scenaro, prce n energy and reserve markes s consdered as random parameer and s mpac on VPP performance has been nvesgaed. Resuls n he able 4 ndcae ha n comparson o he frs scenaro, DG generaons has no changed much and power devoed o reserve marke remaned unchanged due o poenal profably n reserve marke and maxmum reserve capacy, whch s 30kw, s avalable n he marke. Accordng o he resuls n Table.5, consderng uncerany n energy prce has more mpac on sorage performance. The amoun of changes n dsconneced loads o offer n he reserve marke has slgh changes compared o he frs scenaro whch emphaszes he profably of conrbuon n reserve marke. The prof of VPP n hs scenaro has been shown n he able.4 whch s hgher han oal prof of he frs scenaro. Fg. 5. Resuls for VPP decson makng n scenaro 2 Table 5. Vrual power plan performance n Scenaro 2 Toal DG Generaon, DG generaon marke, DG generaon marke, Chargng and dschargng Of EES, h Inerruped summary of he behavor of VPP n hs scenaro s presened n Fg.5. C. The Thrd Scenaro: uncerany n energy prce and load In hs scenaro, prce n he energy marke and forecased load are assumed as random parameers. In Table. 6, DG performance n energy and spnnng reserve markes and also he amoun of dsconneced loads by VPP are observed. The second, hrd and fourh columns sae he DG generaon for energy and reserve markes In whch unlke he frs and second scenaros, DGs are no shu off and s because he uncerany n provded load. In hs scenaro, DG generaon for reserve marke shows mnor changes compared o frs and second scenaros. Ffh column of he able.6 ndcaes power sorage condon whch shows sgnfcan changes compared o Table. 3 and s because of uncerany n load and energy prces. The sxh column ndcaes he condon of removable loads and comparng wh frs scenaro shows ha removable loads are no sensve o hese random parameers. Table.4 shows also he hourly profs

6 Research Arcle Journal of Energy Managemen and Technology (JEMT) Vol. 2, Issue 3 75 Table 6. Vrual power plan performance n Scenaro 3 DG generaon DG generaon Toal DG Generaon, marke, marke, Chargng and dschargng Of Inerruped EES, h Table 7. Vrual power plan performance n Scenaro 4 DG generaon DG generaon Toal DG Generaon, marke, marke, Chargng and dschargng Of Inerruped EES, h Fg. 6. Resuls for VPP decson makng n scenaro 3 Fg. 7. Resuls for VPP decson makng n scenaro 4 of hs scenaro. summary of he behavor of VPP n hs scenaro s presened n Fg.6. D. The Fourh Scenaro: uncerany n energy, load and reserve delvery prce In hs scenaro, prce n energy, reserve and forecased load markes have been consdered as random parameers. Also, reserve delvery s 0.9. Table.7 shows he DG un performance n energy and reserve markes. In hs scenaro, DG generaon for conrbue n energy marke has no sgnfcan changes compared o he hrd scenaro and uncerany n reserve delvery has more mpac on power allocaed o spnnng reserve marke. The lower he possbly of reserve delvery, he rsk of conrbuon n reserve marke s hgher and VPP allocaes less power o ha. The condon of sorage have no changed much compared wh he hrd scenaro. Sxh column of he Table. 7 shows he condon of removable loads whch was expecable ha less loads wll be dsconneced accordng o her allocaon o reserve marke and he reason s uncerany n reserve delvery. In Table. 4, hourly profs of VPP correspondng o he fourh scenaro have been shown for 24-hour me horzon. summary of he behavor of VPP n hs scenaro s presened n Fg. 7. E. The Ffh Scenaro: uncerany n load, energy prce, reserve delvery and connecon o upsream nework wh PV presence In hs scenaro, n addon o consderng uncerany n load, prce, reserve delvery and connecon wh upsream nework, a PV un has been nsalled on he suded 4-bus sysem. As he sun radaon s a random parameer and oupu of he PV s based on ha, has been modelled as a bmodal dsrbuon funcon whch s combned of wo Vbal dsrbuon as follow [16]: f (G) = ω( k 1 C 1 )( G C 1 ) (k 1 1) e (G/C 1) K 1 +(1 ω)( K 2 C 2 )( G C 2 ) (k 2 1) e (G/C 2) k 2 (14) In whch ω = 0.3; k 1 = 2; k 2 = 10; C 1 = 0.4C 2 and

7 Research Arcle Journal of Energy Managemen and Technology (JEMT) Vol. 2, Issue 3 76 Table 8. Vrual power plan performance n Scenaro 5 Toal DG Generaon, DG generaon marke, DG generaon marke, Chargng and dschargng Of EES, h Inerruped G mean C 2 s In Fg. 9, probably dsrbuon funcon of sun Γ(1+1/k 2 ) radaon can be seen n each hour and also sun radaon Inensy durng 24 hours has been shown n Fg. 10. To calculae PV oupu power based on he sun radaon nensy, equaon 14 s used. P ou = η PV S PV G (15) In wch η PV s effcency of PV, G s The nensy of he sun s radaon (KW/m2) and S PV s Cross secon of Pv. So PV acs as a negave load n hours ha has no generaon. Table. 8 shows he DG operaon n energy and reserve markes n hs scenaro. In hs scenaro accordng o uncerany n connecon wh upsream nework, DG un generaes more power han he fourh scenaro. Also, accordng o PV presence leads o purchase less power from upsream nework. n hs scenaro unlke he frs and scenaro n whch DG s shu off n cheap prce hours, DG has no been shu off n order o reduce rsk. There s no sgnfcan changes n he condon of sorages and dsconneced loads. VPP prof n hs scenaro lke ohers has been shown Table. 4. Therefore In hs scenaro, VPP prof s less han second, hrd and fourh scenaros and s hgher han he frs scenaro. Also lke oher scenaros, summary of he behavor of VPP n hs scenaro s presened n Fg. 8. Resuls show ha despe consderng prce uncerany n he second scenaro compared o frs scenaro, he amoun of reserve capacy remaned unchanged n he hghes possble pon due o poenal prof. On he oher hand, he power allocaed o energy marke durng hours 1-3, 6-11 and 15 had nsgnfcan changes compared o he frs scenaro whch s due o energy prce uncerany. In he hrd scenaro, load uncerany has he mos mpac on sorages and has no sgnfcan mpac on dsconneced loads whch means ha removable loads are no Fg. 8. Resuls for VPP decson makng n scenaro 5 Fg. 9. The dsrbung funcon of he probably of he sun s radaon per hour Fg. 10. The nensy of he sun s radaon per hour sensve o random parameers. In he fourh scenaro, wh consderng reserve delvery uncerany, he power allocaed o reserve marke s more mpaced han he hrd scenaro and he lower he cos of reserve delvery s reduced, he less power s allocaed o hs marke despe Profably of reserve marke. In he ffh scenaro, presence of dfferen unceranes causes VPP performance o ge closer o realy and also consderng he uncerany n connecon wh upsream nework leads o ncrease DG generaon compared o he fourh scenaro.

8 Research Arcle Journal of Energy Managemen and Technology (JEMT) Vol. 2, Issue CONCLUSION In hs paper, aggregaon of dsrbued energy resources n he form of VPP and buy-sell sraegy n energy and spnnng reserve markes were suded n hree dfferen scenaros. The superory of hs paper s consderng uncerany n VPP connecon wh upsream nework as well as uncerany n reserve delvery n order o oban resuls ha are closer o realy. In hs sudy, 5 scenaros were dscussed. The resuls of hs sudy mprove he mpacs of he consdered unceranes n VPP decson makng. In order o oban he near global opmum prof durng a parcular me perod, he VPP sraegy mgh be no o oban he near global opmum prof n a parcular me so ha prof of enre perod maxmzes. Also, due o echncal consrans and presen unceranes, VPP has a dual behavor. Therefore, whle purchasng energy from upsream nework and accordng o energy and reserve marke condon, VPP may buy or sell energy o upsream nework or may propose a par of s energy n reserve marke o sell o upsream nework. Ths behavor s due o an aemp o gan more prof because ransacons n reserve marke are more profable. Evaluaon of he sorage uncerany and also power exchange wh adjacen nework mgh be useful for fuure work. REFERENCES 1. Afshn Lashkar Ara Specal opcs on mcro grds and smar grds Texbook Islamc Azad Unversy, Dezful Branch. 2. D. Pudjano, C. Ramsay, and G. Srbac, Vrual power plan and sysem negraon of dsrbued energy resources, IET Renew. Power Gen., vol. 1, no. 1, pp , Mar E. Mashhour and S. M. Moghaddas-Tafresh, Bddng sraegy of vrual power plan for parcpang n energy and spnnng reserve markes- par I: Problem formulaon, IEEE Trans. Power Sys.,vol. 26, no. 2, pp , Peyman Karmyan, Mehrdad Abed, Seyyed Hossen Hossenan, Roohallah Khaam, "Sochasc approach o represen dsrbued energy resources n he form of a vrual power plan n energy and reserve markes," IET Gener. Transm. Dsrb., 2016, Vol. 10, Iss. 8, pp L, H., L, Y., L, Z.: A mulperod energy acquson model for a dsrbuon company wh dsrbued generaon and nerrupble load, IEEE Trans. Power Sys., 2007, 22, (2), pp Mashhour,E.,Moghaddas-Tafresh,S.M.: Mahemacal modelng of elecrochemcal sorage for ncorporaon n mehods o opmze he operaonal plannng of an nerconneced mcro grd, J. Zhejang Unv., Sc. C, 2010, 11, (4), pp Conejo, J., Nogales, F.J., Arroyo, J.M.: Prce-aker bddng sraegy under prce uncerany, IEEE Trans. Power Sys., 2002, 17, (4), pp Mashhour, E., Moghaddas-Tafresh, S.M.: Bddng sraegy of vrual power plan for parcpang n energy and spnnng reserve markes par I: problem formulaon, IEEE Trans. Power Sys., 2011, 26, (2), pp M. Q. Wang and H. B. Goo, Spnnng reserve esmaon n mcrogrds, IEEE Trans. Power Sys., vol. 26, no. 3, pp , Aug B. Wlle-Haussmann, T. Erge, and C. Wwer. Decenralsed opmzaon of cogeneraon n vrual power plans. Solar Energy, vol. 84, ssue 4, pp , Mnasakanyan, A., Kennedy, S.W.: A novel demand response model wh an applcaon for a vrual power plan, IEEE Trans. Smar Grd, 2015, 6, (1), pp Seyyed Mahdav, S., Javd, M.H.: VPP decson makng n power markes usng Benders decomposon, In. Trans. Elecr. Energy Sys., 2014, 24, (7), pp Toma, L., Oomega, B., Trsu, I.: Marke sraegy of dsrbued generaon hrough he vrual power plan concep. 13h In. Conf. on Opmzaon of Elecrcal and Elecronc Equpmen (OPTIM), May 2012, pp H.Nezam Abad,Mehrda.Seayesh Nazar Vrual power plan speculaon n he energy marke and subsdary reservaon servces Shahd Behesh Unversy. 8. J. Mohammad, A. Rahm-Kan, and M.-S. Ghazzadeh, "Aggregaed wnd power and flexble load offerng sraegy," Renewable Power Generaon, IET, vol. 5, pp , L. M. Cosa, F. Bourry, J. Juban, and G. Karnoaks, "Managemen of energy sorage coordnaed wh wnd power under elecrcy marke condons," n Probablsc Mehods Appled o Power Sysems, PMAPS 08. Proceedngs of he 10h Inernaonal Conference on, 2008, pp. 1-8.