Chapter 1. Unbalanced Three-Phase Optimal Power Flow for the Optimization of MV and LV Distribution Grids... 1 Sergio BRUNO and Massimo LA SCALA

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1 Preface xi Introduction xvii Massimo LA SCALA and Sergio BRUNO Chapter 1. Unbalanced Three-Phase Optimal Power Flow for the Optimization of MV and LV Distribution Grids... 1 Sergio BRUNO and Massimo LA SCALA 1.1. Advanced distribution management system for smart distribution grids Secondary distribution monitoring and control Monitoring and representation of LV distribution grids LV control resources and control architecture Three-phase distribution optimal power flow for smart distribution grids Problem formulation and solving algorithm Main problem formulation Application of the penalty method Definition of an unconstrained problem Application of a quasi-newton method Solving algorithm Application of the proposed methodology to the optimization of a MV network Case A: optimal load curtailment Case B: conservative voltage regulation Case C: voltage rise effects Algorithm performance

2 vi From Smart Grids to Smart Cities 1.6. Application of the proposed methodology to the optimization of a MV/LV network Case D: LV network congestions Case E: minimization of losses and reactive control Algorithm performance Conclusions Acknowledgments Bibliography Chapter 2. Mixed Integer Linear Programming Models for Network Reconfiguration and Resource Optimization in Power Distribution Networks Alberto BORGHETTI 2.1. Introduction Model for determining the optimal configuration of a radial distribution network Objective function and constraints of the branch currents Bus voltage constraints Bus equations Line equations Radiality constraints Test results of minimum loss configuration obtained by the MILP model Illustrative example Tests results for networks with several nodes and branches Comparison between the MILP solutions for the test networks with the corresponding PF calculation results relevant to the obtained optimal network configurations MILP model of the VVO problem Objective function Branch equations Bus equations Branch and node constraints Test results obtained by the VVO MILP model TS TS TS Conclusions Acknowledgments Bibliography

3 vii Chapter 3. The Role of Nature-inspired Metaheuristic Algorithms for Optimal Voltage Regulation in Urban Smart Grids Giovanni ACAMPORA, Davide CARUSO, Alfredo VACCARO, Autilia VITIELLO and Ahmed F. ZOBAA 3.1. Introduction Emerging needs in urban power systems Toward smarter grids Smart grids optimization Metaheuristic algorithms for smart grids optimization Genetic algorithm Random Hill Climbing algorithm Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm Evolution strategy Differential evolution Biogeography-based optimization Evolutionary programming Ant Colony Optimization algorithm Group Search Optimization algorithm Numerical results Power system test Real urban smart grid Conclusions Bibliography Chapter 4. Urban Energy Hubs and Microgrids: Smart Energy Planning for Cities Eleonora RIVA SANSEVERINO, Vincenzo Domenico GENCO, Gianluca SCACCIANOCE, Valentina VACCARO, Raffaella RIVA SANSEVERINO, Gaetano ZIZZO, Maria Luisa DI SILVESTRE, Diego ARNONE and Giuseppe PATERNÒ 4.1. Introduction Microgrids versus urban energy hubs Approaches and tools for urban energy hubs Policy Analysis Optimal design and operation tools Methodology Building type and urban energy parameter specification Mobility simulator Energy simulation and electrical load estimation for buildings Optimization and simulation software for district

4 viii From Smart Grids to Smart Cities 4.4. Application Analysis Simulations and optimization Mobility and effects of policies and smart charging on peaking power Conclusions Bibliography Chapter 5. Optimization of Multi-energy Carrier Systems in Urban Areas Sergio BRUNO, Silvia LAMONACA and Massimo LA SCALA 5.1. Introduction Optimal control strategy for a small-scale multi-carrier energy system The proposed architecture Mathematical formulation Test results Optimal design of an urban energy district Energy district for urban regeneration: the San Paolo Power Park Optimal design of the energy district Integer variables and design choices Mathematical formulation of the optimal control problem Test results Conclusions Acknowledgments Bibliography Chapter 6. Optimal Gas Flow Algorithm for Natural Gas Distribution Systems in Urban Environment Ugo STECCHI, Gaetano ABBATANTUONO and Massimo LA SCALA 6.1. Introduction Natural gas network evolution Implementing the monitoring and control system in the Gas Smart Grids pilot project SCADA system Controlling FRUs setpoints Basic equations under steady-state conditions Gas load flow formulation

5 ix 6.6. Gas optimal flow method Optimizing turbo-expander operations Optimizing pressure profiles on the low pressure distribution grids Conclusions Acknowledgements Bibliography Chapter 7. Multicarrier Energy System Optimal Power Flow Soheil DERAFSHI BEIGVAND, Hamdi ABDI and Massimo LA SCALA 7.1. Introduction Basic concepts and assumptions MEC and energy hub CHP units General assumptions Problem formulation Electrical power balance equations Gas energy flow equation Modeling of energy hubs MECOPF problem Time varying acceleration coefficient gravitational search algorithm A brief comparison between the main structures of TVAC-GSA and PSO TVAC-GSA-based MECOPF problem Case study simulations and results Conclusions Appendix Appendix Bibliography List of Authors Index