Early Detection of Aquatic Invasive Species finding the needle in the haystack

Transcription

1 Early Detection of Aquatic Invasive Species finding the needle in the haystack Jim Grazio, Ph.D. PA DEP- Office of the Great Lakes 19 March 2019

2 Presentation Outline Share current AIS monitoring research Discuss regional AIS monitoring initiatives

3 Primary Sources Hoffman et al Effort and potential efficiencies for aquatic non-native species early detection. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, Trebitz et al Early detection monitoring for aquatic non-indigenous species: Optimizing surveillance, incorporating advanced technologies, and identifying research needs. Journal of Environmental Management 202,

4 Options for Finding the Needle Detection is only early if organisms are found while still few and localized (i.e., rare). Rare organisms are inherently difficult to find

5 What to Monitor What to Monitor Target Species Monitoring/ Active Surveillance Look for a needle Broad Spectrum Monitoring/ Passive Surveillance Look for Anything that s not hay

6 Where to Monitor Where to Monitor Consider Ecology Known ranges Pathways Needles occur in hay bales, not alfalfa bales

7 How to Monitor No survey can prove something absent Goal should be reasonable certainty that effort was sufficient to detect rare species Early Detection can be resource intensive Risk v. resources Sampling Design Usually random (stratified cluster) or grid (spatially balanced) When Detection becomes easier, control becomes harder Like searching for a needle using pointintercept design

8 Species-Effort Curves Source: Hoffman et al Effort and potential efficiencies for aquatic non-native species early detection. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 68, How many times do you need to look before you find all of the different types of needles? To detect 95% of: Zooplankton- 750 samples Benthic inverts- 150 samples Fish- 100 samples

9 What to Look For Look for an organism directly or indirectly? Entire organism v. edna Taxonomic approach Limited effectiveness and efficiency Gold Standard edna Efficient and Effective Limitations Organism alive or dead? Quantification? DNA persistence?

10 edna Two edna based approaches: DNA target marker approach PCR-based Species-specific primers DNA barcoding Determine base-pair sequences Compare against reference sequences in database (e.g., GenBank) Metabarcoding examines sequences across a broad number of taxa Zebra mussel gel

11 Assessing Survey Performance Aspects to assess include: detection probability attained for a given effort (i.e., sensitivity) efficiency with which detection is achieved, uncertainty in the survey outcome Quantifying and communicating why you didn t find the needle

12 Conclusions The effort required for high-probability, early detection of aquatic non-native species is substantial Proper sampling design can increase efficiencies For early detection, targeted area/stratified cluster sampling (SCS) is (relatively) more efficient Consider and communicate uncertainty Create rarefaction curves

13 Regional AIS Surveillance Program

14 Regional AIS Surveillance Project GLRI-funded initiative MIDEQ sponsor, TNC facilitator, 8 State writing team Goals: 1) detect and track aquatic invasive species in the U.S. waters of the Great Lakes, 2) provide up to date information needed by decision makers for evaluating potential response actions Supports the Great Lakes and St Lawrence Governors and Premiers signed Mutual Aid Agreement

15 2014 Mutual Aid Agreement

16 The Plan Incorporates recent research Scope Fishes; Benthic Inverts, Plants US Waters of Great Lakes Basin, including St. Lawrence Seaway

17 Content Plan Content Develops a species watch list. Identifies 25 priority locations for surveillance. Provides guidance on monitoring protocols for surveillance. Establishes a process for regional decision making and coordination across state agencies. Establishes protocols for sharing information. Identifies a collaborative adaptive management process

18 Species Watch Lists Species Watch Lists based on NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System (GLANSIS) 138 species across three taxonomic groups (fish, invertebrates, and plant/algae) Conventional sampling using multiple gears plus edna for high-risk target species (e.g., Asian Carp and ruffe)

19 Priority Surveillance Sites 25 throughout the Great Lakes Selected primarily based on propagule pressure and human population Priority Plant Surveillance Sites Site Rank Location State Averaged Index Score 1 Chicago/Chicago River Mouth IL Toledo/Maumee River Mouth OH West Harbor/Marblehead/Lake Erie OH 79 4 Oswego/Oswego River Mouth NY 75 5 Saginaw Bay/Saginaw River Mouth MI 69 6 Portage/Portage-Burns Waterway IN 68 7 Sandusky/Sandusky Bay OH 68 8 Buffalo/Niagara River NY 65 9 Benton Harbor/Saint Joseph River Mouth MI Grosse Pointe Shores/Lake St. Clair MI Calumet River Mouth/Lake Michigan IN Lake St. Clair/Clinton River Mouth MI Cleveland/Cuyahoga River Mouth OH East Chicago/Indiana Harbor Canal IN Evanston/North Shore Channel Mouth IL Lakeside/ Lake St. Clair MI Rochester/Genesee River Mouth NY Detroit River/Rouge River Mouth MI Grand Haven/Grand River Mouth MI Green Bay/Fox River Mouth WI Fairport Harbor/Grand River Mouth OH Milwaukee/Kinnickinnic River Mouth WI Erie/Presque Isle Bay PA Toussaint River Mouth OH Lorain/Black River Mouth OH 34

20 Plant Invasion Risk

21 Survey Methods Stratified random (SCS) design Uses a variety of sampling gears to sample a variety of habitats (stratification variable) Fishes Fyke nets, boat electrofishing, bottom trawls Invertebrates Ponars, sweep nets, Hester-Dendy Plants Rake Toss, videography, diving Adaptive- Assess and modify as appropriate

22 Regional AIS Surveillance Program

23 Other Great (Lakes) Stuff Post-Delisting Monitoring Year Collaborative Science Monitoring year on Lake Erie Lake Erie LAMP 5-year report PA Sea Grant Mock AIS response workshop 21 March 2019

24 Contact Information Jim Grazio, PhD Great Lakes Biologist