CMR Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol.2 Issue.1 June, 2017

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1 GROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN KANDLAKOYA VILLAGE BY CHEMICAL METHODS ABSTRACT Dr. K. Suresh Professor & HOD, Department of Civil Engineering, CMRCET, Medchal, Hyderabad A.P. Ravi Chandra Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, CMRCET, Medchal, Hyderabad Dr. M. Narsi Reddy Professor & COE, Department of Civil Engineering, CMRCET, Medchal, Hyderabad Dr. M.Venkateshwarlu Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, CMRCET, Medchal, Hyderabad The quality of water is of vital concern for mankind since it is directly linked with human welfare. The tremendous increase in industrial activity during the last few decades and the release of obnoxious industrial wastes into the environment, have been of considerable concern in recent years from the point of view of environmental pollution. Environmental pollution on one hand and deforestation and population explosion on the other, are threatening the very existence of life on earth. At present, the menace of water borne diseases and epidemics still looms at large on the horizons of developing countries. Polluted water is the culprit in all such cases. The major sources of water pollution are domestic waste from urban and rural areas and industrial wastes which are discharged into natural water bodies. The physical condition of water (color, taste and odour) might render it undrinkable. Key words: Groundwater, Distribution Diagram, Study area 29

2 4. 1. Introduction Water is the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. It occupies over 70% of the Earth s surface. Life on the Earth without water would have been non-existent. India is the second most populous country with a population more than 1.03 billion. Potable water is provided to 200 million people in this country by 58,000 community water supplies. With 15% of the total population, India has access to about 4% of the total water availability (European Community, 1980). It is the estimated that approximately one third of the world s population use groundwater for drinking (Nickson, 2005). The increased demand for the water due to agriculture expansion, growing population and urbanization, so water resources management has become very important. The interaction of the natural and anthropogenic factors leads to various water types. According to Hamzaoui-Azaza (2011), the increased knowledge of the geochemical evolution of water quality could lead to effective management of water resources. In India and various parts of the world, numerous studies have been carried out to assess the geochemical characteristics of groundwater (Ahmad and Qadir,2001; Alexakis, 2011; Aghazadehm, 2010; Jeevanandam, 2006; Laluraj, 2005; Subramani, 2005; Sujatha, 2003). Water is required by humans for agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually for all of these human uses require fresh water. Only 2.5% of water on the Earth is fresh water, and over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. With growing needs, water demand is gradually exceeding in many parts of the world (Gleick, 1998). Fresh water is available as surface and ground water. The use of groundwater is shown in Fig. 1, which depicts the ground water consumption in various countries. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural India. Besides, it is an important source of water for the agricultural and the industrial sectors. Being an important and integral part of the hydrological cycle, its availability depends on the rainfall and recharge conditions. Till recently, it had been considered as a reliable source of uncontaminated water (Gustafson, 1993). 30

3 Fig. 1 Ground water use in selected countries in the 1980 s 2. Experimental 5. The sampling bottles soaked in 1:1 HCL for 24h were rinsed with distilled water followed by deionized water. At the time of sampling, the bottles were thoroughly rinsed two or three times, using the groundwater to be sampled. The chemical parameters viz. ph and electrical conductivity (EC) were collected in 1000-ml polyethylene bottles from hand pump/bore holes in the study area. The bottles were labeled, tightly packed, transported immediately to the laboratory, and stored at 4 C for the chemical analyses. The samples were analyzed for Electrical conductivity (EC) and ph were measured by conductivity meter ( Systronics,304) and digital ph meter (Systronics, 802) respectively. Estimation of chloride (Cl), by Titration (Mohr's Method) in the laboratory. 3. Results and Discussion The ph of the most of the ground waters generally ranges from (Davis and Dewiest 1970). The types of dissolved constituents in ground water can influence ph levels. Dissolved CO 2 forms carbonic acid in water, is an important control on the ph of natural waters. The H + ion concentration in natural waters are controlled not only by the dissociation of water but mostly by the relationship between concentration of the carbonic acid (and its ions, H + and CO 3 - ) as well as by the generalizing these ions from the humic acids and by the hydrolysis of heavy metal salts. The ph in the groundwater is varied from 3.06to 8.59 in all the groundwater samples of the study area and is within safe limit. Shaded contour maps (distribution Diagrams) have been generated for the area of investigation and it is observed that most of the ground water samples are alkaline except in the East and South part of the study area, the ground water is acidic in nature (Fig.1). 31

4 Fig. 1: Distribution diagram of ph values The Electrical conductivity (EC) measurement provides an indication of ionic concentrations. It depends upon temperature, concentration and types of ions present in water and soils (Hem, 1991).The maximum limit of electrical conductivity in drinking water is prescribed as 1500 micro mhos/cm (WHO, 1983). Electrical conductivity (EC) values of ground water of the present study area vary from 0.086to 1.38μ mhos/cm. In the area of investigation 84.86% ground water samples in ground water samples of are within the permissible limits for drinking purpose prescribed by WHO (1983). The distribution of EC is more in central and southern parts of the area of investigation and shown in the shaded contour maps (Fig.2 ). Fig. 2: Distribution diagram of Electrical Conductivity (EC) values 32

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6 Chloride (Cl), In general, the chloride content of ground water used for drinking should not exceed 250 mg/l (BIS, 2003). It is only in arid region the ground water may contain up to 800 mg/l of chloride ions. In the present study area chloride ions in the ground water are varying from to season respectively. It is observed that 92% of the ground water samples in the area of investigation chloride exceed the desirable limits of 250 mg/l (BIS, 2003). The source of chloride in ground water is more due to the weathering of minerals present in the rocks of the study area apart from the natural sources, domestic sewage and industrial effluents may also contribute chloride in ground water (Karanth, 1987; Craig and Anderson, 1979). The distribution of Chloride in the area of investigation is shown in the shaded contour maps (Fig. 3). Fig. 3: Distribution diagram of Chlorides (Cl) values 34

7 4. CONCLUSION The groundwater sources in and around Kandlakoya area, Medchal district of T.S., have been evaluated for their chemical composition and suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. In the study area malignity of groundwater samples are within permissible limits prescribed for drinking water. The source of chloride in ground water is more due to the weathering of minerals present in the rocks of the study area. Also the Chloride content in ground water increased due to natural sources, domestic sewage and industrial effluents. Acknowledgments We express our thanks to Ch. Gopal Reddy, Secretary, CMRGI, Principal and HOD, CMR College of Engineering and Technology Hyderabad, for help and encouragement to publish this paper. 5. References 1. Aghazadeh N and Mogassem A (2010), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,doi: /S Ahmad Z and Qadir A(2011), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,175(1-4), Alexakis D(2011), Environmental Monitoring Assessment, doi: /s APHA (1992), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Washington D.C: American Public Health Association, BIS (2003),Drinking water Specification, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi IS:10500, Craig, E. and Anderson, M.P. (1979): The effect of Urbanization on Groundwater Quality A case study. Groundwater, Vol.17, No.5, pp Davis S.N. and Dewiest R.J.M.1966), Hydrogeology, New York, Wiley, Eaton E.M.(1950), Soil Science,69, European Community, (1980): Council directive of 15 July 1980 relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official Jour. Eur. Community, Brussels, Belgium 23 (1229), Garrers,R.M.(1967),Genesis of some ground waters from igneous rocks.in: Ahelson ph(ed)researches in Geochemistry, Wiley,New York, Garg V.K.,Sythar S, Singh S, Sheoram A, Garima M and Jari S (2009), Environmental Geology, 58, Gupta S.K. and Gupta I.C.(1987), Management of Saline Soils and Water, Oxford and IBH Publication. Co. New Delhi,India, Gustafson, D.L. (1993): Pesticides in drinking water, Van Hosfrand Reinhold, New York, pp Hamzaoui- Azaza F., Ketata M., Bouhlia R., Gueddari M., and Riberio L. (2011), Enviornmental Monitoring and Assessmet 174,

8 15. Hem, J.d., (1991) study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3 rd ed., p.263). Jodhpur, India: United States Geological survey professional paper 2254, scientific pub. 16. Karanth, K.R. (1987): Groundwater Assessment, Development and Management, Tata Mc Graw Hill Public Co. Ltd, New Delhi. 17. Mccarthy M.f. (2004), Medical Hypothesis, 63, Saxena V.K., and Ahmed S., (20001), Enviorn geol, 40(8), WHO (2004). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva: world Health Organization. 20. WHO (1983). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva: world Health Organization. 36