EMERGY and Environmental Accounting. Emergy Evaluation Procedure Evaluation of Environmental Resources
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1 EMERGY and Environmental Accounting Emergy Evaluation Procedure Evaluation of Environmental Resources
2 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Emergy accounting uses the thermodynamic basis of all forms of energy, materials and human services, but converts them into equivalents of one form of energy. Emergy accounting is organized as a top down approach where first a system diagram of the process is drawn to organize the evaluation and account for all inputs and outflows. Tables of the actual flows of materials, labor and energy are constructed from the diagram and all flows are evaluated. The final step of an emergy evaluation involves interpreting the quantitative results.
3 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Energy Systems Diagram Systems diagrams are used to show the inputs that are evaluated and summed to obtain the emergy of a resulting flow or storage. The purpose of the system diagram is twofold: First, to convey to others system boundaries, the structure and functions of the system under study and the driving energy sources considered Second, to conduct a critical inventory of processes, storages and flows that are important to the system under consideration and are therefore necessary to evaluate.
4 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Preparation of an Emergy Evaluation Table Tables of the actual flows of materials, labor and energy are constructed from the diagram. Raw data on flows and storage reserves are converted into emergy units, and then summed for a total emergy flow to the system.
5 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Example emergy evaluation table
6 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Calculating Unit Emergy Values (UEVs After a evaluation table is prepared, UEVs of products can be calculated. The output or product is evaluated first in units of energy or mass. Then the input emergy is summed and the UEV for the product is calculated by dividing the emergy by the units of the output. The UEVs that result are useful for other emergy evaluations. Specific Emergy = sej/g Transformity = sej/j
7 Emergy Evaluation Procedure EES Energy Analysis Spring 2008 Sum of inputs x 27 years Emergy/energy = UEV
8 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Evaluating Alternatives In some cases, the evaluation is done to determine fitness of a development proposal. In others, it may be a question of comparing different alternatives, or the evaluation may be seeking the best use of resources to maximize economic vitality. So the final step in the evaluation is to calculate several emergy indices that relate emergy flows of the system being evaluated to predict economic viability, carrying capacity, or fitness.
9 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Performance Indicators Several ratios, or indices are are used to evaluate the global performance of a process as follows: The systems diagram shows: renewable inputs (R), non-renewable inputs (N) as an emergy storage of materials, inputs from the economy as purchased (F) goods and services.
10 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Performance Indicators Emergy yield ratio. The ratio of the emergy yield from a process to the emergy costs. The ratio is a measure of how much a process will contribute to the economy. Yield (Y) =R+N+F EYR = Y/F
11 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Performance Indicators Environmental loading ratio. The ratio of nonrenewable and imported emergy use to renewable emergy use. It is an indicator of the pressure of a transformation process on the environment and can be considered a measure of ecosystem stress due to a production (transformation) activity. ELR = (F+N)/R
12 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Performance Indicators Emergy Sustainability Index. The ratio of the Emergy Yield Ratio to the Environmental Loading Ratio. It measures the contribution of a resource or process to the economy per unit of environmental loading. ESI = EYR/ELR
13 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Performance Indicators Emergy Investment Ratio. The ratio of emergy fed back from outside a system to the indigenous emergy inputs (both renewable and non-renewable). It evaluates if a process is a good user of the emergy that is invested, in comparison with alternatives. EIR = F/(N+R)
14 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Performance Indicators Empower intensity. The ratio of total emergy use in the economy of a region or nation to the total area of the region or nation. Renewable and nonrenewable emergy density are also calculated separately by dividing the total renewable emergy by area and the total nonrenewable emergy by area, respectively. Empower Intensity =Y/area
15 Emergy Evaluation Procedure Performance Indicators Percent renewable emergy (%Ren). The ratio of renewable emergy to total emergy use. In the long run, only processes with high %Ren are sustainable. %Ren = R/Y
16 Emergy Evaluation of Environment Evaluation of Area-Time Emergy value of average work on areal basis Emergy/ha = Global Empower Land Area = 15.2 E24 sej/yr 1.5 E10 ha = 1.0 E15 sej/ha/yr Em $ = 1.0 E15 sej/ha/yr ~2.5 E12 sej/$ Em $= 400/ha/yr
17 Emergy Evaluation of Environment Global Emergy Budget
18 Emergy Evaluation of Environment Global Emergy Indices
19 Emergy Evaluation of Environment One kilometer square of earth s surface
20 Emergy Evaluation of Environment One kilometer square of earth s surface EES Energy Analysis Spring 2008 Tripartite Sum = = 11.7 E15 sej/yr Largest 2 nd & 3 rd = 20.3 E 15 sej/yr
21 Emergy Evaluation of Environment Emergy Signature
22 Emergy Evaluation of Environment Emergy Signature
23 Emergy Evaluation of Environment Emergy Signature
24 Emergy Evaluation of Ecosystems Generic Ecosystem
25 Emergy Evaluation of Ecosystems Generic Wetland Ecosystem
26 Emergy Evaluation of Ecosystems Cypress Ecosystem
27 Emergy Evaluation of Ecosystems Cypress Ecosystem
28 Emergy Evaluation of Ecosystems Pine Forest Ecosystem Total inputs = * 27 years =
29 Emergy Evaluation of Ecosystems Pine Forest Ecosystem EES Energy Analysis Spring 2008
30 Q uestions? C omments? C oncerns?
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