Emergence of PFAS: A Public Health Concern?
|
|
- Sheila Lilian Richards
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Emergence of PFAS: A Public Health Concern? Tuesday, July 11, :00 PM Eastern Sponsored by the ABA Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources, Environmental Litigation and Toxic Torts Committee
2 Questions? All attendees can submit questions to
3 PFAS: THE SCIENCE Stephen Zemba, Ph.D., P.E. Russell Abell, P.G. Sanborn Head
4 PFAS BASICS
5 PFAS A class of chemicals PFAS Per- and Poly- Fluorinated Alkylated (Fluoroalkyl) Substances; also PFCs Perfluorinated Compounds) Fluorocarbon tail Strong bonds Hydrophobic Oleophobic Varying length F F F F F F F O F F F F F F F F OH perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) F F F F F F F F F F O S OH F F F F F F F O perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) Functional group Strong to weak acids Hydrophilic 5
6 Uses of PFAS Fabric treatments Chemical/oil/heat-resistant coatings Performance materials Plastics, adhesives, waxes Process surfactants Fire fighting (aqueous film forming foams AFFF) 6
7 Sources to the Environment AFFF use for firefighting Household products Stormwater runoff/street dust Industrial/commercial facilities Textile coaters Chromium platers Car washes PFAS-containing wastes Landfills Wastewater treatment effluent/biosolids Others? 7
8 PFAS in Public Drinking Water Hu et al.,
9 Three Potential Pathways for Industrial Releases Soil *solids from wastewater Groundwater 9
10 HEALTH EFFECTS AND RISK ASSESSMENT
11 PFAS Health Effects and Toxicology Most epidemiological and animal (laboratory) studies have focused on PFOA and PFOS Both PFOA and PFOS bioaccumulate in human blood, PFOS more so PFAS chain length roughly relates to half-life and potential toxicity PFAS persist in humans for years, but in rats and mice for only days to weeks 11
12 C8 Science Panel Studies Shin et al. (2011) Focused on PFOA from Dupont s Washington Works facility in Wood County, WV Conducted as a condition of a lawsuit settlement Populations studied Community residents of six Mid-Ohio River Valley districts with PFOA-contaminated drinking water supplies Former workers at the Dupont plant Combined residents and workers (for follow-up cancer studies) 12
13 C8 Science Panel Studies Probable links between PFOA exposure and: 13 Diagnosed high cholesterol Ulcerative colitis (autoimmune disease) Thyroid disease Testicular and kidney cancers Pregnancy-induced hypertension
14 C8 Science Panel Studies No probable links between PFOA exposure and: 14 Diagnosed hypertension Coronary artery disease Chronic kidney disease Liver disease Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Type I diabetes, Crohn s disease, and multiple sclerosis (autoimmune diseases other than ulcerative colitis) Parkinson s disease Common infections (including influenza) Neurodevelopmental disorders in children (e.g., ADD) Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Stroke Nineteen types of cancer (other than kidney and testicular) Type II diabetes Birth defects Miscarriages and stillbirths Preterm birth and low birth weight
15 Recent Review of PFAS Toxicity Klein & Brown (2016) Some Key Animal Toxicity Studies Effect Investigators Animal Notes Delayed phalanges ossification and hastened puberty in offspring Lau et al. (2006) Mice LOAEL; Basis of EPA s 70 ppt health advisory Testicular cancer Butenhoff et al. (2012) Rats Leydig cell tumors human relevance unclear Increased liver weight in offspring Quist et al. (2015) Mice Signs of chronic stress into adulthood Mammary gland development in offspring Tucker et al. (2015) Mice 15 Human relevance unclear
16 U.S. EPA s Lifetime Health Advisory 70 ppt (ng/l), issued May 2016, applies to PFOS+PFOA sum Basis: Reference dose derived from Lau et al. (2006) developmental study in mice Lowest effects level of 1 mg/kg-d adjusted to mg/kg-d to account for much longer half-life in humans Safety/uncertainty factor totaling 300 applied to get reference dose of mg/kg-d = 20 ng/kg-d = 300 Sensitive InterLOAEL to Individuals Species NOAEL 16
17 PFAS Reference Dose Worldwide Variability Authority Reference Dose or Tolerable Daily Intake (ng/kg-d) PFOS U.S. EPA (2016) PFOA 20 (total of both) European Food Safety Authority (2008) Danish EPA (2015) Health Canada (2016, proposed) Australia / New Zealand (2017) Has U.S. EPA s Reference Dose of 20 ng/kg-d for PFOA+PFOS received adequate peer review? Basis changed from original 2014 proposal Not in the Integrated Risk Information System 17
18 Drinking Water Criteria Examples Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Legally enforceable 2 liter/day water ingestion 70 kg adult Background exposure 80% ng/kg - d 70 kg 140 ng/l 2 l/d Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) Guidance 4.3 l/day water ingestion 70 kg adult Background exposure 80% ng/kg - d 70 kg 65 ng/l 4.3 l/d What is the correct ingestion per body weight? 18
19 Background Exposure to PFAS Is 80% a Reasonable Estimate? NJ s 40 ppt groundwater standard based on doubling of PFOA exposure via drinking water Background estimate: ½ 40 ng/l 2 l/day = 40 ng/day Reference Dose (RfD) exposure: 20 ng/kg-day 70 kg = 1,400 ng/day Background = 40/1,400 = 3% of RfD (for PFOA) Gebbink et al. (2015) estimates of PFOA+PFOS exposure Intermediate: High-end: 48 ng/day (3% of RfD) 343 ng/day (25% of RfD) Fromme (2007) average exposure: 400 ng/day (29% of RfD) 80% seems protective, but what about other PFAS? 19
20 PFOA in Blood in U.S. Population NHANES data Geo Mean PFAS Levels in Blood (National Data) PFOA PFOS Current PFOA ~ 2 µg/l (ppb), PFOS ~ 5.5 µg/l (ppb) 20 PFOS Concentration (µg/l) PFOA Concentration (µg/l) Error bars = 95% confidence interval
21 Average PFOA Levels in Blood (µg/l) ( Elevated PFAS levels in water Increased PFAS in blood Typical blood:water ratios (Braun, 2016 NEWMOA webinar) PFOA: 125 µg/l (blood serum) / µg/l (drinking water) PFOS: 175 µg/l (blood serum) / µg/l (drinking water) 21
22 PFAS and Cancer? Evidence of PFAS carcinogenicity from C8 Panel studies and animal studies is inconsistent and/or inconclusive Results of Hoosick Falls study (NYSDOH, 2017) Only statistically elevated endpoint: lung cancer Kidney cancer not elevated Issue is somewhat moot as the 70 ppt Health Advisory is protective of potential cancer risk 22
23 References Australia / New Zealand (2017). Hazard assessment report Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ). Available at: Danish EPA (2015). Perfluoroalkylated substances: PFOA, PFOS and PFOSA: Evaluation of health hazards and proposal of a health based quality criterion for drinking water, soil and ground water. Environmental project No Available at: European Food Safety Authority (2008). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain. The EFSA Journal 653:1-131 Available at: Fromme, H., Midasch, O., Twardella, D., Angerer, J., Boehmer, S., Lieb,l B. (2007). Occurrence of perfluorinated substances in an adult German population in southern Bavaria. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 80: Gebbink, W.A., Berger, U., Cousins, I.T. (2015). Estimating human exposure to PFOS isomers and PFCA homologues: the relative importance of direct and indirect (precursor) exposure. Environ. Int. 74: Health Canada (2016). Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) in Drinking Water and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in Drinking Water. Documents for public consultation. Available at: and Hu, X.C., Andrews, D.Q., Lindstrom, A.B., Bruton, T.A., Schaider, L.A., Grandjean, P., Lohmann, R., Carignan, C.C., Blum, A., Balan, S.A, Higgins, C.P., and Sunderland, E.M. (2016). Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 3(10): Available at: Klein and Braun (2016). Webinar presentations of Drs. David Klein & Joseph Braun, Brown University, 10/3/2016, sponsored by the Northeast Waste Management Officials' Association (NEWMOA). Slides available at: and NYSDOH (2017). Cancer Incidence Investigation: Village of Hoosick Falls, Rensselaer County, New York. New York State Department of Health, May Available at: Shin, H.M., Vieira, V.M., Ryan, B., Steenland, K., and Bartell, S.M. (2011). Retrospective Exposure Estimation and Predicted versus Observed Serum Perfluorooctanoic Acid Concentrations for Participants in the C8 Health Project. Environ Health Perspect 119(12): Available at: See also C8 Panel study information at: U.S. EPA (2016). Health Effects Support Document for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Health Effects Support Document for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS). Office of Water. EPA 822-R and EPA 822-R Available at: and 23
24 PFAS OCCURRENCE AND IMPACT ON CURRENT RESPONSE ACTIONS IN NH
25 Examples of PFAS Occurrence Study/Site PFOA DF (# detects) > 70 ng/l PFOS DF (# detects) > 70 ng/l Sample Sample Population Type UCMR3 0.3% (13) 0.9% (46) 4,920 Public water systems NH Domestic Wells 12.1% (214) 0.7% (12) 1,762 Domestic Wells Study/Site PFOA DF (# detects) > 400 ng/l PFOS DF (# Sample Sample detects) > 200 ng/l Population Type UCMR3 0% (0) 0.4% (19) 4,920 Public Water Systems NH Domestic Wells 0.9% (16) 0.1% (2) 1,762 Domestic Wells 25
26 Current Regulatory Approach - NH Oct 2016: AGQS of 70 ng/l (parts per trillion) Nov 2016: Sent notice of required sampling in 2017/2018 May 2017: Sent requirements for sampling at active sites Active/closed landfills Hazardous waste release sites Sites with groundwater management permits 26
27 NH Guidelines Strict sampling protocols Teflon-free equipment PFAS-free personal gear (no Tyvek, Goretex, etc.) Increased field QA/QC requirements Requirements below Groundwater Standard (AGQS) Delineate and notification >90% AGQS Continued monitoring >50% AGQS 27
28 Other State GW Standards or Guidelines State PFOA Concentration PFOS Concentration Notes Al, CA, CO, DE, FL, NH, NY, RI 70 ng/l 70 ng/l Adopted EPA HAL as GW standards or guidelines AK, IL 400 ng/l 200 ng/l Maine 60 ng/l 100 ng/l Massachusetts Anticipated in 2018 Anticipated in 2018 Michigan 420 ng/l 11 ng/l Minnesota 300 ng/l 300 ng/l New Jersey 40 ng/l --- North Carolina 2,000 ng/l --- Texas 300 ng/l 600 ng/l Vermont 20 ng/l 20 ng/l 28 West Virginia 500 ng/l --- PFAS are regulated Proposed at 14 ng/l
29 Summary PFAS have re-emerged, HAL revised to 70 ng/l PFAS migration: groundwater and air deposition Toxicological and health studies are minimal and inconsistent or inconclusive HAL basis includes inconsistent and conservative assumptions HAL should be considered protective, but State agencies are responding as if it is a screening level Significant difference in occurrence at current HAL compared to original advisory levels 29
30 PFAS: Legal Considerations Matthew D. Thurlow Former trial attorney at U.S. Department of Justice, Environmental Enforcement Section
31 PFAS Timeline Late 1990s: EPA learns that PFOS was widespread in the blood of the population and expresses concerns regarding its toxicity and persistence in the environment 2002: EPA issues a significant new use rule under Section 5 of TSCA for PFAS; rule includes phase out between of all PFOS (primarily used in Scotchgard and produced since late 1940s) 2006: EPA creates a stewardship program for PFOA; eight manufacturers agree to phase-out 95% of production by 2010 and eliminate production by : EPA issues new rule under TSCA addressing PFOA use in carpets 2015: EPA issues rule under TSCA requiring notification of EPA of any use of PFOA or related chemicals 2016: EPA issues health advisories for PFOS and PFOA, which address PFOS and PFOA in groundwater 31
32 Avenues for Legal Regulation Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Safe Drinking Water Act Clean Air Act (hazardous air pollutant) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) 32
33 Legal Impact of EPA Health Advisories Health advisories provide information on contaminants that can cause human health effects and are known or anticipated to occur in drinking water. EPA's health advisories are non-enforceable and non-regulatory and provide technical information to states agencies and other public health officials on health effects, analytical methodologies, and treatment technologies associated with drinking water contamination. EPA is evaluating PFOA and PFOS as drinking water contaminants in accordance with the process required by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). To regulate a contaminant under SDWA, EPA must find that it: (1) may have adverse health effects; (2) occurs frequently (or there is a substantial likelihood that it occurs frequently) at levels of public health concern; and (3) there is a meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction for people served by public water systems. In addition, EPA plans to begin a separate effort to determine the range of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS the group of chemicals of which PFOA and PFOS are a part) for which an Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) assessment is needed. 33
34 EPA Health Advisories Not legally enforceable under EPA regulations or the SDWA, but new Health Advisory standards may be given weight in state regulation and in litigation Health advisories increase scrutiny of PFAS and increases the likelihood of litigation and may make it harder to resolve existing litigation 70 ppt level increases the number of sites subject to clean up and/or litigation and may increase the cost of litigation 34
35 EPA Health Advisories HA Level of 70 ppt is much lower than EPA s provisional HA level of 200 ppt HA Level is significantly lower than levels set in Germany, UK, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden, and some U.S. states Other U.S. states have even lower limits (ex. New Jersey 14 ppt) California plans to add PFOA and PFOS on Prop. 65 list of chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity 35
36 PFOS/PFOA Exposure Nov. 2016: EPA clarifies that health advisories only apply to exposure through drinking water EPA HA focused on exposure to PFOS/PFOA in public drinking water supplies, but there are many other sources of exposure Health Advisories indicate 80% or more of human exposure is from sources other than drinking water PFOS exposure from food sources (including snack foods, vegetables, meat, dairy, and breast milk) PFOS and PFOA can be found in indoor air and dust (carpets, furniture, textiles) Soil exposure Consumer products 36
37 Key Factual and Legal Issues with PFAS Persistence in the environment Mobility Widespread use Causation Injury Damages 37
38 Hoosick Falls Litigation Master consolidated class action complaint filed in August 2016 against Saint-Gobain and Honeywell for PFOA contamination from manufacturing facility in Hoosick Falls from 1950s-2014 Claims include negligence, nuisance, trespass, and strict liability Plaintiffs seek monetary damages for property damage, injunctive relief, and biomonitoring Seek certification of five different classes of plaintiffs: Municipal Water Property Damage Class; Private Well Water Property Damage Class; Municipal Water Nuisance Class; Private Well Water Nuisance Class; and Biomonitoring Class 38
39 Hoosick Falls Litigation Feb. 2017: District Court Judge Lawrence E. Kahn issues decision Negligence, strict liability, and trespass claims based on property damage survive motion to dismiss Dismissed private nuisance claims for Municipal Water Plaintiffs, but Private Well Plaintiffs claims survive Certify for interlocutory appeal medical monitoring claims Separate litigation with Village is settled in Dec Sept. 9, 2016: EPA proposes Hoosick Falls site to the National Priorities List (NPL) 39
40 Hoosick Falls Cancer Study May 2017: Village of Hoosick Falls study by New York State finds no statistically significant elevations of cancers between Jan Dec Exposure to PFOA for 40 years with average levels of 595 ppt before installation of treatment (non-detect after installation of treatment in March 2016) Population of 3,500; no statistically significant increase in cancer associated with PFOA Lung cancer (not associated with PFOA) only cancer that was found to be statistically higher; thyroid cancer found to be lower Cancers associated with PFOA (including testicular, kidney, prostate and bladder cancer were statistically the same as expected) 40
41 Tennessee Riverkeeper Tennessee Riverkeeper filed suit against 3M, BFI Waste Systems, Daikin, the City of Decatur, and Morgan County in June 2016 for RCRA violations stemming from disposal of PFOA and PFOS in Decatur, Alabama Later added additional defendants including Dyneon and Toray Fluorofibers Tennessee Riverkeeper alleges that high concentrations of PFOA can be found in groundwater at 3M manufacturing site and landfills Levels of PFOA as high as 70.4 ppb in discharges to river and 24.1 ppb in river sediment; surface water concentrations as high as 420 ppt Tennessee Riverkeeper claims contamination constitutes imminent and substantial endangerment to health or the environment and seek an injunction preventing disposal of material in landfills and requiring remediation of 3M property 41
42 Other Significant PFOA and PFOS Litigation Parkersburg, West Virginia: DuPont and Chemours Co. settled thousands of PFOA personal injury cases brought in an MDL for $671 million in Feb (S.D. Ohio); claims process Other significant litigation pending in Pennsylvania, Alabama, and Minnesota Attorney General lawsuits? 42
43 Problems with PFAS Regulation Aggressive push to regulate PFAS in California, Vermont, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan, and Minnesota Uncertain science Addressing drinking water versus other sources of exposure Clean up claims: are private plaintiffs best positioned to negotiate a remedy with defendants? How clean is clean enough? Levels of PFAS declining in blood Balancing of clean up costs versus health and environmental impact Era of declining public resources (budgets and staff)- should the focus be on PFAS, or are there other more pressing environmental priorities? 43
44 Questions? All attendees can submit questions to
Agenda NHDES Update Clark Freise, NHDES Assistant Commissioner
Southern NH PFOA Investigation Bedford Public Meeting Riddle Brook Elementary School January 11, 2018 1 Agenda NHDES Update Clark Freise, NHDES Assistant Commissioner NHDHHS Update Lisa Morris, Director,
More informationSouthern New Hampshire PFOA Investigation: Public Meeting in Merrimack, NH. March 23,
Southern New Hampshire PFOA Investigation: Public Meeting in Merrimack, NH March 23, 2016 1 Agenda Introduction Tom Burack, Commissioner PFC/PFOA Background Mike Wimsatt, Director, Waste Management Division
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS
FUNDAMENTALS OF PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS Ian Pepper The University of Arizona Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center Biosolids: Beyond a Movement Northwest Biosolids Portland, Oregon October
More informationThe Analysis of Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) including PFOS and PFOA
Supplier Partnership PFAS Presentation The Analysis of Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) including PFOS and PFOA Dr. Mark Bruce Corporate Technical Director Karla Buechler Corporate Technical Director
More informationUnderstanding PFAS: For Healthy Drinking Water and Fire Safety
Understanding PFAS: For Healthy Drinking Water and Fire Safety Arlene Blum, PhD and Tom Bruton, PhD Green Science Policy Institute 2/22/19 More info: Education Research Policy & Purchasing Change Retreats
More informationPerfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Drinking Water
Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Drinking Water Charles D. Hertz, Ph.D. March 16, 2017 Joint Technical Conference PA Section AWWA WWOAP Exton, PA Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water
More informationThe Social and Scientific Discovery of a Class of Emerging Contaminants: Per- and Poly-fluorinated Chemicals
The Social and Scientific Discovery of a Class of Emerging Contaminants: Per- and Poly-fluorinated Chemicals Phil Brown, Northeastern University Alissa Cordner, Whitman College Funding: NIEHS (1R01ES017514-01A1,
More informationEMERGING CONTAMINANTS POLY- AND PERFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES (PFAS)
EMERGING CONTAMINANTS POLY- AND PERFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES (PFAS) February 22, 2017 Presented by Mark A Travers, P.G. Executive Vice President and Principal Site Solutions WHY THE INTEREST IN PFAS Being
More informationPer- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and the Environment State of the Practice Brian Hoye, PG
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and the Environment State of the Practice Brian Hoye, PG Midwest Environmental Compliance Conference November 1, 2016 Chicago, IL Agenda Overview of PFAS Regulatory
More informationNJ s Drinking Water Quality Institute had been suspended after it began work setting a drinking water level for PFOA that would have been the most
NJ s Drinking Water Quality Institute had been suspended after it began work setting a drinking water level for PFOA that would have been the most stringent in the country. Before the process was complete,
More informationAGENDA 5:30 pm: Presentations Start
AGENDA 5:30 pm: Presentations Start Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Abigail Hendershott, District Supervisor & Paul Knoerr, Environmental Quality Analyst/Geologist Michigan Department of Health
More informationPer and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) at Superfund Sites
Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) at Superfund Sites Linda Gaines, Ph.D., P.E. OLEM/OSRTI/ARD/Science Policy Branch Why are PFAS Relevant for Waste Sites? Potential for contamination exists at
More informationPer and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) at Superfund Sites
Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) at Superfund Sites Linda Gaines, Ph.D., P.E. OLEM/OSRTI/ARD/Science Policy Branch Why are PFAS Relevant for Waste Sites? Potential for contamination exists at
More informationAddressing Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)
Addressing Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Maureen Sullivan Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Environment, Safety & Occupational Health) National Academy of Science:
More informationDisinfection ByProducts
Developments in Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) and Perfluorinated Compounds Drinking Water Rules and Regulations Update Seminar July 2017 Disinfection ByProducts 1 Disinfection 1966 United Artists (Thanks
More informationPer and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Release from Landfills
Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Release from Landfills Johnsie Lang, PhD ORISE Postdoc Office of Research and Development (ORD) Toxicology Assessment Division (TAD) EPA Research Triangle Park,
More information2014 DRINKING WATER REPORT
CITY OF OAKDALE 2014 DRINKING WATER REPORT OAKDALE PUBLIC WORKS 1900 HADLEY AVENUE OAKDALE MN 55128 (651) 730-2740 PFC Factsheet What are Perfluorochemicals (PFCs)? PFCs were made by the 3M Company
More informationProgrammatic Approaches to Identification and Management of Federal Sites Potentially Impacted with Perfluorinated Compounds
Programmatic Approaches to Identification and Management of Federal Sites Potentially Impacted with Perfluorinated Compounds William DiGuiseppi, PG Denver, Colorado Innovation that Provides Sustainable
More informationA Response to Emerging Concerns:
A Response to Emerging Concerns: PHL Roles in PFC Monitoring in Minnesota Presented by Paul Moyer June 4, 2013 APHL Speaker Disclosure The Association of Public Health Laboratories adheres to established
More informationPer and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Challenges and Best Practices Taryn McKnight Product Manager
Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Challenges and Best Practices Taryn McKnight Product Manager Copyright 2018, TestAmerica. All All rights reserved. Briefly - What are PFAS? Synthetic compounds
More informationMaximum Contaminant Level Recommendation for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Drinking Water
Maximum Contaminant Level Recommendation for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Drinking Water Basis and Background New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Institute June 8, 2018 [This page left intentionally blank]
More informationNAVY ON- AND OFF-BASE PFC SAMPLING TIMELINE
NAVY ON- A OFF-BASE PFC SAMPLING TIMELINE SEPTEMBER 2015 NEW NAVY POLICY A new Navy PFC policy required drinking water sampling for sites with the potential to have PFCs. Fire-fighting foam that potentially
More informationSummary of Public Comments received on PFOA, its Salts and its Precursors.
Summary of Public Comments received on PFOA, its Salts and its Precursors. Comments on the draft screening assessment report for Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its Salts and its Precursors were provided
More informationWhen Do We Need PFAS?
When Do We Need PFAS? The Chemical Class Approach Towards a Healthier Environment Arlene Blum PhD Research Associate in Chemistry, UC Berkeley Executive Director, Green Science Policy Institute March 2018
More informationNASJRB WILLOW GROVE RESTORATION ADVISORY BOARD (RAB) MARCH 14, 2018
NASJRB WILLOW GROVE RESTORATION ADVISORY BOARD (RAB) MARCH 14, 2018 RAB Agenda - NAVY Welcome Community and RAB Members Environmental Restoration Status Five Year Review Perfluorinated Compounds (PFC)/Perfluoroalkyl
More informationAl Garcia. CIPCA October 12, 2018
Al Garcia CIPCA October 12, 2018 CECs contaminants that present known or potentially unacceptable human health effects or environmental risks: Do not have regulatory standards or Regulatory standards are
More informationACI-NA Environmental Affairs Committee Conference April 18, 2012 Las Vegas, Nevada
ACI-NA Environmental Affairs Committee Conference April 18, 2012 Las Vegas, Nevada PFCs (and we re not talking about money) Background on Perfluorochemicals Roy Fuhrmann Director of Environment Metropolitan
More informationMPCA has finalized site-specific water-quality criteria for PFOA and PFOS (August 2007).
MPCA has finalized site-specific water-quality criteria for PFOA and PFOS (August 2007). Summary of PFC Testing at Landfills. The MPCA recently received the results of groundwater and leachate sampling
More informationPolyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) Challenges and Best Practices. Taryn McKnight Product Manager
Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) Challenges and Best Practices Taryn McKnight Product Manager PFAS - Outline Introduction to PFASs What are PFASs? Nomenclature/Chemistry Sources, Timeline, Formation
More informationMaximum Contaminant Level Recommendation for Perfluorooctanoic Acid in Drinking Water
Maximum Contaminant Level Recommendation for Perfluorooctanoic Acid in Drinking Water Basis and Background New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Institute March 15, 2017 [This page left intentionally blank]
More informationPerfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in fish:
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in fish: What we learned from EPA probability-based surveys of U.S. urban rivers and the Great Lakes Presented at: J Water Monitoring Council Meeting January 21, 2016 Leanne
More informationWhy Is the Navy Sampling for PFOS and PFOA? Additional information can be found online at
Why Is the Navy Sampling for and? The Navy used, a source of, for fire fighting. The established a lifetime health advisory (70 ) for two, specifically and, in drinking water. Navy policy is to identify
More informationPFAS Demands for Safer Alternatives. December 4, 2018 Berkeley, CA
PFAS Demands for Safer Alternatives December 4, 2018 Berkeley, CA Per- & Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Entirely manmade thousands of formulations in use Many are extraordinarily persistent in the environment,
More informationSafety Moment Skin Cancer
Presentation Outline Safety Moment Overview of PFCs International Regulatory Emergence and Trends Managing PFC related contamination Future Challenges Page 2 Safety Moment Skin Cancer Two out of three
More informationApril 2018 Carla Davidson Senior Environmental Quality Analyst Lansing District Office Water Resources Division
Michigan s IPP PFAS Initiative April 2018 Carla Davidson Senior Environmental Quality Analyst Lansing District Office Water Resources Division 517-243-1249 davidsonc@michigan.gov 1 What s in a Name? PFAS
More informationBedford Back River Road Area Waterline Extension Project Frequently Asked Questions
Bedford Back River Road Area Waterline Extension Project As part of the March 2018 Consent Decree between the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES) and Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics
More informationAustralian and New Zealand Biosolids Partnership
Australian and New Zealand Biosolids Partnership Kelly Hopewell Gold Coast Water and Waste Paul Darvodelsky PSD Pty Ltd, Chair, ANZBP Assessment of Emergent Contaminants in Biosolids Executive Summary
More informationEmerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Andrew B. Lindstrom 1, Jason E. Galloway 2, Mark J. Strynar 1, Detlef Knappe 3, Mei Sun 4, Seth Newton 1, Linda K. Weavers 2 1 U.S. Environmental Protection
More informationThese Chemicals Are Forever: Water Contamination from PFOA, PFOS and other PFASs
ISSUE BRIEF FEBRUARY 2019 These Chemicals Are Forever: Water Contamination from PFOA, PFOS and other PFASs - Now, mounting evidence shows that the emergence of seemingly safer and less persistent alternatives
More informationCHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING A TREATMENT SOLUTION FOR PFAS - AN EMERGING CONTAMINANT. Nick Marquez
CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING A TREATMENT SOLUTION FOR PFAS - AN EMERGING CONTAMINANT Nick Marquez Coming Up An introduction to PFAS Specific context wastewater produced by firefighting training Case study
More informationNYS DEC AFFF Pickup Program. Matt Franklin NYSDEC
NYS DEC AFFF Pickup Program Matt Franklin NYSDEC Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are a group of chemicals used to make fluoropolymer coatings and products that resist heat, oil, stains, grease,
More informationPoly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Minnesota: An Update on the Chemicals Formerly Known as PFCs
Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Minnesota: An Update on the Chemicals Formerly Known as PFCs Minnesota Groundwater Association November 16, 2016 Ginny Yingling, Minnesota Dept. of Health
More informationEMERGING CONTAMINANTS: 1,4-DIOXANE & PFAS Environmental and regulatory issues
EMERGING ONTAMINANTS: 1,4-DIOXANE & PAS Environmental and regulatory issues Midwest Environmental ompliance onference Kansas ity April 11, 2018 What is an Emerging ontaminant? Many different definitions
More informationMaximum Contaminant Level Recommendations for Perfluorononanoic Acid in Drinking Water
Maximum Contaminant Level Recommendations for Perfluorononanoic Acid in Drinking Water Basis and Background New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Institute July 1, 2015 [This page left intentionally blank]
More informationPerfluorochemicals. Past, present and future actions
Perfluorochemicals Past, present and future actions February 2007 Contents What are PFCs?... 1 What is the PFC connection to Minnesota?... 1 What s the concern?.. 1 Actions taken... 2 Closed landfill sampling
More informationUrgent research needs for better understanding the toxicity of PFASs
Urgent research needs for better understanding the toxicity of PFASs Jamie DeWitt Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University Greenville, NC dewittj@ecu.edu
More informationHost: Mayor Ramon Hache, Village of Ridgewood. Speaker: Richard Calbi Jr. Director of Operations, Ridgewood Water
Host: Mayor Ramon Hache, Village of Ridgewood Speaker: Richard Calbi Jr. Director of Operations, Ridgewood Water Maintaining Compliance With Evolving Drinking Water Guidance and Regulations: Per - and
More informationDRINKING WATER STANDARDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE
The Class of 1964 Policy Research Shop DRINKING WATER STANDARDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE Regulation of Perfluorinated Compounds Presented to the New Hampshire House Committee on Resources, Recreation, and Development
More informationSTATE OF MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LANSING DISTRICT OFFICE. February 20, 2018
STATE OF MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LANSING DISTRICT OFFICE RICK SNYDER GOVERNOR C. HEIDI GRETHER DIRECTOR February 20, 2018 IPP Community Representative IPP Community address IPP Community
More informationSTATE OF MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES LANSING
RICK SNYDER GOVERNOR STATE OF MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES LANSING NICK LYON DIRECTOR August 1, 2017 Denise Bryan, Health Officer District Health Department No. 2 630 Progress Street
More informationRisk Management Activities on Long-chain Perfluorinated Chemicals
Risk Management Activities on Long-chain Perfluorinated Chemicals Dr. Ana Corado U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chemical issues learning center CSD-19 May 3, 2011 Outline Chemicals considered long-chain
More informationSustainable Removal of Poly- and Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) from Groundwater Using Synthetic Media
Sustainable Removal of Poly- and Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) from Groundwater Using Synthetic Media Nathan Hagelin, Amec Foster Wheeler; Steve Woodard, ECT Amec Foster Wheeler 2016. Presentation
More informationRestoration Advisory Board Fort Meade Legacy BRAC Update 17 May PFOS/PFOA Sampling Event Former Fire Training Area at Tipton Airport
Restoration Advisory Board Fort Meade Legacy BRAC Update 17 May 2018 PFOS/PFOA Sampling Event Former Fire Training Area at Tipton Airport 1 PFOS/ PFOA: Emerging Contaminants What is an emerging contaminant?
More informationGAC for PFC Removal. Eric Forrester. Application Engineer P: E: Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 Slide 1
GAC for PFC Removal Eric Forrester Application Engineer P: 412-787-6821 E: fforrester@calgoncarbon.com Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 Slide 1 Agenda Perfluorinated Compounds What are they? Where are they?
More informationPerfluorinated Compounds Overview
By Sarah Wightman and Jeff Kray September 25, 2017 Emerging contaminants, particularly perfluorinated compounds, are increasingly found in drinking water throughout the country. Regulatory uncertainty
More informationBACKGROUND 1,4-DIOXANE
BACKGROUND Emerging contaminants are broadly defined as any synthetic or naturally occurring chemical that is not commonly monitored in the environment but has the potential to enter the environment and
More informationWater System Responds to Perfluorochemicals: A Case Study. Brian Goetz Deputy Director of Public Works City of Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Water System Responds to Perfluorochemicals: A Case Study Brian Goetz Deputy Director of Public Works City of Portsmouth, New Hampshire Portsmouth, New Hampshire Greenland Pease Tradeport Madbury Rye Newington
More informationHow to Participate Today
Carbon and Resin Solutions for PFAS Removal Webinar March 6, 2018 EnvironmentalSolutions@evoqua.com / (844) 216-3224 TRANSFORMING WATER. ENRICHING LIFE. Page 1 How to Participate Today Audio Modes Listen
More informationPFCs - Approaches to address the concerns for men and the environment
PFCs - Approaches to address the concerns for men and the environment UNEP/OECD Workshop on Perfluorinated Chemicals and the Transition to Safer Alternatives Beijing, China, 2011-09-05 Dr., Chemicals Branch
More informationEnvironmental Issues of Firefighting Foam
NFPA 11 Standard for Low, Medium, and High Expansion Foam 2016 Edition Environmental Issues of Firefighting Foam Contains useful information regarding environmental issues but is primarily focused on the
More informationREGULATORY CHALLENGES POSED BY EMERGING CONTAMINANTS Nikki Delude Roy, H. David Gold, Rachel Jacobson, and Heidi Ruckriegle
2018. Published in Water Resources Committee Newsletter, Vol. 20, No. 1, March 2018, by the American Bar Association. Reproduced with permission. All rights reserved. This information or any portion thereof
More informationSession 3: Emerging Contaminants. Emerging Contaminants: National Guidance for Australia
Session 3: Emerging Contaminants Emerging Contaminants: National Guidance for Australia Dr Bruce Kennedy Executive Policy Adviser CRC CARE 11 September 2015 Outline CRC CARE CRC CARE and guidance development
More informationReview of New Jersey Second Addendum to Appendix C: Recommendation on Perfluorinated Compound Treatment Options
Executive Summary Review of New Jersey Second Addendum to Appendix C: Recommendation on Perfluorinated Compound Treatment Options prepared by Don L. Kriens Sc.D., P.E. Cambridge Environmental Consulting
More informationPractical OBG PRESENTS: Aspects of Implementing a 5-MGD Treatment System to Remove PFOA and PFOS from a Public Drinking Water Supply
OBG PRESENTS: Practical OBG PRESENTS: Aspects of Implementing a 5-MGD Treatment System to Remove PFOA and PFOS from a Public Drinking Water Supply PJ Crow, P.E. WaterJAM 2018, September 12 th, 2018 OUTLINE
More informationX : : : : : : : : : : : : X. YOU ARE HEREBY SUMMONED to answer the attached verified complaint in this
SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK COUNTY OF ALBANY ---------------------------------------------------------------- STATE OF NEW YORK, Plaintiff, - against - 3M COMPANY, TYCO FIRE PRODUCTS LP, CHEMGUARD,
More informationWHAT S IN YOUR WATER? EMERGING GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AND REGULATION ISSUES
WHAT S IN YOUR WATER? EMERGING GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AND REGULATION ISSUES Stephanie R. Feingold Drew Cleary Jordan Sean J. Radomski April 17, 2018 2018 Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP Introduction In
More informationNavy Continues to Proactively Address Potential PFAS Drinking Water Exposures
Navy Continues to Proactively Address Potential PFAS Drinking Water Exposures Policy Includes Regulatory Status, Current Actions & the Path Forward THE DEPARTMENT OF the Navy (DON) continues to demonstrate
More informationKEEP YOUR PROMISES. Report for 2016 DuPont Annual General Meeting
KEEP YOUR PROMISES DUPONT Report for 2016 DuPont Annual General Meeting April 26, 2016 As set forth below, DuPont s C-8 problems are expanding in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Notwithstanding these
More informationAbbreviations, Acronyms, Initialisms, and Symbols
Groundwater and PFAS: State of Knowledge and Practice Abbreviations, Acronyms, Initialisms, and Symbols Section 2 One of eight sections prepared by National Ground Water Association volunteers. Each section
More informationMichigan Taking Action on PFAS
Michigan Taking Action on PFAS Mary Ann Dolehanty Air Quality Division Director Michigan Department of Environmental Quality NACAA 2018 Fall Membership Meeting October 15-16, 2018 Cleveland, OH 1 MPART
More information1,4-Dioxane: Regional Overview & Concerns or, Where to Find it and How to Regulate it
Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection 1,4-Dioxane: Regional Overview & Concerns or, Where to Find it and How to Regulate it September 22 & 23, 2015 Presented by Shannon Pociu, Environmental
More informationDrinking Water Opportunities and Challenges
Drinking Water Opportunities and Challenges Douglas Pabst Chief, Drinking Water and Municipal Infrastructure Branch EPA Region 2 New York, New Jersey, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands 1 Overview
More informationRegulering af PFAS er betydning for skumvæske, der indeholder PFAS er
Regulering af PFAS er betydning for skumvæske, der indeholder PFAS er 1.11.2017 Miljøstyrelsen, Kemikalier Toke Winther A lagre group of substances: ~3000 PFAS substances (KemI 2015) Unique properties:
More informationNew Contaminants Are Always Emerging. High-Throughput Methods for Testing Serum and Drinking Water
New Contaminants Are Always Emerging High-Throughput Methods for Testing Serum and Drinking Water Kenneth Aldous, PhD Division of Environmental Health Sciences Wadsworth Center NY State Department of Health
More informationUNREGULATED CONTAMINANTS:
UNREGULATED CONTAMINANTS: AN UPDATE ON EMERGING CONTAMINANTS & NEW MCLS September 18, 2018 OVERVIEW New MCL for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP) of 30 ppt (0.030 µg/l) New MCL for Perfluorononanoic Acid
More informationWater & Environmental Technology Center. An Industry & University Cooperative Research Center
Water & Environmental Technology Center An Industry & University Cooperative Research Center WET Center Overview Industry & University Cooperative Research Center founded in 2009 Oversight by the National
More informationOverview on PFC Legislation
Titel Overview on PFC Legislation Dr. Leonhardt; October 2017 14 05 2010 Agenda PFOS and PFOA - basics PFOS The history Legislation status quo PFOA The history Legislation status quo Legislative Trends
More informationFEDERAL REGULATORY HORIZON ADAM T. CARPENTER AWWA GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS
FEDERAL REGULATORY HORIZON ADAM T. CARPENTER AWWA GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS WHO IS AWWA? The American Water Works Association is an international, nonprofit, scientific and educational society AWWA is the largest
More informationEmerging Contaminants in Leachate NJSWANA April 12, 2018 Patrick M. Bell, PE Gary J. DiPippo, PE
Building lifetime relationships with our clients and employees. Emerging Contaminants in Leachate NJSWANA April 12, 2018 Patrick M. Bell, PE Gary J. DiPippo, PE Emerging Contaminants Focus: Perfluorinated
More informationACTION MEMORANDUM for a TIME-CRITICAL REMOVAL ACTION OF PFC-CONTAMINATED WATER At Moose Creek, Alaska by
ACTION MEMORANDUM for a TIME-CRITICAL REMOVAL ACTION OF PFC-CONTAMINATED WATER At Moose Creek, Alaska by EIELSON AIR FORCE BASE, ALASKA Prepared By United States Air Force Air Force Civil Engineer Center
More informationBedford South River Road - Public Water System Connections. Contact List
Bedford South River Road - Public Water System Connections Contact List Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics (S-G) is funding the connection of your property to public water at no cost to you because PFOA
More informationEx Situ Treatments of Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Impacted Water
Ex Situ Treatments of Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Impacted Water Tersus Webinar September 21, 2016 Page 2 Acknowledgements David F. Alden, P.E. Tersus Environmental Durham, NC Richard, J. Stewart, PhD Ziltek
More informationReducing the Environmental Impact of Fire Fighting Foams. Tom Cortina 4th Reebok Foam Seminar July 6-7, 2009
Reducing the Environmental Impact of Fire Fighting Foams Tom Cortina 4th Reebok Foam Seminar July 6-7, 2009 Overview Fire Fighting Foam Coalition (FFFC) Most Effective Agents Reduced Environmental Impacts
More informationPFASs Overview, Challenges, and the Potential Impacts. Brian McNamara, P.E. 16 March 2017
PFASs Overview, Challenges, and the Potential Impacts Brian McNamara, P.E. 16 March 2017 Safety Moment Sun Protection Commonly Sunscreen SPF 30+ UVA/UVB protection What if you can t use common sunscreens?
More informationA Summary of Best Available and Emerging Treatment Technologies for Treating Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances
A Summary of Best Available and Emerging Treatment Technologies for Treating Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances ARC 2016 November 8-9, 2016 Halifax, Canada Katherine L. Davis, PhD November 9, 2016 Agenda
More informationEnclosed is the CERCLA Time-Critical Removal Action Memorandum for Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base (NASJRB) Willow Grove, Pennsylvania.
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY BASE REALIGNMENT AND CLOSURE PROGRAM MANAGEMENT OFFICE EAST 4911 SOUTH BROAD STREET PHILADELPHIA, PA 19112-1303 Ms. Lisa Cunningham Remedial Project Manager U.S. Environmental Protection
More informationPer- and polyfluoralkyl substances in the Finnish Defence Forces
Per- and polyfluoralkyl substances in the Finnish Defence Forces Tiina Ryynänen Construction Establishment of Finnish Defence Administration European Conference of Defence and the Environment 31.5-2.6.2017
More informationA Communication Strategy To Limit the Use of Flame Retardants, PFAS, and other Chemicals Classes of Concern
A Communication Strategy To Limit the Use of Flame Retardants, PFAS, and other Chemicals Classes of Concern Arlene Blum PhD Research Associate in Chemistry, UC Berkeley & Green Science Policy Institute
More informationAssociated General Contractors and Omaha District Corps of Engineers
Associated General Contractors and Omaha District Corps of Engineers Environmental Remediation, Military Munitions, and Environmental Quality Programs Drew Reckmeyer, PE, PMP Environmental Remediation
More informationAir Force Meets Challenges of PFOS/PFOA at Closed Installations
Air Force Meets Challenges of PFOS/PFOA at Closed Installations Stephen TerMaath, Ph.D., P.E. Chief, BRAC Program Management Air Force Civil Engineer Center Agenda BRAC Program Mission and Vision Background
More information2016 DRINKING WATER REPORT
CITY OF OAKDALE 2016 DRINKING WATER REPORT OAKDALE PUBLIC WORKS 1900 HADLEY AVENUE OAKDALE MN 55128 (651) 730-2740 City of Oakdale 2016 Drinking Water Report The City of Oakdale is issuing the results
More informationUCMR4 and Other Future Regulations
UCMR4 and Other Future Regulations July 2017 Bill Dowbiggin, P.E., BCEE Presentation Outline UCMR4 and Why it is Important (Dec 20, 2016 CFR Final Rule) The UCMR4 Analytes and their Health Effect Levels
More informationAir Force Public Affairs FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Air Force Public Affairs FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS As of Nov. 20, 2017 General PFOS/PFOA What are Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)? 4 Why is PFOS/PFOA being discovered
More informationReport on the Development of a Practical Quantitation Level for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in Drinking Water
Public Review Draft NJ Drinking Water Quality Institute Testing Subcommittee Report on the Development of a Practical Quantitation Level for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in Drinking Water 8/29/2016 Testing
More informationDuPont Position on PFOA. EPA Positions on Safety of Products and Human Health Effects
DuPont s Commitment to Safety DuPont Position on PFOA DuPont is committed to putting our science to work to ensure our workers are safe, the public is safe, our products are safe and the environment is
More informationNew York State Green Procurement Program Response to Comments on Proposed Amendments to the Specification on Single Use Food Containers
New York State Green Procurement Program Response to Comments on Proposed Amendments to the Specification on Single Use Food Containers Background: In April 2017, the Interagency Committee on Sustainability
More informationRE: REQUEST FOR PUBLIC INPUT FOR PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE
150 West State Street Trenton, NJ 08608 609.392.4214 609.392.4816 (fax) www.chemistrycouncilnj.org February 5, 2018 VIA ELECTRONIC MAIL watersupply@dep.nj.gov Drinking Water Quality Institute RE: REQUEST
More informationNC Department of Environmental Quality Chemours (Gen X)
NC Department of Environmental Quality Chemours (Gen X) Topics Gen X Current Resources Division of Water Resources Private Well Testing (Division of Waste Management) Division of Air Quality summary information
More informationMunitions Constituents That Are Emerging Contaminants
Munitions Constituents That Are Emerging Contaminants Anita K. Meyer DABT Toxicologist Environmental & Munitions CX Huntsville Engineering and Support Center April 24, 2014 US Army Corps of Engineers Emerging
More informationHaven Well Update. excerpt from March 12, 2016 City Council Retreat Levenson Room Portsmouth Public Library
Haven Well Update excerpt from March 12, 2016 City Council Retreat Levenson Room Portsmouth Public Library Excerpts from March 2, 2016 Presentation: Water System Responds to Perfluorochemicals: A Case
More information