Factors Influencing Water Consumption by White-tailed Deer
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1 Factors Influencing Water Consumption by White-tailed Deer J. Hunter Brooks Charles A. DeYoung, Timothy E. Fulbright, David G. Hewitt, Kim N. Echols, Don A. Draeger, David B. Wester
2 Why is water important? Physiological significance Metabolic body functions Waste excretion Thermoregulation Solvent for nutrients/vitamins Gestation, lactation, growth
3 Background Water development for wildlife Lack of surface water = limiting factor Drought years can cause large fluctuations in ungulate populations
4 Free water Standing water from rain Natural streams/ponds Water troughs Preformed water Water from vegetation Sources of Water Metabolic water Breakdown of fats, carbs, protein in food
5 Water Location Due to low water content of protein feed, water troughs are often placed in close proximity to feeders
6 Diet Composition Providing supplemental feed theoretically increases free water requirement due to decrease in preformed water Proportion of feed in the diet can strongly influence free water requirement Percent dry feed:browse Browse (pounds) Preformed water (Gallons) (browse/2) Free water requirement daily (Gallons) % increase in free water needed daily 0: : % 50: % 75: % 100: %
7 Past research How often animals visit Which animals visit Mostly in desert habitats Some captive studies address amount
8 Objectives How do age, season, and deer density affect water consumption by white-tailed deer?
9 Study Area Comanche and Faith Ranches Dimmit County, TX
10 South Texas Climate Highly variable in temperature and precipitation Average 54.6 cm rainfall (>30% coefficient of variation)
11 February 2015 April 2015 June 2015 October 2015
12 Study Area acre enclosures on each ranch 1 enclosure with 20 deer (10 acres per deer) 1 enclosure with 60 deer (3.3 acres per deer) REAL densities, NOT helicopter survey 1 water trough per enclosure and 1 supplemental feeder
13 Sources of Drinking Water Faith Ranch Water is pumped into troughs from a well Comanche Ranch Water is pumped into troughs from a manmade pond Water quality tests were performed, no limiting factors found
14 Cover existing trough with plywood Reconyx Ultrafire cameras A&A Scales Livestock Scale Kit Methods
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16 Methods Scales don t always work Estimation method Amount consumed per second (consumption rate)
17 Timeline Data included in presentation analysis: January 2015 to August 1, 2015
18 White 70 Individual Variation 261 visits to the water trough White 44 3 visits to the water trough
19 Water consumption by ranch water consumption (gallons) Bucks Does Comanche Faith
20 Consumption Mean Water Consumption Gallons/week Bucks Does
21 Age classes: years old years old 6.5+ years old Age Classes
22 40 deer 5 bucks and 5 does per enclosure to High density 6 deer 3 deer 11 deer Low density 6 deer 5 deer 9 deer
23 Analysis Needed to be sure that deer of each sex and age group were visiting with the same frequency No statistical significance found Gallons/visit is representative of overall consumption
24 Analysis Test the effect of deer density on water consumption across 3 age classes
25 Results Deer density did not affect consumption in bucks younger than 6.5 Deer density did not affect consumption in does younger than year old+ bucks drank significantly more in the high density enclosure 6.5 year old + does drank significantly less in high density enclosure
26 Results Consumption by Density for 6.5+ does 0.14 Water consumption (gallons/visit) Low Density High
27 Results 0.2 Consumption by Density for 6.5+ bucks 0.18 Water consumption (gallons/visit) Low Density High
28 Analysis Test the effect of season on water consumption in 3 different age classes
29 Results Season did not affect consumption in bucks of any age Season did not affect consumption in does younger than 6.5 years 6.5 year old+ does drank significantly more water during spring and summer
30 Results 0.16 Water consumption by season 6.5+ does Water consumption (gallons/visit) winter spring summer Season
31 Discussion Does in lower density enclosure may be more productive than those in higher density Could bucks in higher density have increased competition for succulent vegetation which is a major source of water? Older does increase water consumption during gestation and lactation Bucks seem to overcome seasonal stresses in some way In each test, older deer seem to be more susceptible to environmental factors
32 Management Implications What is the take away for wildlife managers? Get water tested Water sources may be important when managing for older deer Water peaks in importance for does during gestation and lactation
33 Acknowledgements Stuart Stedman and the Stedman West Foundation (major funding source) T. Dan Friedkin (major funding source) Dr. David Wester Rene Barrientos Fellow graduate students
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