Institut Teknologi Bandung

Transcription

1 Prayatni Soewondo and Marisa Handajani Environmental Engineering Program Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung January 2012

2 Introduction Current Situation Future Developments Conclusions 2

3 The major pollutant in Indonesia comes from domestic wastewater; It contributes about 70 % of organic loads in urban rivers The water quality trends to decrease, as example: some parameters COD, BOD, nitrogen and phosphate; always increases annually 3

4 BOD Concentration, mg/l BOD Concentration, mg/l Depth: 0.2 m 636,5-643 m BOD (Sem ) BOD (Sem ) BOD (Sem ) BOD (Sem ) 0 St 1B St 2 St 3 St 4 St 5 St 6 St 7 St 8 St 9 Station (Semester I) St 1 B Depth: 0.2 m BOD (Sem ) BOD (Sem ) BOD (Sem ) BOD (Sem ) 613,35 629,01 m St 2 St 3 St 4 St 5 St 6 St 7 St 8 St 9 Station (Semester II) Variation of BOD concentration in surface water of Saguling Dam on Semester I (April-May) and Semester II (October-November), (Soewondo, 2006a and 2006b) 4

5 COD and BOD concentration, mg/l COD BOD Aprl 02 Nov 02 May 03 Oct 03 May 04 Oct 04 Time Aprl 05 Nov 05 May 06 Nov 06 The concentration of BOD and COD in Citarum river, Nanjung during wet and dry seasons, Apr 07 5

6 The population is around million (BPS, 2010) The population lives : 42 % in urban area and 58 % in rural area (BPS, 2010) Basic facilities of sanitation : % in urban area and % in rural area (Bappenas, 2009) Most of the people in Indonesia build their basic infrastructure of sanitation by self-supporting means. In national scale, only % of population has basic sanitation facilities (Bappenas, 2009) 6

7 Accessibility to facility of domestic wastewater, % Investment, % % 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Sanitation Wastewater Urban Rural Areas Communal (%) Private (%) Without facilities (%) 20% 10% 0% Pelita III Pelita IV Pelita V Pelita VI Five-Year Development Source: National Action Plan, 2003 The accessibility of basic sanitation in Indonesia, 2000 The investment of five-year development in Indonesia for sanitation (include water supply) and infrastructure of wastewater 7

8 Profile of Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Indonesia (2000) No City Population (person) Served Served Capacity and Served Area Area Population Efficiency WWTP (Ha) Person % Ha % m3/day % Eff Art of treatment (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) 1 Balikpapan ,8 40 0,1 800 tad ExAE 2 Banjarmasin ,0 20 0, ,3 RBC 3 Bandung , , ,7 S.POND 4 Cirebon , , Tad S.POND 5 Denpasar (*) , , Tad AELGN 6 Jakarta , , ,7 AELGN 7 Medan , , Tad UASB 8 Prapat (*) , ,0 71,6 37, ,0 AELGN 9 Surakarta ,7 60 1, ,8 AELGN 10 Tangerang ,5 82 0, Tad OXD 11 Yogyakarta , ,9 OXL 12 Total

9 (a) (b) Wastewater Treatment Plant in Jakarta (a), Bandung (b) dan Medan (c) ( c )

10 Current Zone Delineation in Bandung by Sanitation System Mode Zone Public sewerage (Zone A & A ): 39.7 km 2 (23%) Individual septic tank (Zone B): 37.1 km 2 (22%) Other on-site (soak-pit) (Zone C): 76.9 km 2 (46%) Public sewerage (Zone A & A ): 39.7 km 2 (23%) Individual septic tank (Zone B): 37.1 km 2 (22%) Communal treatment (Zone D): 3.1 km 2 (2%) Direct discharge to the nearest river (Zone E): 10.9 km 2 (7%) Total km 2 (100%) Source: Suharyanto,

11 Newly Installed Interceptor Future Sanitation Modal Shifts in Bandung City Core Area Mode I A Mode I Sewerage system WWTP Interceptor Septic Tank Mode II wet day overflow A Mode III Septic Tank Mode II III Mode II VI Adjacent Area Mode III Legend: B C C D E Mode IV Mode V Mode VI On-site system Septic Tank groundwater Soak Pit Mode V IV Mode CBSS V Mode V VI Mode II VI Existing Sewer & Interceptor to WWTP Mode II III Mode II IV gray water Newly Installed Sewer & Interceptor to WWTP Source: Suharyanto,

12 No. Parameters Rainy Dry Seasons Seasons Stream Standard* 1 TDS mg/l 2 TSS mg/l 3 ph 7,16-7,50 6,43-7, BOD , mg/l 5 COD mg/l 6 TOC 7,63-50,43 16,09-64,5-7 Nitrite 0-0,03 0-0,03 1 mg/l 8 Nitratq 1,41-25,32 1,89-24,4 10 mg/l 9 Amonium 0,51-8,65 4,66-9,62 0,51 mg/l 10 NTK 11,5-21,2 22,167-34, Total Phosphate 4,3-10,5 1,1-3,502 5 mg/l 12 Oil & Grease 7,6-15,1 5,3-15,1 10 mg/l 0,03-2,7 2,464-7, MBAS *) PP 82, 2001 Ratio BOD/COD: Rainy seasons : Dry seasons : ,5 mg/l Source: Debora, Setyawan and Soewondo, 2009

13 As example : MCK= Mandi, Cuci dan Kakus (Bath, wash and water closet) around Bandung and Tangerang 13

14 The development of ecological system might be a good alternative to develop the recycling system To increase the accessibility of basic sanitation facilities : % in

15 How to manage the wastewater from home industry??? Location of Slaughtering Houses and Tofu Industries Near Bandung 15

16 Inlet i n l e 2 t 2 7 Anaerobic Baffled Rea c tor 7 Ga s out let Med ia Filte r Batu apu Sa ng 7 mp lin g poi nts o u t 1 l 2 e t 2 5 Out Outlet Wetland reactor Two Stages of Wastewater Treatment Using Modifications of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor and Constructed Wetland to Treat Slaughtering Houses and Tofu Industries 16

17 Concentration of COD, mg/l ABR 2 : 2 d WR 2 : 5 d ABR 2 : 1 d WR 2 : 3 d Influent ABR 2 : 2 d WR 2 : 5 d ABR 2 : 1 d WR 2 : 3 d Time, day Influent ABR2 Effluent ABR2 Effluent WR2 WR 1 WR 2 WR 3 WR 4 Effluent The efficiency of COD removal in ABR and WR during the experiments WR 1 WR 2 WR 3 WR 4 17

18 How to manage the domestic wastewater??? Decentralized system less investment Ecological system Water scarcity recycling system 18

19 Low cost encourage the community to self-financing capital cost OM cost Sustainable it has beneficial to the community : - sustain & reliable water resources - renewable energy & natural resouces - the environmental health improvement 19

20 Increase access to domestic wastewater services, both onsite and off-site, in urban and rural areas; Increase financial capacities for wastewater infrastructure developments, both on-site and off-site, and also recover treatment cost to insure services; Increase societies contribution on developing housing effluent of domestic wastewater treatment system; Increase the work of wastewater treatment institution and separate function between regulator and operator; Develop regulation and apply treatments according to enacted guidelines. 20

21 Almost half of the Indonesian populations have no accessibility to wastewater facilities, which can potentially pollute the body of water. By increasing both systems (on site and off site), the degradation of raw water quality can be reduced. The development of technology can play a key role in improving these facilities. Participation of the community is also very important to be concerned about. 21

22 Bandung City Best Phot Thank You for Your Attention 22