Schware and Kimberley, Information Technology and National Trade Facilitation:

Transcription

1

2 RECENT WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPERS No. 310 No. 311 No. 312 No. 313 No. 314 No. 316 No. 317 No. 318 No. 320 No. 321 No. 322 No. 323 No. 324 No. 325 No. 326 No. 327 No. 328 No. 329 No. 330 No. 331 No. 332 No. 333 No. 334 No. 335 No. 336 No. 337 No. 338 No. 339 No. 340 No. 341 No. 342 No. 343 No. 344 Elder and Cooley, editors, Sustainable Settlement and Development of the Onchocerciasis Area: Proceedings of a Ministerial Meeting Webster, Riopelle and Chidzero, World Bank Lending for Small Enterprises Benoit, Project Finance at the World Bank: An Overview ofpolicies Kapur, Airport Infrastructure: The Emerging Role of the Private Sector and Instruments Valdes and Schaeffer in collaboration with Ramos, Surveillance of Agricultural Handbook for Ecuador Schware and Kimberley, Information Technology and National Trade Facilitation: Schware and Kimberley, Information Technology and National Trade Facilitation: Control Programme Price and Trade Policies: A Making the Most of Global Trade Guide to Best Practice Taylor, Boukambou, Dahniya, Ouayogode, Ayling, Abdi Noor, and Toure, Strengthening National Agricultural Research Systems in the Humid and Sub-humid Zones of West and Central Africa: A Frameworkfor Action Srivastava, Lambert, and Vietmeyer, Medicinal Plants: An Expanding Role in Development Srivastava, Smith, and Forno, Biodiversity and Agriculture: Peters, The Ecology and Management of Non-Timber Forest Resources implications for Conservation and Development Pannier, editor, Corporate Governance of Public Enterprises in Transitional Economies Cabraal, Cosgrove-Davies, and Schaeffer, Best Practices for Photovoltaic Household Electrification Programs Bacon, Besant-Jones, and Heidarian, Estimating Construction Costs and Schedules: Experience with Power Generation Projects in Developing Countries Colletta, Balachander, and Liang, The Condition of Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Convergence of Health, Nutrition, and Early Education Valdes and Schaeffer in collaboration with Martin, Surveillance of Agricultural Handbook for Paraguay De Geyndt, Social Development and Absolute Poverty in Asia and Latin America Price and Trade Policies: A Mohan, editor, Bibliography of Publications: Technical Department, Africa Region, July 1987 to April 1996 Echeverria, Trigo, and Byerlee, Institutional Change and Effective Financing of Agricultural Research in Latin America Sharma, Damhaug, Gilgan-Hunt, Grey, Okaru, and Rothberg, African Water Resources: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development Pohl, Djankov, and Anderson, Restructuring Analysis Large Industrial Firms in Central and Eastern Europe: An Empirical Jha, Ranson, and Bobadilla, Measuring the Burden of Disease and the Cost-Effectiveness of Health interventions: A Case Study in Guinea Mosse and Sontheimer, Pevformance Monitoring indicators Handbook Kirmani and Le Moigne, Fostering Riparian Cooperation in International in Development Diplomacy Francis, with Akinwumi, Ngwu, Nkom, Odihi, Olomajeye, Okunmadewa, and Local Development in Nigeria Kerf and Smith, Privatizing AfiicaS Infrastructure: Promise and Change Young, Measuring Economic Benefits for Water lnvestments and Policies River Basins: The World Bank at Its Best and Shehu, State, Community, Andrews and Rashid, The Financing of Pension Systems in Central and Eastern Europe: An Overview of Major Trends and Their Determinants, Rutkowski, Changes in the Wage Structure during Economic Transition in Central and Eastern Europe Goldstein, Preker, Adeyi, and Chellaraj, Trends in Health Status, Services, and Finance: The Transition in Central and Eastern Europe, Volume 1 Webster and Fidler, editors, Le secteur informel et les institutions de microfinancement Kottelat and Whitten, Freshwater Biodiversity in Asia, with Special Reference to Fish Klugman and Schieber with Heleniak and Hon, A Survey of Health Reform in Central Asia en Afrique de 1 Ouest (List continues on the inside back cover)

3 WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 376 w c Roads and the Environment A Handbook Edited by Koji Tszmokawa Christopher Hoban Tke World Bank Wadington, D.C.

4 Copyright The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C , U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing November 1997 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Banks work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910,222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, U.S.A. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual which contains an alphabetical title list with full ordering information. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C , U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d Iena, Paris, France. ISSN: Koji Tsunokawa is senior transport specialist in the Infrastructure Development Group in the World Bank s Middle East and Nort Africa Regional Office. Christopher Hoban is a senior highway engineer in the World Bank s South Asia Infrastructure Sector Unit. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roads and the environment : a handbook /edited by Christopher Hoban and Koji Tsunokawa. Pm cm. - (World Bank technical paper ; no. 376) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN X 1. Roads-Environmental aspects. 2. Environmental impact analysis. I. Hoban, Christopher J., II. Tsunokawa, Koji, III. Series. TD195.R63R DC CIP

5 Table of Contents List of Boxes, Figures and Tables x Foreword XlU Acknowledgements... xiv Abstract...*.... *... xv Executive summary...*...*.a....*... xv1 PART I - THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS Chapter 1 Assessing the environmental impact of road projects The environment and its ecosystems... 4 Roads, the environment, and the need for environmental assessment New, existing, rural, and urban project settings New versus existing project types Rural versus urban project typer; X.3.3 The mixed rural-urban project The environmental assessment (EA) EA and road project development Types of EA... 8 Environmental assessment at the project level The project-specific EA The programmatic or class EA Summary or initial environmental evaluation (SEE/IRE) The regional EA (REA)... 9 Environmental assessment at the strategic level The sectoral EA (SEA) EA duration and budget References and bibliography Chapter 2 Environmental assessment management and institutional issues 2.1 EA and instituttonal development Functions to be performed and the need for environmental skills Developing the policy and legal directives Conducting the EA studies Implementing the environmental management plan (RMP) Managing the EA process Providing the requisite environmental training Establishing the institutional structures References and bibliography Chapter 3 An overview of environmental assessment planning and EA reporting 3.1 Early planning of EA Screening and scoping Description of the need for a project Description of the proposed project and alternatives

6 3.2.3 Identification of valued ecosystem components (VECs) Evaluation of potential impacts for alternative solutions Early consultation Selection of preferred project (solution) and identification of EA type to be applied Preparation of the project terms of reference Space, time and consultation Space Time requirements for the environmental study Consultation The environmental impact statement (EIS) Executive summary The environmental assessment team Introduction and background Approach and methodology Existing conditions Analysis of alternatives The preferred design The environmental management plan Consultation References Appendices Presenting information with maps in the EA report References and bibliography Chapter 4 Key steps involved in undertaking an environmental assessment Seven key steps Description of baseline conditions Collecting and analyzing existing basic documents Assembling information from different sources Consultation with local residents and professionals The sampling design The field investigations Tracking project-induced versus natural environment changes Analysis of potential environmental impacts Determining significance Impact characteristics Impact types Consideration of alternatives Alternative designs.....! Analysis of alternatives Planning remedial measures Avoidance Mitigation Including consultation in mitigation planning Compensation Monitoring and evaluation Compliance monitoring Effects monitoring (Evaluation) The environmental management plan (EMP) Documentation Using maps in EA Dealing with poor availability of maps iv

7 /!,I Chapter 5 Chapter General maps Thematic maps Presentation maps Synthesis maps References and bibliography Public involvement in EA 5.1 Guiding principles Information dissemination Information solicitation Consultation Application When is public involvement necessary? Determining who should participate Enabling the poor to participate Local and community participation Government agencies and research institutions Non-government organizations (NGOs) A framework for public involvement Public involvement format The open house (Information displays and reports) Interview survey Public meetings Individual or group discussions On-site consultation Rapid social appraisal Rapid rural appraisal Guide to information presentation Written reports, newsletters, and leaflets Graphic material Audio-visual aids References and bibliography Types of environmental impact 6.1 Impact types Direct impacts Indirect impacts Cumulative impacts Ecosystem funcion impacts Positive and negative impacts Random and predictable impacts Local and widespread impacts Temporary and permanent impacts Short- and long-term impacts Impact severity References and bibliography PART ii - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, THEIR MITIGATION AND THEIR ECONOMIC VALUATION Chapter 7 impacts on soils 7.1 Impacts and setting Loss of productive soil Erosion V

8 7.1.3 Contamination of soil Cumulative impacts Determining the nature and scale of impacts Remedial measures Prevention Mitigation Compensation Reducing impacts on soils: An action checklist References and bibliography Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Impacts on water resources Impacts and setting Surface water flow modification Groundwater flow modification Water quality degradation (surface and groundwater) Determining the nature and scale of impacts Drainage modifications Water table modification Water quality degradation Sensitive habitat intrusion Remedial measures Prevention Mitigation Compensation Enhancement Minimizing impacts on water resources: An action checklist References and bibliography impacts on air quality 9.1 Impacts and setting Airmass contaminants Movement of pollutants Impacts Determining the nature and scale of impacts Assessment at the project level Measurement of roadside pollutants Computer modeling of pollutants Remedial measures Prevention Mitigation Compensation Minimizing impacts on air quality: An action checklist References and bibliography Impacts on flora and fauna 10.1 Impacts and setting Direct impacts Indirect impacts Ecosystem types and sensitivity Determining the nature and scale of impacts Extent of the project Duration of the construction period Evaluation of the affected systems.....,104 Vi

9 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter Use of indicator species or groups Rapid appraisal Modeling Useful sources of information Remedial measures Prevention Mitigation Compensation Minimizing impacts on flora and fauna: An action checklist References and bibliography Impacts on communities and their economic activity 11.I impacts and setting The split community The loss of roadside community business and social activity The by-passed community The reduced convenience of traditional modes of transport The dilemma for tourism The culture shock effect.....? The gentrification effect Determining the nature and scale of impacts The preliminary assessment The social assessment Remedial measures Prevention Mitigation Compensation Minimizing impacts on' communities and their economic activity:, An action checklist References and bibliography Impacts arising from land acquisition and resettlement 12.1 impacts and setting Determining the nature and scale of impacts Stresses in the host community Remedial measures Prevention Mitigation Compensation Minimizing impacts of land acquisition and resettlement: An action checklist References and bibliography Impacts on indigenous peoples 13.1 impacts and setting Loss of traditional sense of identity Loss of livelihoods and violation of traditionally-exercised land rights Health and social problems Violation of rights to participate in development Determining the nature and scale of impacts Identifying the population and the affected area Consultation and participation The surveys vii

10 13.3 Remedial measures Prevention Mitigation Compensation Minimizing impacts on indigenous peoples: An action checklist......l References and bibliography Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Impacts on cultural heritage 14.1 impacts and setting Determining the nature and scale of impacts Preliminary assessment Cultural heritage Remedial measures Prevention Mitigation Compensation Minimizing impacts on cultural heritage features: An action checklist References and bibliography Impacts on aesthetics and landscape 15.1 Impacts and setting Links between aesthetic values and regional landscape design Potential negative aesthetic impacts Determining the nature and scale of impacts Remedial measures Prevention Mitigation.: Compensation Minimizing impacts on aesthetics and landscape: An action checklist References and bibliography Impacts on the noise environment 16.1 Impacts and setting Sources of road noise Road noise impacts Determining the nature and scale of impacts Assessing noise impacts Noise measurement Noise level standards Remedial measures Prevention Mitigation Compensation Avoiding impacts on the noise environment: An action checklist References and bibliography Impacts on human health and safety 17.1 Impacts and setting Determining the nature and scale of impacts Human health Road safety Vlll

11 17.3 Remedial measures Prevention Mitigation l Compensation Avoiding impacts on human health and safety: An action checklist References and bibliography Chapter 18 Environmentally sound construction and facility management practices 18.1 New construction projects Settings and Impacts Remedial measures Maintenance and rehabilitation (M 81 R) projects......lso Defining maintenance and rehabilitation Setting and Impacts Mitigation The implementation of environmental requirements Environmental risk The failure of mitigative measures Mitigative measures References and bibliography Chapter 19 Economic valuation of the impacts of road projects on the environment 19.1 Economic valuation of environmental impacts (EVEI)...., The fundamental problem Alternative institutional approaches The cost-benefit evaluation formats EVEI in the context of public involvement Procedural considerations Some prerequisites Choosing a valuation technique and scheduling the procedure Common valuation techniques A valuation typology Direct valuation approaches Surrogate market approaches Preventive expenditures approach Replacement cost approaches Contingent valuation approach Alternative economic format Cost effective analysis approach References and bibliography Appendices Appendix 1 Example of environmental management plan Appendix 2 Impact of road maintenance tasks on the environment in the Sahel Appendix 3 Guide to defining natural and social indicators in environmental assessment Other sources of information Glossary Index ix