Water Quality on the Tsunami Impacted Irrigation Area of Krueng Geupu in Aceh Besar District

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1 Water Quality on the Tsunami Impacted Irrigation Area of Krueng Geupu in Aceh Besar District Susi Chairani, Syahrul, Purwana Satriyo, Dewi Sri Jayanti, Rita Frisilia Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University Abstract. The Irrigation Area of Krueng Geupu which located at Layaeun Village, Leupung Sub District, Aceh Besar District, was terribly hit by the 2004 tsunami. The water source for irrigation used to derived from Krueng Geupu (Geupu River), which could irrigate the whole irrigation area of ha. The water quality in this irrigation area had several parameters that fulfilled the water quality standard established by the Government s Rule No. 82 in Parameters which had been analyzed in laboratory were physical and chemical parameters. Physics parameters were temperature, total dissolved suspension (TDS), turbidity, and e lectrical conductivity (EC), whereas chemical parameters were ferrum (fe), hardness, ph, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Both parameters showed a significant differences during wet and dry seasons. The tsunami caused the sea water intrusion in soils or land nearby the sea. The results showed that the value of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was exceeding the maximum limit established by the Government s Rule. These results indicated the irrigation water was in poor condition because it had a high level of natrium due to tsunami. The irrigation system in this area had several damages which cause the inefficiency in distributing irrigation water to paddy field. Keywords: water quality, the irrigation area, Krueng Geupu, tsunami, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) INTRODUCTION Water is a vital element in life. Without it, it is impossible for human beings to sustain the life. In agriculture, water plays an important role in production processes. Water is used as the main source in irrigation. In practices, it is also used for consumption and daily needs. In addition, water is also used for irrigation, industry, and recreation [5]. One of the ways to manage the water sources in a watershed or catchment area is to maintain the quality of water. Water gets polluted everyday due to human activities which impacts human s life, especially in agriculture. Water pollution is the action of adding the organisms or other substituents into water, until it reaches the level which disturbs the usage of water [5]. This study emphasized on water quality in a water source located in Leupung Irrigation Area. This study aimed to find out the standardization of water quality and water management. Water quality is water properties and the content of living creatures, elements, energy, or other components in water. Water quality is stated in several parameters, such as physical parameters (temperature, turbidity, dissolved solids), chemical parameters (ph, dissolved oxygen, BOD [4], metal content), and biology parameters (planktons and bacteria) [1]. Based on the Government Rule No. 82 in 2001 as presented in Table 1, water can be classified into four classes: Class 1: water for drink without any initial treatment, Class 2: water used as the main source for drink through distillation, Class 3: water for fishery and cattle, and Class IV: water for agriculture and industry. TABLE 1. Government s Rule No. 82 in 2001, December 14, 2001 about Management of Water Quality and Controlling Water Pollution. Parameter Unit Class I II III IV PHYSICS Temperature o C Soluted residue mg/l Suspended residue mg/l Kekeruhan NTU 25 (-) (-) (-) Electrical Conductivity Umhos (-) (-) (-)

2 ANORGANIC CHEMISTRY ph BOD mg/l COD mg/l DO mg/l Total Phosphat as P mg/l NO3 as N mg/l NH3-N mg/l 0.5 (-) (-) (-) Arsenic mg/l Cobalt mg/l Barium mg/l 1 (-) (-) (-) Boron mg/l Selenium mg/l Cadmium mg/l Chrom (VI) mg/l Cuprum mg/l Ferrum mg/l 0.3 (-) (-) (-) Cobalt mg/l Mangan mg/l 0.1 (-) (-) (-) Mercury mg/l Zincum mg/l Chloride mg/l 600 (-) (-) (-) Cyanide mg/l (-) Fluoride mg/l (-) Nitrit as N mg/l (-) Sulphate mg/l 400 (-) (-) (-) Free Chlorine mg/l (-) H2S mg/l (-) MICROBIOLOGY Fecal Coliform Total/100 ml Total Coliform Total/100 ml RADIOACTIVITY Gross A bq/l Gross B bq/l ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Oil and Fat µg/l (-) Detergent as MBAS µg/l (-) Phenol µg/l (-) BHC µg/l (-) Aldrine/ Dieldrine µg/l 17 (-) (-) (-) Chlordane µg/l 3 (-) (-) (-) DDT µg/l Heptachlor and Heptachlor epoxide µg/l 18 (-) (-) (-) Lindane µg/l 56 (-) (-) (-) Methoxychlor µg/l 35 (-) (-) (-) Endrine µg/l (-) Toxaphan µg/l 5 (-) (-) (-) The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) has established some criteria for water classification based on electrical conductivity (EC), sal inity, and natrium (SAR) as presented in the following Table 2, 3 and 4, respectively. 17

3 TABLE 2. Water Classification based on Electrical Conductivity (EC) [2]. Criteria of Water Irrigation Usage Water Classification EC (ds/m) Class 1 Very good 0.25 Class 2 Good Class 3 Permitted Class 4 Called in doubt Class 5 Not permitted 3 ds/m at 25 o C = mmhos/cm TABLE 3. Water Classification based on Salinity [5]. Water Classification Salinity (mg/l) Clear/ fresh < 500 Medium Brackish Salty > 5000 Very salty Bitter > TABLE 4. Water Classification based on SAR [5]. Class Description S1 Water containing low natrium level (SAR < 10) Water can be used for irrigation to most of soils. Plants which are sensitive to Na +, its natrium accumulation has to be taken care of. S2 Water containing medium natrium level (SAR : 10-18) This water is dangerous for soils which have high adsorption rate. This water can be used on soils with coarse textures, containing gypsum or soils containing organics matters with good permeability. S3 Water containing high natrium level (SAR : 18 26) This water producing high concentration of Na + for most of soils. It takes special treatment and leaching to utilize this water. S4 Water containing a very high natrium level (SAR : > 26) This water is not recommended for irrigation, except soils containing a very low salinity. METHODS The research was conducted by taking samples on a river in Leupung Village, Aceh Besar District. The samples were taken based on agricultural activities which got hit by tsunami and location that not hit by tsunami. Then, the samples were analyzed in laboratory. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Irrigation Area of Krueng Geupu is located at Layaeun Village, Leupung Sub District, Aceh Besar District. This irrigation area was terribly hit by the 2004 tsunami. This area used to have a dam and used to be a tourism resort. The water source for irrigation used to derived from Krueng Geupu (Geupu River), which could irrigate the whole irrigation area of ha. People s acitivities in the irrigation area of Krueng Geupu were mostly cultivating paddy in the rice field. They also used to utilize the irrigation water to wash and to take a bath. Discharge measurement had been conducted during the dry season, resulting discharge of 3.75 m 3 /s with the average velocity of 0.1 m/s, meanwhile discharge in wet season was m 3 /s with the average velocity of 0.33 m/s. Water Quality The change of water quality during dry and wet seasons in the Irrigation Area of Krueng Geupu are presented in Table 5 and 6, respectively. 18

4 TABLE 5. The Change of Water Quality during dry season. No Parameter Unit Results Water in Water out Method 1 Temperature o C SNI TDS mg/l SNI Turbidity NTU SNI ph SNI DHL µs/cm SNI Ferrum (Fe) mg/l SNI Ammonia (NH 3 -N) mg/l ASTM SD Calcium (Ca) mg/l SNI Magnesium (Mg) mg/l SNI Phospat (PO 4 ) mg/l SNI BOD mg/l SNI COD mg/l SNI Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l SNI Natrium (Na) mg/l Spectrophotometer TABLE 6. The Change of Water Quality during wet season. No Parameter Unit Results Water in Water out Method 1 Temperature o C SNI TDS mg/l SNI Turbidity NTU SNI ph SNI DHL µs/cm SNI Ferrum (Fe) mg/l SNI Ammonia (NH 3 -N) mg/l ASTM SD Calcium (Ca) mg/l SNI Magnesium (Mg) mg/l SNI Phospat (PO 4 ) mg/l SNI BOD mg/l SNI COD mg/l SNI Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l SNI Natrium (Na) mg/l Spectrophotometer FIGURE 2. Water Quality in the Irrigation Area of Krueng Geupu covering: a. Temperature, b. TDS, c. Turbidity, d. ph, e. EC, f. Ferrum, g. Ammonia, h. BOD, i. COD, j. SAR, k. Hardness, and l. Phospate. 19

5 From Figure 1, parameters of water quality which were within standardized quality in the Irrigation Area of Krueng Geupu were temperature and ph. Meanwhile, other parameters, such as TDS, turbidity, EC, ferrum, ammonia, BOD, COD, SAR, hardness, and phosphate were significantly changing in dry and wet seasons. The TDS increased during the dry season due to the anorganic sediment in the watershed of Krueng Geupu. The BOD and COD of water in and out indicated that the irrigation water did not get polluted by fertilizers or pesticides applied by farmers in paddy field during both seasons. During the wet season, ferrum and ammonia significantly increased. Ferrum increased due to the decomposition of organic matters from agricultural activities, whereas the ammonia was due to the residue of urea used for fertilizer, biota cultivation and dead algaes. The water hardness was caused by magnesium or calcium ions. A high quality water had low hardness. The water contained low magnesium or calcium and once it got reacted with soap, the soap would not form a foam [6]. Based on the analysis, the SAR value of water in during dry season was 2.06 mg/l and water out was 1.81 mg/l. Meanwhile, in wet season, the SAR value of water in and out were 1.13 mg/l and 2.60 mg/l respectively. According to the Government s Rule No. 82 in 2001, the SAR value of water in during the dry season was not permitted by the standardized limit for Class IV which has been established. It was vice versa with the dry season, in wet season, the SAR value of water in and water out was exceeding the maximum limit established by the Government. According to [3], the effect of salinity can cause the dry physiology on plants. The EC value of water in and out were 0.19 and 1.90 respectively. This showed that the EC value of water in was classified into a very good condition for irrigation, whereas the EC value of water out was still permitted. The pattern was quite the same with the EC value of water in and out during the wet season. The EC value of water in and out were 0.18 and 1.7 respectively. The analysis results showed that the EC value of water in was classified into a good condition as well as the EC value of water out. The polluted water did not only cause the failure of cultivation of water biota but also could endanger the consumers. From the observation, the main source of irrigation did not get polluted. System of irrigation that had been built in the area of paddy field was not quite efficient for agricultural activities. This was caused by the damages which occurred in several irrigation channels. Therefore, the distribution of water irrigation was not good enough to reach the agricultural lands. The inefficient irrigation caused the damages on agricultural productivities, such as the unhealthy of paddy growth. The controlling of water pollution was the effort to prevent the water pollution as well as the treatment of water quality to guarantee the water quality in accordance to standardization of water quality. The succeed key to budidaya of water biota was to stabilize the water quality in fishponds. To keep water stable during the preservation of water biota, the supporting and influencing factors need to have full attention. Starting from the main source of water which had to be in good quality and the condition in the water body to maintain the water quality during the cultivation of biota. CONCLUSION The parameters of water quality which included physical, chemical and biology parameters, indicated the irrigation water in the Irrigation Area of Krueng Geupu was in poor condition due to a high level of natrium caused by tsunami. The irrigation system in this area had several damages which cause the inefficiency in distributing irrigation water to paddy field. REFERENCES 1. Effendi, H Telaah Kualitas Air bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta. 2. FAO Final Report for SPFS-Emergency Study on Rural Reconstruction along the Eastern Coast of NAD Province. Government of the Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. 3. Gunes. A., A. Inal, and M. Alpaslan Effect of Salinity on Stomatal Resistance. Proline, and Mineral Composition of Pepper. J. Plant Nutr. 19 : Metcalf and Eddy Waste Water Engineering : Treatment and Reuse. Edisi IV. Mc Graw Hill Inc. New York. 5. Ministry of Water Management Guidelines for Irrigation and Water Management. Jakarta. 6. Sastrawijaya, A., dan Tresna Pencemaran Lingkungan. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. 7. Sugiharto Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air. Bogor. 20