5.10 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY

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1 5.10 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY This section analyzes potential project impacts on existing drainage patterns, surface hydrology and flood control facilities and water quality conditions in the project area. Mitigation measures are recommended to avoid potential impacts or reduce them to a less than significant level. Information in this Section is based on the Hydrology and Water Quality Technical Appendix prepared by RBF Consulting (May 2007), as part of the Downtown Lancaster Specific Plan (DLSP); refer to Appendix I. This Appendix is an engineering study and evaluation solely to support the master planning and infrastructure program for the project on issues related to drainage, surface hydrology and water quality. The assessment and technical analyses are in compliance with the local drainage policies and requirements for the City of Lancaster (City), Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board, Los Angeles County and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) of 1970, as amended. The hydrology analyses and drainage assessments were prepared at a preliminary engineering level based upon available information EXISTING SETTING REGIONAL HYDROLOGY AND DRAINAGE CONDITIONS The Antelope Valley Region is a closed topographic basin with no outlet to the ocean. All water that enters the Valley Region either infiltrates into the groundwater basin, evaporates, or flows toward the three dry lakes on Edwards AFB; Rosamond Lake, Buckhorn Lake, and Rogers Lake. In general, groundwater flows northeasterly from the mountain ranges to the dry lakes. Due to the relatively impervious nature of the dry lake soil and high evaporation rates, water that collects on the dry lakes eventually evaporates rather than infiltrating into the groundwater. 1 Surface water flows within the Antelope Valley Region are carried by ephemeral streams. The most hydrologically significant streams begin in the San Gabriel Mountains on the southwestern edge of the Antelope Valley Region and include Big Rock Creek, Little Rock Creek and Amargosa Creek, and Oak Creek from the Tehachapi Mountains. Amargosa Creek runs south/north and is between State Route 14 and Sierra Highway, within the City of Lancaster. 2 The City of Lancaster is within the Antelope Valley Drainage Basin. PROJECT AREA HYDROLOGY AND DRAINAGE CONDITIONS The project area drains generally to the northwest. The project area consists of a mixture of residential, commercial, industrial and institutional land uses. HYDROLOGY An existing conditions hydrologic analysis was prepared for the Downtown Lancaster Specific Plan. Hydrologic calculations to evaluate surface runoff associated with 50-year storm frequencies from the tributary drainage areas were performed using the Modified Rational Method Hydrology Program No. F0601 (MORA). Hydrologic parameters used in the analysis, 1 Antelope Valley Integrated Regional Water Management Plan, Ibid. Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

2 such as rainfall, impervious values, time of concentration and soil classification, are presented in the Los Angeles County Hydrology Manual dated January Methodology The Rational Method and Modified Rational Method are empirical computation procedures for developing a peak runoff rate (discharge) for storms of a specific recurrence interval. Rational Method equations are based on the assumption that the peak flowrate is directly proportional to the drainage area, rainfall intensity, time of concentration, land use and soil type. The design discharges were computed by generating a hydrologic link-node model, which divides the area into drainage subareas. These subareas are tributary to a concentration points or hydrologic node points determined by the existing terrain and street layout. The assumptions and guidelines applied for use of the Rational and Modified Rational Methods are outlined in Appendix I, Hydrology and Water Quality. Existing Watershed Description The drainage pattern for the area flows generally to the north and west towards the intersection of Lancaster Boulevard and 10th Street West. Storm flow conveyance in the project area is generally within the existing streets and the existing 42 reinforced concrete pipe on Lancaster Boulevard, from Fig Avenue to 10th Street West; refer to Exhibit , Master Plan Storm Drains. The capacity of the storm drain was not available. The storm drain on Fig Avenue is part of the Master Plan of Drainage, however its existence was not verified. Based on field observations during a rain event, it appears that drainage facilities in Lancaster Boulevard are not adequate to convey storm flows. Existing Surface Water Hydrology To establish the baseline hydrologic conditions for the project area the 50-year frequency storm was analyzed. The 50-year analysis is used to determine the peak runoff in the regional storm drain system and the local roads. The area is generally free of debris so a burning and bulking factor was not assumed in the analysis; refer to Appendix I for the results of the 50-year modified rational method analysis. Table , Existing Conditions Peak Flowrates, provides the existing condition hydrology. Exhibit , Existing Condition Hydrology Map, illustrates the existing condition hydrology. CHARACTERISTICS OF STORMWATER QUALITY This section discusses typical pollutants found in stormwater runoff and discusses the types of contaminants that may be found in existing stormwater runoff. Point Source Pollutants Historically, point-source pollutants have consisted of industrial operations with discrete discharges to receiving waters. Over the past several decades, many industrial operations have been identified as potential sources of pollutant discharges. For this reason, many types of industrial operations require coverage under the State of California s General Industrial Permit. This permit regulates the operation of industrial facilities and monitors and reports mechanisms to ensure compliance with water quality objectives. Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

3 Table Existing Conditions Peak Flowrates Subarea Area (acres) Total Area (AC) Tc (min) Total 50r. Peak Q (cfs) 1A A A B B B AB C C C AC D D D AD E E AE F F AF B (22G on map) AB (23AG on map) A (H1 on map) A (H2 on map) A (H3 on map) Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

4 NOT TO SCALE 08/08 JN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT DOWNTOWN LANCASTER SPECIFIC PLAN Master Plan Storm Drains Exhibit

5 NOT TO SCALE 08/08 JN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT DOWNTOWN LANCASTER SPECIFIC PLAN Existing Condition Hydrology Map Exhibit

6 Industrial operations not under the General Industrial Permit s jurisdiction may still have the potential to affect the water quality of receiving waters. These industrial operations would be considered non-point-source pollutants. Because of state regulations, industrial operations that are required to comply with California and industrial permit are considered to have less than significant impacts on the receiving waters water quality. Non-Point-Source Pollutants A net effect of urbanization can be to increase pollutant export over naturally occurring conditions. The impact of the higher export can be on the adjacent streams and also on the downstream receiving waters. However, an important consideration in evaluating stormwater quality from a project is to assess if it impairs the beneficial use to the receiving waters. Nonpoint source pollutants have been characterized by the following major categories in order to assist in determining the pertinent data and its use. Receiving waters can assimilate a limited quantity of various constituent elements; however, there are thresholds beyond which the measured amount becomes a pollutant and results in an undesirable impact. The backgrounds of these standard water quality categories provide an understanding of typical urbanization impacts. SEDIMENT Sediment is made up of tiny soil particles that are washed or blown into surface waters. It is the major pollutant by volume in surface water. Suspended soil particles can cause the water to look cloudy or turbid. The fine sediment particles also act as a vehicle to transport other pollutants including nutrients, trace metals and hydrocarbons. Construction sites are the largest source of sediment for urban areas under development. Another major source of sediment is streambank erosion, which may be accelerated by increases in peak rates and volumes of runoff due to urbanization. NUTRIENTS Nutrients are a major concern for surface water quality, especially phosphorous and nitrogen can cause algal blooms and excessive vegetative growth. Of the two, phosphorus is usually the limiting nutrient that controls the growth of algae in lakes. The orthophosphorous form of phosphorus is readily available for plant growth. The ammonium form of nitrogen can also have severe effects on surface water quality. The ammonium is converted to nitrate and nitrite forms of nitrogen in a process called nitrification. This process consumes large amounts of oxygen, which can impair the dissolved oxygen levels in water. The nitrate form of nitrogen is very soluble and is found naturally at low levels in water. When nitrogen fertilizer is applied to lawns or other areas in excess of plant needs, nitrates can leach below the root zone, eventually reaching ground water. Orthophosphate from auto emissions also contributes phosphorus in areas with heavy automobile traffic. As a general rule of thumb, nutrient export is greatest from development sites with the most impervious areas. Other problems resulting from excess nutrients are: 1) surface algal scums; 2) water discolorations; 3) odors; 4) toxic releases; and 5) overgrowth of plants. Common measures for nutrients are total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrate, ammonia, total phosphate and total organic carbon (TOC). Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

7 TRACE METALS Trace metals are primarily a concern because of their toxic effects on aquatic life and their potential to contaminate drinking water supplies. The most common trace metals found in urban runoff are lead, zinc and copper. Fallout from automobile emissions is also a major source of lead in urban areas. A large fraction of the trace metals in urban runoff are attached to sediment and this effectively reduces the level, which is immediately available for biological uptake and subsequent bioaccumulation. Metals associated with the sediment settle out rapidly and accumulate in the soils. Also, urban runoff events typically occur over a shorter duration, which reduces the amount of exposure, which could be toxic to the aquatic environment. The toxicity of trace metals in runoff varies with the hardness of the receiving water. As total hardness of the water increases, the threshold concentration levels for adverse effects increases. OXYGEN-DEMANDING SUBSTANCES Aquatic life is dependent on the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water and when organic matter is consumed by microorganisms DO is consumed in the process. A rainfall event can deposit large quantities of oxygen demanding substance in lakes and streams. The biochemical oxygen demand of typical urban runoff is on the same order of magnitude as the effluent from an effective secondary wastewater treatment plant. A problem from low dissolved oxygen results when the rate of oxygen-demanding material exceeds the rate of replenishment. Oxygen demand is estimated by direct measure of DO and indirect measures such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oils and greases, and total organic carbon (TOC). BACTERIA Bacteria levels in undiluted urban runoff exceed public health standards for water contact recreation almost without exception. Studies have found that total coliform counts exceeded Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) water quality criteria at almost every site and almost every time it rained. The coliform bacteria that are detected may not be a health risk in themselves, but are often associated with human pathogens. OIL AND GREASE Oil and grease contain a wide variety of hydrocarbons some of which could be toxic to aquatic life in low concentrations. These materials initially float on water and create the familiar rainbow-colored film. Hydrocarbons have a strong affinity for sediment and quickly become absorbed to it. The major source of hydrocarbons in urban runoff is through leakage of crankcase oil and other lubricating agents from automobiles. Hydrocarbon levels are highest in the runoff from parking lots, roads and service stations. Residential land uses generate less hydrocarbons export, although illegal disposal of waste oil into stormwaters can be a local problem. OTHER TOXIC CHEMICALS Priority pollutants are generally related to hazardous wastes or toxic chemicals and can be sometimes detected in stormwater. Priority pollutant scans have been conducted in previous studies of urban runoff, which evaluated the presence of over 120 toxic chemicals and Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

8 compounds. The scans rarely revealed toxins that exceeded the current safety criteria. The urban runoff scans were primarily conducted in suburban areas not expected to have many sources of toxic pollutants (with the possible exception of illegally disposed or applied household hazardous wastes). Measures of priority pollutants in stormwater include: 1) phthalate (plasticizer compound); 2) phenols and creosols (wood preservatives); 3) pesticides and herbicides; 4) oils and greases; and 5) metals. Physical Characteristics of Surface Water Quality Standard parameters, which assess the quality of stormwater, provide a method of measuring impairment. The backgrounds of these typical characteristics assist in understanding water quality requirements. The quantity of a material in the environment and its characteristics determine the degree of availability as a pollutant in surface runoff. In an urban environment, the quantity of certain pollutants in the environment is a function of the intensity of the land use. For instance, a high density of automobile traffic makes a number of potential pollutants (such as lead and hydrocarbons) more available. The availability of a material, such as a fertilizer, is a function of the quantity and the manner in which it is applied. Applying fertilizer in quantities that exceed plant needs leaves the excess nutrients available for loss to surface or ground water. The physical properties and chemical constituents of water traditionally have served as the primary means for monitoring and evaluating water quality. Evaluating the condition of water through a water quality standard refers to its physical, chemical, or biological characteristics. Water quality parameters for stormwater comprise a long list and are classified in many ways. In many cases the concentration of an urban pollutant, rather that the annual load of that pollutant, is needed to assess a water quality problem. Some of the physical, chemical or biological characteristics that evaluate the quality of the surface runoff are outlined below. DISSOLVED OXYGEN Dissolved oxygen in the water has a pronounced effect on the aquatic organisms and the chemical reactions that occur. It is one of the most important biological water quality characteristics in the aquatic environment. The dissolved oxygen concentration of a water body is determined by the solubility of oxygen, which is inversely related to water temperature, pressure and biological activity. Dissolved oxygen is a transient property that can fluctuate rapidly in time and space. Dissolved oxygen represents the status of the water system at a particular point and time of sampling. The decomposition of organic debris in water is a slow process and the resulting changes in oxygen status respond slowly also. The oxygen demand is an indication of the pollutant load and includes measurements of biochemical oxygen demand or chemical oxygen demand. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is an index of the oxygen-demanding properties of the biodegradable material in the water. Samples are taken from the field and incubated in the laboratory at 20 C, after which the residual dissolved oxygen is measured. The BOD value commonly referenced is the standard five-day values. These values are useful in assessing stream pollution loads and for comparison purposes. Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

9 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the pollutant loading in terms of complete chemical oxidation using strong oxidizing agents. It can be determined quickly because it does not rely on bacteriological actions as with BOD. COD does not necessarily provide a good index of oxygen demanding properties in natural waters. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS TDS concentration is determined by evaporation of a filtered sample to obtain residue whose weight is divided by the sample volume. The TDS of natural waters varies widely. There are several reasons why TDS is an important indicator of water quality. Dissolved solids affect the ionic bonding strength related to other pollutants such as metals in the water. TDS are also a major determinant of aquatic habitat. TDS affects saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen and influences the ability of a water body to assimilate wastes. Eutrophication rates depend on total dissolved solids. ph The ph of water is the negative log, base 10, of the hydrogen ion (H+) activity. A ph of seven is neutral; a ph greater than seven indicates alkaline water; a ph less than seven represents acidic water. In natural water, carbon dioxide reactions are some of the most important in establishing ph. The ph at any one time is an indication of the balance of chemical equilibrium in water and affects the availability of certain chemicals or nutrients in water for uptake by plants. The ph of water directly affects fish and other aquatic life and generally toxic limits are ph values less than 4.8 and greater than 9.2. ALKALINITY Alkalinity is the opposite of acidity, representing the capacity of water to neutralize acid. Alkalinity is also linked to ph and is caused by the presence of carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide, which are formed when carbon dioxide is dissolved. A high alkalinity is associated with a high ph and excessive solids. Most streams have alkalinities less than 200 milligrams per liter (mg/l) and ranges of alkalinity of mg/l seem to support well-diversified aquatic life. SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE The specific conductivity of water, or its ability to conduct an electric current, is related to the total dissolved ionic solids. Long-term monitoring of a project s waters can develop a relationship between specific conductivity and TDS. Its measurement is quick and inexpensive and can be used to approximate TDS. Specific conductivities in excess of 2000 μohms/cm indicate a TDS level too high for most freshwater fish. TURBIDITY The clarity of water is an important indicator of water quality that relates to the ability of photosynthetic light to penetrate. Turbidity is an indicator of the property of water that causes light to become scattered or absorbed. Turbidity is caused by suspended clays and other organic particles. It can be used as an indicator of certain water quality constituents such as predicting the sediment concentrations. Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

10 NITROGEN Sources of nitrogen in stormwater are from the additions of organic matter to water bodies or chemical additions. Ammonia and nitrate are important nutrients for the growth of algae and other plants. Excessive nitrogen can lead to eutrophication since nitrification consumes dissolved oxygen in the water. Nitrogen occurs in many forms. Organic Nitrogen breaks down into ammonia, which eventually becomes oxidized to nitrate-nitrogen, a form available for plants. High concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen (N/N) in water can stimulate growth of algae and other aquatic plants, but if phosphorus (P) is present, only about 0.30 mg/l of nitrate-nitrogen is needed for algal blooms. Some fish life can be affected when nitrate-nitrogen exceeds 4.2 mg/l. There are a number of ways to measure the various forms of aquatic nitrogen. Typical measurements of nitrogen include Kjeldahl nitrogen (organic nitrogen plus ammonia); ammonia; nitrite plus nitrate; nitrite; and nitrogen in plants. The principal water quality criteria for nitrogen focus on nitrate and ammonia. PHOSPHORUS Phosphorus is an important component of organic matter. In many water bodies, phosphorus is the limiting nutrient that prevents additional biological activity from occurring. The origin of this constituent in urban stormwater discharge is generally from fertilizers and other industrial products. Orthophosphate is soluble and is considered to be the only biologically available form of phosphorus. Since phosphorus strongly associates with solid particles and is a significant part of organic material, sediments influence concentration in water and are an important component of the phosphorus cycle in streams. The primary methods of measurement include detecting orthophosphate and total phosphorus. EXISTING STORMWATER QUALITY CONDITIONS The Antelope Valley Groundwater Basin is comprised of two primary aquifers: the upper (principal) aquifer and the lower (deep) aquifer. The principal aquifer is an unconfined aquifer. Separated from the principal aquifer by clay layers, the deep aquifer is generally considered to be confined. Groundwater quality is excellent within the principal aquifer but degrades toward the northern portion of the dry lake areas. The groundwater is considered to be generally suitable for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses. The deeper aquifers typically have higher total dissolved solids (TDS) levels. High fluoride, boron, and nitrates are problematic in some areas of the basin. Arsenic is another emerging contaminant of concern in the Antelope Valley Region and has been observed in Los Angeles County Waterworks District (LACWWD) 40, PWD, and Quartz Hill Water District (QHWD) wells. Additionally, portions of the Basin have experienced nitrate levels above the maximum contamination limit. 3 On-Site Water Quality Conditions The project site lacks any measured data on stormwater runoff quality. In the absence of sitespecific data, expected stormwater quality are qualitatively discussed by relating typical pollutants to specific land uses. 3 Ibid. Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

11 Currently, the site contains civic, cultural, commercial, office and residential buildings. As stated, storm flow conveyance in the project area is generally within the existing streets and the 42 RCP on Lancaster Boulevard from Fig Avenue to 10th Street West. The expected existing pollutants in the existing condition stormwater runoff from the developed areas of the project area and its tributary area are oil and grease from automobile use. Other pollutants associated with residential, commercial and institutional development include trash, nutrients, bacteria, and household hazardous wastes. Undeveloped areas could add suspended solids in the stormwater runoff. Currently, the project area has no structural Best Management Practices (BMPs) that could potentially decrease the amount of pollutants in stormwater runoff. Development and redevelopment activities have two primary effects on water quality; they are sources of erosion and sedimentation during the construction phase and they have long-term effects on runoff once the development is complete. RESIDENTIAL ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENT Residential and urban development is often a significant source of stormwater pollution. Currently, approximately 16.0 acres (11.5 percent) of the project area is developed with residential land uses (single- and multi-family units). Residential and urban development can affect water quality in three ways: Impervious surfaces associated with development increase the rate and volume of stormwater runoff, which increase downstream erosion potential; Urban activities generate dry-weather ( nuisance ) flows, which may contain pollutants and/or may change the ephemeral nature of streams and the degradation of certain habitats; and Impervious surfaces increase the concentration of pollutants during wet weather flows. The potential for negative water quality effects is generally correlated to the density of development and the amount of impervious area associated with development. Detached residential development has the potential to generate sediments such as nutrients and organic substances (including fertilizers), pesticides (from landscape application), trash and debris (including household hazardous waste), oxygen demand, oil and grease (from driveways and roads), and bacteria and viruses. MUNICIPAL ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENT Infrastructure and facilities (roads, streets, highways, parking facilities, storm drains and flood management facilities) present a threat to water quality. Other facilities such as parks, airfields, water treatment plants, wastewater reclamation plants, landfills and transfer centers, and corporate yards also present water quality issues. Municipalities may also own and administer areas and activities tributary to impaired water bodies and/or water quality sensitive areas that might be harmful to water quality. In addition to streets and highways, approximately 67.3 acres (48.14 percent) of the existing project area consists of public/quasi-public facilities (civic center, City maintenance facility, public parking). Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

12 COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENT Approximately 34.7 acres (24.9 percent) of the existing project area consists of commercial land uses. Certain commercial activities have the potential to generate pollutants that can negatively affect stormwater quality. Auto repair shops in particular have the potential to generate heavy metals, oils, toxic chemicals and other oxygen-demanding substances. In addition, restaurants have the potential to generate pollutants such as grease, trash and other oxygen-demanding substances. The project area consists of many commercial activities that have the potential to significantly affect water quality. Specifically, uncovered aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) and containers, as well as scrap, waste and debris piles have a significant potential to generate stormwater pollution. Because many of these tanks and stockpiles are located on bare ground, there is the potential that local groundwater resources may be affected as well. Similarly, underground storage tanks (USTs) have potential to release pollutants to groundwater. Also, refer to Section 5.9, Hazards and Hazardous Materials. OFFICE AND INSTITUTIONAL ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENT Approximately 15.7 acres (11.2 percent) of the project area consists of office and institutional (educational and religious) uses. Office and institutional activities have the potential to impact stormwater. Similar to residential uses, office and institutional uses have the potential to generate sediments such as pesticides (from landscape application), trash and debris and oil and grease (from driveways and roads). FLOODPLAIN MAPPING Existing flood zone hazards are established by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which provides flood insurance subsidies and federally financed loans for property owners in flood-prone areas. FEMA has been responsible for administration of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) since its inception in Through this program, analyses are conducted to determine the magnitude of flood risk that exists in communities throughout the United States. Within these communities, individuals would be eligible to purchase flood insurance for structures and contents exposed to flooding if the community joined the NFIP. High hazard flood zones include property within 100-year floodplains, flash flood washes, and designated floodways. The NFIP is described in detail below under the Regulatory Framework discussion. The City of Lancaster is a participant in the NFIP. Communities participating in the NFIP must adopt and enforce minimum floodplain management standards, including identification of flood hazards and flooding risks. The published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) for the project site are included on Community Panel No B. Portions of the site are located in Zone B, which is the area between the 100-year and 500-year floodplain. Based on this classification, there is not a flood hazard within the project area. Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

13 REGULATORY SETTING FEDERAL LEVEL Federal Clean Water Act (Section 404) The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has regulatory authority over the discharge of dredged or fill material into the waters of the United States under Section 404 of the CWA. The Corps and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) define fill material to include any material placed in waters of the United States where the material has the effect of: (i) Replacing any portion of a water of the United States with dry land; or (ii) Changing the bottom elevation of any portion of the waters of the United States. Examples include, but are not limited to sand, rock, clay, construction debris, wood chips, and materials used to create any structure or infrastructure in the waters of the United States. The term waters of the United States includes the following: (1) All waters that have, are, or may be used in interstate or foreign commerce (including sightseeing or hunting), including all waters subject to the ebb and flow of the tide; (2) Wetlands; (3) All waters such as interstate lakes, rivers, streams (including intermittent streams), mudflats, sandflats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, or natural ponds; the use, degradation or destruction of which could affect interstate or foreign commerce; (4) All impoundments of water mentioned above; (5) All tributaries of waters mentioned above; (6) The territorial seas; and, (7) All wetlands adjacent to the waters mentioned above. The Corps generally takes jurisdiction within rivers and streams to the ordinary high water mark determined by erosion, the deposition of vegetation or debris, and changes in vegetation. Wetlands, a subset of jurisdictional waters, are jointly defined by the Corps and EPA as those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions (33 CFR 328.3(b)). Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. There are no jurisdictional areas located within the DLSP area. In the State of California, the overall regulation, protection, and administration of water quality is carried out by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). The SWRCB and the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board (LRWQCB) enforce State of California statutes, equivalent to or more stringent than the federal statutes. The LRWQCB is responsible for establishing water quality standards and objectives that protect the beneficial uses of various waters in their region. The LRWQCB is also responsible for protecting surface and ground waters from both point and non-point sources of pollution. National Pollution Discharge Elimination System The 1972 amendments to the CWA prohibit the discharge of any pollutant to navigable waters of the United States from a point source unless the discharge is authorized by a National Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

14 Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit. While the original CWA focused on point source discharges (defined pipes and outfalls), stormwater discharges were added to the scope of the law by Congress in The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adopted final regulations that established Phase I stormwater discharge control requirements for the NPDES program in These regulations required large municipalities and specific industrial sites to obtain stormwater discharge permits under the NPDES program. In addition, these regulations required that stormwater discharge permits be issued to large construction activities consisting of five acres or more of land. In 2003, the Phase II NPDES program requirements took effect, regulating nonpoint source discharges from all construction sites one acre or more in size and expanding the permit requirements to smaller municipalities. In California, the NPDES program is administered by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) through the nine Regional Water Control Boards (RWQCBs). In 1992, the SWRCB adopted the General Construction Activity Storm Water Permit (GCASWP or General Permit) which is...required for all stormwater discharges associated with construction activity where clearing, grading, and excavation results in a land disturbance of 5 or more acres. However, by Modification of Water Quality Order DWQ (approved by Motion on December 2, 2002) and consistent with the Phase II NPDES program for stormwater, the SWRCB lowered the threshold acreage of soil disturbance requiring permit coverage from 5 acres to 1 acre. Since development projected to occur as part of the proposed project would fall within these criteria, the proposed project must be covered under the General Permit. In order to be covered under the General Permit, the project applicant for each individual project to be developed within the project area must submit a Notice of Intent (NOI) to the SWRCB. For coordinated development proposals, a single NOI can be submitted. The General Permit requires all owners of land where construction activities occur (i.e., dischargers) to: Eliminate or reduce non-stormwater discharges to storm sewer systems and other waters of the nation; Develop and implement a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP); and Perform inspections of stormwater pollution prevention measures (control practices). The General Permit authorizes the discharge of stormwater associated with construction activity from construction sites. However, it prohibits the discharge of materials other than stormwater and all discharges, which contain hazardous substances in excess of reportable quantities established at Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations Sections or unless a separate NPDES permit has been issued to regulate those discharges. The General Permit requires development and implementation of a SWPPP, emphasizing Best Management Practices (BMPs), which are defined as schedules of activities, prohibitions of practices, maintenance procedures, and other management practices to prevent or reduce the pollution of waters of the United States. The SWPPP has two major objectives: To help identify the sources of sediment and other pollutants that affect the quality of stormwater discharges; and Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

15 To describe and ensure the implementation of practices to reduce sediment and other pollutants in stormwater discharges. In addition, dischargers are required to conduct inspections before and after storm events and to annually certify that they are in compliance with the General Permit. The General Permit is currently being revised and reissued to include numeric action levels and numeric affluent limits for certain pollutants, additional BMP, and other measures to further minimize potential impacts associated with construction activities. National Flood Insurance Act With the passage of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, the U.S. Congress established the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), enabling property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance as a protection against flood losses in exchange for State and community floodplain management regulations that reduce future flood damages. Participation in the NFIP is based on an agreement between communities and the federal government. If a community adopts and enforces a floodplain management ordinance to reduce future flood risk to new construction in floodplains, the federal government will make flood insurance available within the community as a financial protection against flood losses. This insurance is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to reduce the escalating costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods. The Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973 prohibits federal agencies from providing financial assistance for acquisition or construction of buildings and certain disaster assistance in the floodplains in any community that did not participate in the NFIP by July 1, 1975, or within 1 year of being identified as flood-prone. This law required federal agencies and federally insured or regulated lenders to require flood insurance on all grants and loans for acquisition or construction of buildings in designated Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs) in communities that participate in the NFIP. This requirement is referred to as the Mandatory Flood Insurance Purchase Requirement. The SFHA is that land within the floodplain of a community subject to a one-percent or greater chance of flooding in any given year, commonly referred to as the 100- year flood. The one-percent-annual-chance flood (or 100-year flood) represents a magnitude and frequency that has a statistical probability of being equaled or exceeded in any given year, the 100-year flood has a 26-percent (or 1 in 4) chance of occurring over a 30-year period. In 1994, Congress amended the 1968 Act and the 1973 Act with the National Flood Insurance Reform Act (NFIRA). The 1994 Act included measures to (1) increase compliance by mortgage lenders, (2) increase the amount of flood insurance coverage that can be purchased, (3) provide flood insurance coverage for the cost of complying with floodplain management regulations by individual property owners, (4) establish a Flood Mitigation Assistance grant program to assist States and communities to develop mitigation plans and implement measures to reduce future flood damages to structures, (5) codify the NFIP s Community Rating System, and (6) require FEMA to assess its flood hazard map inventory at least once every five years. STATE LEVEL California Toxics Rule The California Toxics Rule (CTR) is a federal regulation issued by the EPA providing water quality criteria for potentially toxic constituents in receiving waters with human health or aquatic Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

16 life designated uses in the State of California. CTR criteria are applicable to the receiving water body and therefore must be calculated based upon the probable hardness values of the receiving waters for evaluation of acute (and chronic) toxicity criteria. At higher hardness values for the receiving water, copper, lead, and zinc are more likely to be complexed (bound with) components in the water column. This in turn reduces the bioavailability and resulting potential toxicity of these metals. California Porter-Cologne Act The CWA places the primary responsibility for the control of surface water pollution and for planning the development and use of water resources with the states, although it does establish certain guidelines for the states to follow in developing their programs and allows the EPA to withdraw control from states with inadequate implementation mechanisms. California s primary statute governing water quality and water pollution issues with respect to both surface waters and groundwater is the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act of 1970 (Porter-Cologne Act). The Porter-Cologne Act grants the SWRCB and the RWQCBs authority and responsibility to adopt plans and policies, to regulate discharges to surface and groundwater, to regulate waste disposal sites, and to require cleanup of discharges of hazardous materials and other pollutants. The Porter-Cologne Act also establishes reporting requirements for unintended discharges of any hazardous substance, sewage, or oil or petroleum product. Each RWQCB must formulate and adopt a water quality control plan for its region. The regional plans are to conform to the policies set forth in the Porter-Cologne Act and established by the SWRCB in its state water policy. The Porter-Cologne Act also provides that a RWQCB may include within its regional plan water discharge prohibitions applicable to particular conditions, areas, or types of waste. California Department of Fish and Game Code Section 1602 of the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) Code requires any entity (e.g., person, State or local government agency, or public utility) who proposes a project that will substantially divert or obstruct the natural flow of, or substantially change or use any material from the bed, channel, or bank of, any river, stream, or lake, or deposit or dispose of debris, waste, or other material containing crumbled, flaked, or ground pavement where it may pass into any river, stream, or lake, it must first notify the CDFG of the proposed project. This includes rivers or streams that flow at least periodically or permanently through a bed or channel with banks that support fish or other aquatic life and watercourses having a surface or subsurface flow that support, or have supported, riparian vegetation. The CDFG s jurisdiction extends to the river, stream, or lake s top of bank, or to the outer edge of the adjacent riparian vegetation (i.e., riparian drip line ), whichever is greater. If the CDFG determines that a proposed project may substantially adversely affect existing resources, a Lake or Streambed Alteration Agreement would be required. Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board The City of Lancaster is within the jurisdictional boundaries of the Lahontan RWQCB. One of nine regional boards in the state, the RWQCB develops and enforces water quality objectives and implementation plans that safeguard the quality of water resources in its region. Its duties Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

17 include developing basic plans for its hydrologic area, issuing waste discharge requirements, taking enforcement action against violators, and monitoring water quality. In March 1995, a Water Quality Control Plan for the Lahontan Region, North and South Basins (Basin Plan), adopted by the RWQCB, took effect. The Basin Plan incorporates language from and replaces three earlier plans: the Lahontan Regional Board s 1975 North and South Lahontan Basin Plans, as amended through 1991, and the State Water Resources Control Board s 1980 Lake Tahoe Basin Water Quality Plan, as amended through The earlier plans were combined into a single plan which was adopted by the Lahontan Regional Board in November 1994 and which took effect upon approval by the California Office of Administrative Law in March It should be noted that a 2007 version of the Basin Plan is now available, incorporating seven sets of amendments approved between 1995 and Non-Point Source Pollution (NPS) Control Program The purpose of the Non-Point Source Pollution (NPS) Control Program (NPS Program Plan) is to improve the State s ability to effectively manage NPS pollution and conform to the requirements of the CWA and the Federal Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of These documents were developed by staff of the SWRCB s Division of Water Quality and the California Coastal Commission (CCC), in coordination with the Regional Water Quality Control Boards and staff from over twenty other state agencies. Assembly Bill 3030 In 1992, the California Legislature approved AB 3030 to allow local agencies whose service areas overlie a state designated groundwater basin to develop and implement groundwater management plans (GMP). The law also stated that a local agency might not manage ground water pursuant to AB 3030 within a service area of another local agency without the agreement of that entity. In effect, the purpose of the GMP was two-fold: Outline the role of the local agency in managing the local groundwater resource; and Maximize the water supply and to protect the quality of the supply. Components of the GMP include the following: Control of saline water intrusion; Identification and management of wellhead protection areas and recharge areas; Regulate migration of contaminated ground water; Administer well abandonment and destruction programs; Mitigate overdraft conditions; Replenish ground water extracted by producers; Monitor ground water levels and storage; Facilitate conjunctive uses; Identification policies for well construction; Construct/operate contaminated ground water remediation, recharge, storage, conservation, water recycling and extraction; Develop/maintain relationships with state/federal regulatory agencies; and Review land use plans and coordinate with land use planning agencies to assess activities that may create a risk of contaminating ground water. 4 Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

18 LOCAL LEVEL City of Lancaster General Plan The City of Lancaster General Plan identifies policies to protect the public from flooding and drainage impacts. City of Lancaster policies and specific actions pertaining to flooding and drainage are contained with the Plan for Public Health and Safety and the Plan for Municipal Services and Facilities. The following policies pertain to flooding and drainage and are contained in the Plan for Public Health and Safety and the Plan for Municipal Services and Facilities of the General Plan; refer to Section 5.1, Land Use and Relevant Planning, for a discussion of the proposed project s consistency with the applicable policies and specific actions: Policy 4.2.1: Manage flood hazards to ensure an acceptable level of risk and to facilitate rapid physical and economic recovery following a flood through the identification and recognition of potentially hazardous conditions and implementation of effective standards for location and construction of development. Policy : Ensure that adequate flood control facilities are provided, which maintain the integrity of significant riparian and other environmental habitats in accordance with Biological Resources policies. Policy : Ensure that mitigation is provided for all development in recognized flood prone areas. Any mitigation of flood hazard in one area shall not exacerbate flooding problems in other areas. City of Lancaster Master Plan of Drainage In 1992 the City adopted its Master Plan of Drainage based on the Antelope Valley Comprehensive Plan. The current version of the Master Plan of Drainage contains updated facilities and drainage fee schedules. The Master Plan of Drainage update addresses runoff problems that have occurred due to the construction of facilities within the City of Palmdale. City of Lancaster funds all Master Plan of Drainage facilities through the Drainage Impact fees and Drainage Maintenance Fees. As undeveloped lands are covered or paved over, their natural absorption capabilities are reduced and the amount of runoff is increased. Even small amounts of rain in the Lancaster area can cause flooding problems because of the general lack of sufficient improved storm drain facilities. For large projects (equal to or greater than 100 lots), the City s Master Plan of Drainage calls for the construction of local retention or detention basins until the regional system can be built. New local flood control facilities are presently built on an individual, project by project basis. These projects are designed for the Capital Flood Protection. Los Angeles County defines the Capital Flood as the runoff produced by a 50-year frequency design storm falling on a saturated watershed (soil moisture at field capacity). A 50-year frequency design storm has a one in 50 probability of being equaled or exceeded in any year. Capital Flood protection also requires adding the effects of fires and erosion under certain conditions. Los Angeles County Capital Flood and Urban Design Storms meet the Federal Insurance Agency (FIA) requirements. The FIA 100-year flood is equivalent to the Los Angeles County 50-year Capital Flood level. New Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

19 developments that fall under the Capital Flood Protection criteria are required to design their plan based on a 50-year storm frequency. As the regional system is built, these basins may be eliminated or converted to detention basins for peak flows only. The lowest finish floor elevation of all habitable structures shall be a minimum of one foot above maximum water level resulting from a Capital Flood. For smaller projects (less than 100 residential units/lots, regardless of size), streets are considered the primary stormwater conveyance facility. Local streets currently direct much of the storm water flows to the few existing improved storm drain structures. Existing City standards are to maintain a 50-year storm within the right-of-way. The City s Master Plan of Drainage calls for containment of 25-year and/or 10-year storm flows within the curbs of the streets. In portions of the City with no Master Plan of Drainage facilities streets act as the primary local flood control program and new houses are usually built two to three feet above street grade. City of Lancaster Stormwater Management Plan The City of Lancaster has been designated a regulated Small Municipal Separate Storm System by the U.S. EPA pursuant to 40 CFR (a)(1). The City of Lancaster filed a NOI to comply with the SWRCB Small MS4 General Permit in lieu of obtaining an individual permit. On April 20, 2003, NPDES General Permit No. CAS was adopted. The objective of the City s SWMP is to establish ordinances, policies, procedures, and practices to manage and control the quality of stormwater runoff in the City of Lancaster. WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS The City of Lancaster Engineering Design Guidelines requires: Coverage under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit be obtained from the California State Water Resources Control Board for a site development of one acre or greater in area. Applicants prepare and submit a Notice of Intent (NOI) to comply with the Construction General Permit to the California State Water Resources Control Board. All dischargers prepare, retain at the Construction site, and implement a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). This report shall conform to the NPDES permit. Clarifiers for all non-residential projects to treat the first flush. City of Lancaster Municipal Code Section of the City s Municipal Code, drainage/flood control improvements fee, requires that all new development in the City pay a drainage/flood control improvements fee to mitigate the stormwater runoff impacts caused by new development IMPACT THRESHOLDS AND SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA According to Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines, a project may create a significant environmental impact if it causes one or more of the following to occur: Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

20 Violate any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements; Substantially deplete groundwater supplies or substantially interfere with groundwater recharge such that there would be a net deficit in aquifer volume or a lowering of the local groundwater table level (i.e., the production rate of pre-existing nearby wells would drop to a level that would not support existing land uses or planned uses for which permits have been granted); Substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river, in a manner that would result in substantial erosion or siltation on- or off-site; Substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river, or substantially increase the rate or amount of surface runoff in a manner that would result in flooding on- or off-site; Create or contribute to runoff water that would exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems or provision of substantial additional sources of polluted runoff; Otherwise substantially degrade water quality; Place housing within a 100-year flood hazard area as mapped on a Federal Flood Hazard Boundary or Flood Insurance Rate Map or other flood hazard delineation map; Place a structure within a 100-year flood hazard area that would impede or redirect flood flows; Expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury or death involving flooding, including flooding as a result of the failure of a levee or dam; and/or Result in inundation by seiche, tsunami, or mudflow. During preparation of the Initial Study, impacts associated with the eighth, ninth and tenth bullets were found to be less than significant. Please refer to Section 8.0, Effects Found Not to be Significant, for a detailed explanation IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DRAINAGE AND RUNOFF IMPACTS Implementation of the proposed project would alter drainage patterns, which could result in increased erosion potential and runoff amounts. This section analyzes the proposed project conditions and compares them to the existing conditions to determine proposed project impacts on drainage and runoff. The proposed conditions investigated include changes to land use, changes to drainage patterns, assumed storm drain configuration, hydrology, floodplain mapping, and surface water quality. Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

21 PROPOSED LAND USES As described in Section 3.0, Project Description, the proposed project involves the implementation of the DLSP allowing for up to 924,848 square feet of retail/service uses, 973,956 square feet of office/civic/public uses and 3,525 residential units within seven development districts identified in Exhibit 3-5. Table , Proposed Land Use and Impervious Value, provides a detailed breakdown of the proposed land uses and the corresponding impervious values. Table Proposed Land Use and Impervious Value District Land Use % Impervious Cedar Ave Arts Hotels and Motels 96 Civic Village Government Offices 91 Commerce District Low and Medium Rise Major office Use 91 Gateway District Mixed Urban 89 Neighborhood District Medium Rise Apartments and Condominium 86 Boulevard District Modern Strip 96 Gateway District Residential Units 89 HYDROLOGY Proposed project hydrology (based on assumed flow paths and storm drain locations) was completed to determine the impacts that the new development would have on storm runoff. Hydrologic parameters used in the analysis, such as rainfall, impervious values, time of concentration and soil classification, are presented in the Los Angeles County Hydrology Manual. The watershed subarea boundaries were delineated utilizing site visit information and proposed project maps. PROPOSED WATERSHED DESCRIPTION The project site and tributary area generally drains to the intersection of Avenue I and 10th Street West and Lancaster Boulevard and 10th Street West. Hydrologic properties such as road slope, flow path and land use are characterized for each subarea. The drainage paths for the proposed condition would be the same as for existing conditions. Existing drainage is primarily in the streets. The project site and tributary area generally drains to the intersection of Lancaster Boulevard and 10th Street West. There are drainage facilities referenced in the revised Master Plan of Drainage other than those facilities shown on Exhibit These facilities are outside the proposed project but are necessary to convey runoff from the study area. PROPOSED CONDITIONS SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY Table , Proposed Conditions Peak Flowrates, summarizes the proposed conditions hydrologic analysis; refer to Appendix I. The proposed condition hydrology is illustrated on Exhibit , Proposed Condition Hydrology Map. Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

22 Table Proposed Conditions Peak Flowrates Subarea Area (acres) Total Area (AC) Tc (min) Total 50r. Peak Q (cfs) 1A A A B B B AB C C C AC D D D AD E E AE F F AF B (22G on map) AB (23AG on map) A (H1 on map) A (H2 on map) A (H3 on map) Final August Hydrology and Water Quality

23 08/08 JN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT DOWNTOWN LANCASTER SPECIFIC PLAN Proposed Condition Hydrology Map Exhibit