Life Cycle Building Energy:

Transcription

1 Life Cycle Building Energy: Before, During and After 6 April 2017 Passive House Northwest Conference

2 ISO and the series ISO makes voluntary standards to support international trade: ISO is sister organization of WTO series are guidance on how to do LCA s series are guidance on ecolabels ISO EPDs for Construction Products Regulation & legislation based on LCA is presumed not to present technical barriers to trade under the WTO

3 Systems Analysis; Input output Step 1: Life Cycle Inventory Raw Material Extraction Inputs (resources) energy, materials Manufacturing, Production Distribution, Transportation Operations and Maintenance Outputs air and water emissions, wastes Recycle and Waste Management Industrial System The science of measuring the environmental performance of products & services

4 Raw Materials Extraction

5 Manufacturing

6 Transport

7 Use & Maintenance Where the system function happens

8 Disposal West Point Treatment Plant, Seattle Tacoma Landfill Recycling, Bullitt Building

9 Flow chart for windows Raw Material Extraction Iron Ore Timber NaCl Metal & Catalyst Ores sand Materials Production Lumber Steel Resins Glass Paper & Cardboard Component Production Dimensional Lumber Fasteners Dimensional Glass Coatings Transport and Waste Management Building End of life Manufacturing Capital Goods Personnel Impacts limestone soda Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Renewable Energy Fiberglass Aluminum Energy Production Electricity Fuels Packaging Glue Window Assembly Window Installation Operation in Building Insulation & Transmission Cleaning Replacement Data Source Key Primary Secondary Tertiary System Boundary

10 Inventory of a unit process Ecosphere flows measured through environmental analyses Flows to and from Flows to and from Unit Process the Ecosphere Elementary flows the Technosphere System model Technosphere flows measured through purchases and sales

11 Indicators for LCA Impact Categories Eutrophication Ecoprofile Science based Comprehensive Transparent

12 System Function & Functional Unit Only unique part of LCA Connects social benefits (goods and services) to environmental impacts Typically expressed as utility x amount x time For example: an internal paint covers a square meter for 10 years (meeting the relevant ASTM standard) Copyright: <a href=' / 123RF Stock Photo</a>

13 A Building Has a Lifetime Commercial Buildings years median Residential Buildings years Before demolition

14 Lifetime of Building Components (years) Slate roof Wood shingle roof Asphalt roof Tile roof 50 Metal roof Masonry chimney and fireplace 100 Drywall and plaster Paint (interior and exterior) 5-10 Vinyl sheet or tile Ceramic tile 100 Laminate 15 Oak or pine floor 100 Carpet 10 Wood siding 20 to life of building Vinyl siding 50 Aluminum siding Brick or stucco Life of building Brick or concrete patio Wood deck Asphalt driveway Treated lumber Kitchen cabinets Gutters Does the product use lots of energy in extraction, production or transport? Red marked items have high embodied energy.

15 What this means for the building LCA calculations If the building will last for 60 years The asphalt shingle roof will be multiplied 2 to 3 times (depending on quality) The slate roof be counted once Laminate floors will be multiplied three times Solid wood floors will be counted once All the impacts of the replacement production and installation will be calculated and included in the building LCA DURABLE PRODUCTS TEND TO PROVIDE LOWER IMPACTS, EVEN IF THE EMBODIED ENERGY IS HIGHER

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17 Residential Energy Expenditures Operations 80% Embodied 20% Demolition 0% 2000 sq.ft. single residence, data from EIA & thegreenestbuilding.org

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19 Almost 40% of US total energy is used in homes

20 Almost 40% of US total energy is used in homes Includes: small electric devices, heating elements, exterior lights, outdoor grills, pool and spa heaters, backup electricity generators, and motors not listed above. Does not include electric vehicle charging

21 Environmental Impacts Categories Energy Use Climate Change Eutrophication Photochemical Smog Acidification Human Toxicity Eco Toxicity Fossil Fuel Depletion

22 US Electricity Flow 2015 (EIA) quadrillion BTU Only 33.9% of energy is end used; in 2011 it was only 32.8%: rest is losses or plant use

23 Life Cycle Carbon Footprints and Data of Electricity Energy Source Grams CO 2 % of electric $/MWh Equivalents/kWh grid, 2015 EIA 2018 Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Hydro Wind Solar

24 Energy Efficiency Measures 700, ,000 Annual Energy Use (kwh) 500, , , ,000 Net Zero SOLAR DOMEST HOT WTR ELEVATOR VENT FANS PUMPS & AUX SPACE COOLING SPACE HEATING MISC EQUIP 100,000 IT SERVER 0 LIGHTS Data from Bullitt Building, Seattle

25 Conclusions LCA is a good tool to evaluate energy in buildings Energy efficiency has increased over the past decade, but not energy use: residences use a LOT of the total US energy (almost 40%) Embodied energy is typically relatively small As use phase energy goes down, the relative importance of embodied energy rises Space heating and cooling is a shrinking fraction of the energy use of residences: plug loads are rising There is a tradeoff between durability and embodied energy Passive solar is a GREAT idea. Active solar is even better

26 Thank you for your kind attention Rita Schenck