The Effect of Rootzone Mix and Compaction on Nitrogen Leaching in Kentucky bluegrass

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1 Kor. Turfgrass Sci. 24(1):45~49, 2010 The Effect of Rootone Mi and Compaction on Nitrogen Leaching in Kentuck bluegrass Sang-Kook Lee 1 *, Kevin W. Frank 2, and James R. Crum 2 1 Dept. of Golf, Hoseo Universit, Asan , Korea 2 Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State Universit, East Lansing 48824, US ABSTRACT. Research on nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N) leaching in turfgrass indicates that in most cases leaching poses minimal risk to the environment. Although there have been man studies investigating NO 3 -N leaching, there has been little research to investigate the effect of compaction level and rootone mi on nitrogen (N) leaching. The research objective is to determine the effect of compaction level and rootone mi on nitrogen leaching. The four rootone mies are 76.0:24.0, 80.8:19.2, 87.0:13.0 and 93.7:6.3 % (sand: soil). The four levels of compaction energies are 1.6, 3.0, 6.1, and 9.1 J cm -2. Nitrogen was applied using urea at a rate of 147 kg ha -1 split among three applications. Rootone was packed into a polvinlchloride pipe with a perforated bottom to facilitate drainage. Rootone depth was 30 cm over a 5 cm gravel laer. Each column was sodded with Poa pratensis L. Hoagland solution designed for coolseason grasses, minus N, was used to ensure adequate nutrition in the rootone. Turf grass qualit and clipping ield were recorded from each tube at two-week intervals. The clippings were oven-dried at a temperature of 67 o C for 24 h and weighed. At the end of the stud, root dr weight was determined b washing and oven-dring samples at 67 o C for 24 h. Leachate solution was collected weekl for analsis. More than 6.1 J cm-2 of compaction energ increased possibilities of surface runoff. The compaction energ between 3.0 and 6.1 J cm -2 produced more clipping dr weight and less N leaching than 9.1 J cm -2. Ke words: nitrate-nitrogen, leaching, rootone, Poa pratensis, compaction energ Introduction Research concerning nitrogen fertiliation of turfgrass is plentiful, but most of this work has focused on plant response to different N application rates, response to different fertilier sources, or impact of fertilier N on water qualit. Soil compaction is defined as the pressing together of soil particles, resulting in a more dense soil mass with less pore space (Carrow and Petrovic, 1992). Negative effects of compaction on turfgrass growth include reduced root growth, shoot growth and overall qualit. However, a little compaction ma improve growing condition for turfgrass and decrease NO 3 -N leaching b increasing the moistureholding potential of the soil (Vavrek, 2002). Ver little information is available on compaction and NO 3 -N leaching for turfgrass growth at the present time. The stud was conducted to determine the effect of compaction level and rootone mi on nitrogen leaching. Materials and Methods This stud was conducted for 12-weeks, repeatedl, in a *Corresponding author; Tel: sklee@hoseo.edu Received : Ma 12, 2010, Revised : Ma 21, 2010, Accepted : Ma 27, 2010 greenhouse at Michigan State Universit, East Lansing, Michigan. The well-graded sand and sand loam tetured soils were selected from Great Lakes Gravel located in Grand Ledge, MI. Four soil mies were used for the stud (Table 1). The sand A and sand loam were used to make soil mies of sand B and loam sand. The cement mier was used to mi soils. A particle sie analsis was conducted to determine their percent sand, silt and cla for four soil mies. The Michigan State Universit Soil and Plant Nutrient Lab performed the particle sie analsis of the soil using the hdrometer method (Da, 1965). The optimum water content was determined to maimie bulk densit according to the Standard Proctor Compaction Test (Proctor, 1933). The soil mies were remied with 11% of water and packed into a 7.62 cm diameter polvinl chloride (PVC) pipe using a compactor (Fig. 1). Four levels of compaction energies that are 1.6, 3.0, 6.1, and 9.1 J cm -2 were used for compaction of the root one. Urea as an N source was applied for three times with a rate of 48.9 kg ha -1, totall kg ha -1. The plan of application is described in Table 2. The PVC pipe was capped with a funnel at the bottom to facilitate drainage. The root one depth was 30.5 cm and the holding tube was 40.6 cm long. The columns were sodded with mature sod of Kentuck bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) that was harvested from the Hancock Turfgrass Research Center at Michigan State Universit, East Lansing, Michigan. Pellett and Roberts (1963) nutrient solution 45

2 46 Sang-Kook Lee, Kevin W. Frank, and James R. Crum Table 1. Particle sie analsis of sand-soil mitures. Sand-Soil FG > 2 mm VCoS (2-1 mm) CS (1-0.5 mm) MS ( mm) Particle sie distribution (%) FS ( mm) VFS ( mm) Silt ( mm) Cla (<0.002) Silt +Cla Sand A Sand B Loam sand Sand loam w indicates the percent b weight of soil particles in each sie class. The sie classes according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are as follows: fine gravel (FG), ver coarse sand (VCoS), coarse sand (CS), medium sand (MS), fine sand (FS), ver fine sand (VFS), silt and cla. Sand-Soil mies were mied on a weight basis. Sand used to make all mitures w Sand loam soil used to make all mitures Fig. 1. Soil water content-bulk densit relationship for four sand-soil mies compacted according to the Standard Proctor method. designed for cool-season grasses, minus N was used to provide proper levels of other essential elements in the root one. Kentuck bluegrass on each PVC pipe was mowed weekl at 7.6 cm. Visual turfgrass qualit ratings were conducted weekl on a scale of 1 to 9 (1 = poor, 6 = acceptable, and 9 = ecellent). Grass clippings were collected from each tube at two-week intervals. The clippings were oven-dried at a temperature of 67 o C for 24 h and weighed to measure clipping ield. At the end of the stud, root dr weight was determined b washing and oven-dring samples at 67 o C for 24 h (Sten, 1959). All leachate solution was collected from a cup under the PVC pipe for final nutrient analsis. Nitrate nitrogen of the leachate was analed b using the cadmium-reduction Table 2. Plan of urea application and a rate of each application. Treatment Number Ratio of sand and soil (%) Level of compaction (J cm -2 ) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Units of urea application are kg ha -1.

3 Kor. Turfgrass Sci. 24(1):45~49, Table 3. Analsis of variance for turfgrass qualit. Soil (S) 3 ** ** ** ** ** NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Compaction (C) 3 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS S C 9 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS method (Bremner, 1965). The eperimental design was a randomied complete block design with four replications. The treatments were applied to grass columns with a factorial arrangement of four levels of compaction energies and four soil mies. The data were analed using the t-test procedures and mean separation was performed b standard error of difference (SED) method of the Statistical Analsis Sstem (SAS, 1987). PROC MIXED was used for multiple factor analses of variance. Results and Discussion There was no significant soil tpe b compaction energ interaction for turfgrass qualit (Table 3). No significant differences on compaction energ main effects were found on turfgrass qualit throughout the stud period. There was a significant soil tpe main effect from the first week after treatment (WAT) to 5 WAT. However, no differences among soil tpe main effects were found from 6 WAT. Sand loam had the highest or equal to the highest turfgrass qualit from 1 WAT to 5WAT (Table 4). Sand A had the lowest turfgrass qualit from 1 WAT to 5WAT ecept 4 WAT. The turfgrass qualit rating b all treatments of soil tpe was greater than the acceptable rating of si throughout the stud ecept Sand A on 1 WAT. Based on the results, compaction energ ranged from 1.6 to 9.1 J cm -2 didn t have effects on turfgrass qualit for 12-week period. All of soil tpe produced acceptable turfgrass qualit of si although there were significant differences among treatments of main effects. No significant interaction was found on clipping dr weight (Table 5). Sand loam produced the largest or equal to the largest clipping dr weight (Table 6). Overall, sand A produced the smallest clipping dr weight. Difference between loam sand and sand loam was found onl on 4 WAT. The soil tpe of sand A had acceptable turfgrass qualit with the smallest clipping dr weight throughout the stud. Although loam sand and sand loam had the highest turfgrass qualit ratings from 1WAT to 5WAT, the produced Table 4. Mean turfgrass qualit for soil main effect. Soil tpe Sand A 5.9 c 6.3 b 6.5 b 6.3 c 6.3 c Sand B 6.8 b 7.0 a 7.1 a 6.6 bc 6.8 b Loam sand 7.2 a 7.3 a 7.1 a 6.8 ab 6.8 b Sand loam 7.1 a 7.2 a 7.3 a 7.2 a 7.3 a of soil Kentuck bluegrass qualit was rated from 1 to 9 (1 = worst, 9 = best, and 6 = acceptable). Means in a column followed b the same letter are not significantl different according to Fisher s LSD (P=0.05). Table 5. Analsis of variance for clipping dr weight. Soil (S) 3 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Compaction (C) 3 ** ** NS NS ** ** ** ** * * NS * S C 9 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS * indicates significance at P = 0.05.

4 48 Sang-Kook Lee, Kevin W. Frank, and James R. Crum Table 6. Mean clipping dr weight for soil tpe main effect. Soil tpe Sand A 1.9 c 1.9 c 2.3 c 1.1 c 2.9 c 7.7 c 4.1 c 4.5 c 6.8 b 8.6 b 9.0 b 15.1 c Sand B 7.8 b 4.6 b 4.4 bc 3.0 bc 7.3 b 17.7 b 8.8 b 8.6 b 14.3 a 18.0 a 16.2 a 25.0 b Loam sand 12.5 a 6.7 ab 6.5 ab 4.4 b 13.0 a 23.3 a 13.2 a 13.6 a 17.2 a 17.6 a 16.9 a 30.0 ab Sand loam 10.7 ab 8.9 a 10.1 a 9.6 a 17.0 a 23.0 a 14.5 a 14.9 a 16.4 a 19.4 a 20.1 a 34.0 a of soil Clipping dr weight units are g m -2 Means in a column followed b the same letter are not significantl different according to Fisher s LSD (P=0.05). Table 7. Mean clipping dr weight for compaction energ main effect. Compaction energ a 8.0 a a 25.2 a 13.8 a 13.9 a 16.7 a 18.8 a a b 6.7 ab a 18.3 b 10.5 b 10.1 b 13.4 ab 14.8 a a b 4.5 bc a 17.4 b 10.5 b 11.2 b 14.5 ab 18.0 a a b 2.8 c b 10.8 c 5.8 c 6.4 c 10.0 b 11.9 b b Compaction energ units are J cm -2 Clipping dr weight units are g m -2 Means in a column followed b the same letter are not significantl different according to Fisher s LSD (P=0.05). Table 8. Analsis of variance for nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 -N) leached. Total Soil (S) 3 ** NS * NS ** ** NS NS NS NS NS ** NS Compaction (C) 3 * NS NS ** ** ** ** ** ** NS NS NS ** S C 9 NS NS NS NS ** * NS NS NS NS NS NS NS the largest clipping dr weight which ma induce more cost and labor for turfgrass management. The 1.6 J cm -2 of compaction energ produced the largest or equal to the largest clipping ield on 9 of 12 ratings (Table 7). On the contrar, the 9.1 J cm -2 of compaction energ produced the smallest clipping ield during the stud. There were significant soil tpe b compaction energ interactions on two of 12 ratings (Table 8). Soil tpe and compaction energ main effects were found, respectivel. Significant difference was found on total NO 3 -N leached onl for compaction energ main effect. Generall, more NO 3 -N with large pore space is epected. However, the largest amount of NO 3 -N was leached from the 9.1 J cm -2 of compaction energ based on the results (Fig. 2). This is due to preferential water flow from a gap between soil profile and PVC tube (Fig. 3). Loam sand had more NO 3 -N leached than sand A and sand B. In conclusion, no differences were found on turfgrass Fig. 2. Mean turfgrass total mass NO 3 -N leached (mg) for the compaction energ main effect. Means with the same letter within each energ level are not significantl different according to Fisher s LSD (P=0.05).

Kor. Turfgrass Sci. 24(1):45~49, 2010 49 References Fig. 3. NO 3 - N leached with water through space between the wall of tube and soil on high level of compaction energ. turfgrass qualit after 5 WAT.

5 Kor. Turfgrass Sci. 24(1):45~49, References Fig. 3. NO 3 - N leached with water through space between the wall of tube and soil on high level of compaction energ. turfgrass qualit after 5 WAT. The total NO 3 -N leached leached from soil column was not affected b soil tpe main effect. More than 6.1 J cm -2 of compaction energ increased possibilities of surface runoff. The compaction energ between 3.0 and 6.1 J cm -2 produced more clipping dr weight and less N leaching than 9.1 J cm Bremner, J.M Inorganic forms of nitrogen In C.A. Black et al., (ed.) Method of soil analsis. Part 2, Argon. Monogr. 9. ASA, Madison, WI. 2. Carrow, R.N. and A.M.Petrovic The effect of traffic on turfgrass. In: D.J. Waddington, R.N. Carrow, and R.C. Shearman, co-editors. Turfgrass. Agronom. 32: Da, P. R Particle fractionation and particle-sie analsis. Methods of soil analsis. P (Eds.) C. A. Black, D. D. Evans, J. L. Whit, L. E. Ensminger, F. E. Clark. Part I. Phsical and mineralogical properties, Agronom No Pellett, H.M. and E.C. Roberts Effects of mineral nutrition on high temperature induced growth retardation of Kentuck bluegrass. Agron. J. 55: Proctor, R. R Fundamental Principles of Soil Compaction, Engineering News-Record, Vol. 111, Nos. 9, 10, 12, and SAS SAS/STAT User s Guide. Version 6. Statistical Analsis Sstem Institute, Inc., Car, NC. 7. Sten, W.J.A Leaf analsis. Errors involved in the preparative phase. J. Agric. Food Chem. 7: Vavrek, B Traffic How much can ou bare? USGA Green Section Record 40 (4): 1-6. 토양의종류와답압이켄터키블루그래스토양층에서질소용탈에미치는영향 이상국 1 케빈프랭크 2 제임스크럼 2 1 호서대학교골프학과, 2 미시건주립대학교토양작물학과 요약 : 환경문제를야기시킬수있는질소의용탈에관한문제는수많은연구를통해그결과를문헌에서찾아볼수있다. 그러나대부분의연구가질소의토양내용탈에관해서이루어진반면에토양의답압과토양의종류에따라질소의용탈정도에관한연구는그결과를문헌에서찾아보기가어렵다. 본연구는토양의종류와답압의정도가질소의용탈에미치는영향그리고토양에잔류된질소가켄터키블루그래스의성장에주는영향에대해서알아보기위하여수행되었다. 질소는총 147 kg ha -1 이 12주동안 3회에걸쳐나누어시비되었다. 토양의종류는성분비율에따라 76.0:24.0, 80.8:19.2, 87.0:13.0 그리고 93.7:6.3% (sand: soil) 의 4가지로구성이되었다. 토양은 PVC 파이프에 30 cm 깊이로조성이되었으며토양층밑에 5cm의자갈층으로구성되었다. PVC 파이프밑부분의구멍을통해질소용탈수의수집을용이하게하였으며질소외영양성분을위해 Hoagland solution에서질소만제외하여사용되었다. 켄터키블루그래스의질과예초량이매주측정이되었으며예초물은건물량측정을위해예초후 67도에서 24시간동안건조되었다. 질소용탈수는매주 PVC 파이프의밑부분을통해매주수집이되었다. 6.1 J cm -2 이상의답압에너지는더많은표면배수의가능성을야기시킬수있다. 3.0과 6.1 J cm -2 사이의답압에너지는다른처리구에비해더많은건물량이측정이되었고적은질소가용탈이되었다. 주요어 : 질소, 용탈, 답압에너지, 켄터키블루그래스

FINAL REPORT: Laboratory evaluation of SupraSorb rootzone amendment material for sports turf rootzone mixes

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