NRMCA Member National and Regional Life Cycle Assessment Benchmark (Industry Average) Report

Transcription

1 NRMCA Member National and Regional Life Cycle Assessment Benchmark (Industry Average) Report Prepared for: National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) Prepared by: Dr. Lindita Bushi and Grant Finlayson The Athena Sustainable Materials Institute October 2014

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3 Statement This benchmark report has been developed in accordance with the requirements of the Carbon Leadership Forum (CLF) Product Category Rules (PCR) for ISO TYPE III Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for Concrete v1.1 (December 2013). Further the report takes into consideration a clarification note issued by the CLF on April 10, This study was also conducted in accordance with ISO 14040:2006, 14044:2006, 21930:2007 and has been internally reviewed for compliance by Jamie Meil, managing director, the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. This life cycle assessment benchmark report was internally verified in accordance with ISO and the reference PCR by: Jamie Meil, Athena Sustainable Materials Institute NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report

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5 Background and Introduction NRMCA engaged the Athena Institute to develop a cradle-to-gate life cycle inventory questionnaire for the manufacture of ready mixed concrete and to survey a sub-population of its members to support the development of a representative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental product declaration (EPD) for ready mixed concrete (RMC) as produced by its members. At the outset of this project the goal was to develop a representative statistical sample of NRMCA member plants with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. It was determined that a minimum of 350 plants would need to be sampled to achieve the desired confidence level and margin of error. A total of 517 surveys were distributed to NRMCA members taking into consideration regional production, plant size and type: 425 surveys were returned, of which 414 were deemed complete after conducting a completeness and mass balance check. A statistical analysis was again performed and determined that the representativeness goal was surpassed achieving a 95% confidence level with a 4.24% margin of error. The survey questionnaire requested 2013 annual material and resource inputs, material input transportation by mode and distance, annual RMC production and manufacturing process input flows energy use by type, ancillary inputs, process emissions to air, water and land and, in the event the plant was a truck-mixing plant, its delivery vehicle fleet energy use. A detailed statistical study 1 completed for NRMCA estimated that the mixing energy (power take-off) represents 30.2% of all fuel used by a concrete mixing truck. This value was applied to the truck-mixing (transit) plant portion of the sample and is reflected in the LCI model for the project LCA and resulting EPD. The system boundary for this study is limited to a cradle-to-gate focus. The following three life cycle stages as per the governing PCR were included in the study scope. A1- Raw material supply (upstream processes): extraction, handling and processing of the raw materials and intermediate component products as well as fuels used in the production of concrete. A2- Transportation: transportation of all input materials and fuels from the supplier to the gate of the concrete plant. A3- Manufacturing (core process): the energy used to store, move, batch and mix the concrete and operate the concrete plant as well as the transportation and processing of wastes from these core processes. Subsequently, an NRMCA Member Industry-Wide EPD for 48 mix designs has been verified and registered with NSF International 2. These EPD results cover the cradle-to-gate production 1 Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users, SAFETEA-LU, Section PTO Report, SB/SE Research Philadelphia, Project ID PHL0019, July 2007, Appendix E. 2 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 1

6 effects for six specified compressive strength classes of concrete with eight different mixture compositions for each specified compressive strength, resulting in declarations for 48 products. Building on this previous work, this report presents national as well as regional cradle-to-gate environmental impact indicators for various benchmark, or industry average 3, concrete products, or mix designs, as provided by NRMCA, based on average concrete composition as reported in the plant survey. The report complies with the governing CLF PCR:2013 and has been internally reviewed for compliance. The report is intented for use by NRMCA members with product specific third-party verified LCA and/or EPDs to compare the environmental impacts of their products with industry average impacts. Specifically, they can use this, along with the Industry-Wide EPD and product-specific EPDs to demonstrate compliance with the following: LEED v4 MR Credit Building Product Disclosure and Optimization A company with product-specific EPDs can demonstrate impact reductions below industry average in LEED v4. The following is an excerpt from LEEDv4 MR Credit Building Product Disclosure and Optimization Environmental Product Declarations Option 2 Multi-Attribute Optimization (1 point). Third party certified products that demonstrate impact reduction below industry average in at least three of the following categories are valued at 100% of their cost for credit achievement calculations. global warming potential (greenhouse gases), in CO2e; depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, in kg CFC-11; acidification of land and water sources, in kg SO2; eutrophication, in kg nitrogen or kg phosphate; formation of tropospheric ozone, in kg O 3 ; and depletion of nonrenewable energy resources, in MJ. Architecture 2030 Challenge for Products A company with product-specific EPDs can use the document to demonstrate progress toward meeting the Architecute 2030 Challenge for Products which asks architects to specify products with carbon footprint 35% below industry average in 2015 and increasing to 50% below industry average by International Green Construction Code (IgCC) A company with product-specific EPDs can meet the new Material Selection and Properties section of the 2015 International Green Construction Code. As one option under Multiattribute material declaration and certification, not less than 55 percent of the total building materials used in the project, based on mass, volume or cost, shall have an EPD comply with the provisions of ISO and ISO and be externally verified. 3 In this report, industry benchmark and industry average are used interchangeably. NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 2

7 Green Globes For New Construction Companies use the Industry-Wide EPD or product-specific EPDs to meet the EPD requirement in Green Globes. The following is an exerpt from Section 3.5 Materials and Resources, Path B: Prescriptive Path for Building Core and Shell (up to 20 points). Based upon the appropriate application and specification of comparable materials and products, what percentage of the products selected for the building core and shell (based upon cost) have: Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) that utilize recognized Product Category Rules, conform to ISO standards, and minimally includes cradle-to-gate scope: Industry Wide (Generic) EPD: Products specified for the building core and shell shall include Type III Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)? and/or Product Specific EPD: Products specified for the building core and shell shall include Type III Environmental Product Declaration (EPD), where the EPDs are specific to particular products from identified manufacturers Designing Low Impact Concrete Mixtures Finally, a company can use the document to help it design products that have lower environmental impacts than industry average by comparing the environmental impacts of its mix designs with those of the industry average. Companies claiming compliance with LEED v4 and Architecture 2030 Challenge for Products and other standards should reference this document. How this benchmark document is structured This document presents the key life cycle impact assessment indicators for both the U.S. national and eight NRMCA regions for six benchmark ready mixed concrete products, which vary by compressive strength and cementitious material content. Each NRMCA region is represented in a separate section and the results are presented so companies with third-party verified LCAs and/or EPDs can benchmark their products against the regional benchmarks. For each region (see Figure 1 for a definition of each NRMCA region) a production summary is provided indicating the number and type of plants the benchmark is based on, the average, minimum and maximum production per plant (Table A), and a graphic (Figure A) indicating the distribution of compressive strengths produced in the region (<3,500 psi, >3,500 and <5,000 psi and >5,000 psi). The regional report then presents the six benchmark ready mixed concrete products by compressive strength (2,500, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 and 8,000 psi). The mixture proportions of each concrete product is also shown for reference purposes and these vary by region (Table B). For more on how these benchmark mix designs were determined, see the mix design methodology section below. NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 3

8 The report then shows the weighted average transportation mode and distance for high mass materials (Table C). While truck transportation is the dominant mode a number of raw materials and intermediate product inputs arrive via more than one mode. Next, the report lists the weighted average plant (gate-to-gate) energy and water use as well as solid wastes produced per cubic yard and cubic meter of ready mixed concrete for each region (Table D). These values reflect the weighted average product for the region i.e., the batch water and hence total water consumption will vary by mix design, but the results displayed here only reflect the weighted average mix design. These plant/facility level data are a good reference point for all members wishing to compare their individual products manufactured at their facilities with the regional benchmarks. Next, the LCA results for the six benchmark concrete products are presented on both a cubic yard and cubic meter basis (Table E). The following Table summarizes the 15 life cycle impact indicators and resource use metrics presented in the results tables. Note that the indicators and metrics denoted with an * are equivalent to those listed in LEED v4 MR optimization credit and should be referenced for claiming compliance with the credit. Finally, charts showing the Climate Change (GWP) and Primary Energy Consumption (PEC) LCA results for each product are shown in Figures B and C. Benchmark Life Cycle Category Indicators and Inventory Metrics # LCIA Indicators Abbreviations Units 1 Global Warming Potential (climate change)* GWP kg CO 2 eq 2 Ozone Depletion Potential* ODP kg CFC 11 eq 3 Acidification Potential* AP kg SO 2 eq 4 Eutrophication Potential* EP kg N eq 5 Photochemical Ozone Creation/Smog Potential* POCP kg O 3 eq Inventory Metrics 6 Total primary energy consumption PEC MJ (HHV) 7 Depletion of non renewable energy resources* NRE MJ (HHV) 8 Use of renewable primary energy RE MJ (HHV) 9 Depletion of non renewable material resources NRM kg 10 Use of renewable material resources RM kg 11 Concrete batching water consumption CBW m 3 12 Concrete washing water consumption CWW m 3 13 Total water consumption TW m 3 14 Concrete hazardous waste CHW kg 15 Concrete non hazardous waste CNHW kg NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 4

9 Benchmark mix design methodology The ACI 211 compressive strength to water to cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) relationship is assumed to apply across all regions. To calculate the cementitious materials (CM) content for each region, an average strength is calculated for a region based on the regional w/cm and average material quantities reported in the plant survey. To estimate mixture proportions above and below the regional average strength level the change in strength is assumed to follow the typical strength to w/cm ratio relationship defined in ACI 211. The following are some broad assumptions: The regional Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) to total CM ratio is maintained across all compressive strengths. The ratio of fine to coarse aggregate is maintained across all compressive strengths. Water demand for higher strength concretes (above 5000 psi) will increase because of increased paste content and the use of smaller coarse aggregate size. Water reducing admixtures (and high range water reducing admixtures) are assumed to be used as the strength level is increased to impact a change in the mixing water content and is reflected in an assumed change in water content across different compressive strengths. It is assumed that the volume of concrete remains constant regardless of material quantities so the specific gravities of coarse and fine aggregate are adjusted for each region to maintain this volume. As the paste content changes, some change in the total aggregate content is assumed decreased as paste volume is increased for higher strength. The percent change in aggregate content is adjusted up or down to maintain volume. Calculation steps 1. Identify the average material quantities used for each region from the plant survey. 2. Determine the average total batching water for the region by taking the average batch water reported and adding moisture content of 1% for coarse aggregate and 5% for fine aggregate. 3. Determine the total aggregate content for a region by totalling the average coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and other aggregate for the region. 4. Calculate the Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) coarse aggregate content by taking the average coarse aggregate content and dividing by 101%. 5. Calculate the SSD fine aggregate content by taking the average fine aggregate content and dividing by 105%. 6. Calculate the average w/cm for the region by taking the average total batching water and dividing by the total CM (cement + fly ash + slag). 7. Calculate the average compressive strength for each region based on average material quantities and average w/cm using ACI 211 w/cm curves. 8. Adjust the specific gravity of coarse and fine aggregate to maintain volume for the average mix. NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 5

10 9. For each specified compressive strength class (2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000 and 8000 psi) identify the w/cm from ACI 211. Use air entrainment for mixes 5000 psi and less, use no air entrainment for mixes above 5000 psi. 10. Adjust mixing water up by the same percentage as was used in the Industry-Wide EPD based on strength level. Calculate the CM content by dividing the water content by the w/cm. 11. Calculate the average fly ash percentage by taking the average fly ash use and dividing by the total CM use. 12. Calculate the average slag percentage by taking the average slag use and dividing by the total CM use. 13. Adjust aggregate content up or down by a certain percentage to adjust volume up or down to maintain volume. 14. Calculate the adjusted coarse and fine aggregate based on the ratio of average coarse and fine aggregate average from the region. 15. Assume the same admixture content as was used in the original mix designs for the Industry-Wide EPD. NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 6

11 U.S. National and Regional Benchmarks The following section presents the U.S. national and regional LCA benchmarks results. NRMCA regions are defined in Figure 1. Originally, the intention was to also report benchmark impacts for Canada. However, because only one company reported for Canada, the data was deemed to be unreliable for calculating averages and NRMCA would be in violation of anti-trust and confidentiality agreements if Canadian averages were published. It is suggested that Canadian companies compare their impacts to the U.S. national averages. Figure 1-NRMCA Regions The regional results are presented in ascending order as follows: 1. National NRMCA average starting on page 9 2. Eastern Region starting on page Great Lakes Midwest Region starting on page North Central Region starting on page Pacific Northwest Region starting on page Pacific Southwest Region starting on page Rocky Mountains Region starting on page South Central Region starting on page South Eastern Region starting on page 41 The weighted-average materials, water and energy use (by fuel type) as well as facility reported emissions for each region as modeled are then provided for reference purposes in Appendix A. NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 7

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13 1-NRMCA U.S. National Table A1 NRMCA U.S. National Production Data Summary Number of Plants 414 % Transit Mix Plants 83% % Central Mix Plants 17% yd3 m3 Average Production 46,863 35,829 Total Production 19,401,209 14,833,285 Minimum Production Maximum Production 347, ,311 Figure A1 Compressive Strength Distribution <= 3500 psi >3500 & <=5000 psi > 5000 psi 45% 6% 49% Table B1 NRMCA U.S. National Benchmark Mix Designs (per cubic yard) Compressive Strength psi Portland Cement lbs Fly Ash lbs Slag Cement lbs Mixing Water lbs Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs 1,137 1,114 1, , Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs Natural Fine Aggregate lbs 1,231 1,207 1,158 1,074 1,110 1,026 Air % % 6% 6% 6% 6% 2% 2% Air Entraining Admixture oz Water Reducer oz High Range Water Reducer oz Accelerator oz Total Weight lbs 3,860 3,865 3,888 3,872 4,038 4,050 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 9

14 Table C1 NRMCA U.S. National Transportation Modes and Distances High Mass Materials Transportation Mode Units Portland Cement Fly Ash Slag Cement Crushed Coarse Aggregate Natural Coarse Aggregate Crushed Fine Aggregate Natural Fine Aggregate Truck mi Rail mi Ocean mi Barge mi Table D1 NRMCA U.S. National Gate to Gate Manufacturing Energy Use per yd3 per m3 Purchased Electricity kwh Natural Gas cuft Secondary Fuels Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) lb Secondary Fuels Solid (tires, etc.) tn.sh Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gal Diesel gal Gasoline gal LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gal Other gal Batching water consumption gal Washing water consumption gal Total water consumption gal Hazardous Solid Waste lbs Non Hazardous Solid Waste lbs NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 10

15 Table E1 NRMCA U.S. National LCA Results Indicator/LCI Metric GWP ODP AP EP POCP PEC NRE RE NRM RM CBW CWW TW CHW CNHW Unit (equivalent) kg CO2 kg CFC 11 kg SO2 kg N kg O3 MJ MJ MJ kg kg m3 m3 m3 kg kg 2500 psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 11

16 Figure B1 Climate Change GWP kg CO2 eq Compressive Strength psi Figure C1 Primary Energy Consump. PEC MJ 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Compressive Strength psi NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 12

17 2-Eastern Region Table A2 Eastern Production Data Summary Number of Plants 48 % Transit Mix Plants 68% % Central Mix Plants 32% yd3 m3 Average Production 54,955 42,016 Total Production 2,637,816 2,016,755 Minimum Production 5,324 4,071 Maximum Production 266, ,067 Figure A2 Compressive Strength Distribution <= 3500 psi >3500 & <=5000 psi > 5000 psi 42% 6% 52% Table B2 Eastern Benchmark Mix Designs (per cubic yard) Compressive Strength psi Portland Cement lbs Fly Ash lbs Slag Cement lbs Mixing Water lbs Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs 1,455 1,440 1,412 1,255 1,298 1,198 Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs Natural Fine Aggregate lbs 1,178 1,167 1,144 1,017 1, Air % % 6% 6% 6% 6% 2% 2% Air Entraining Admixture oz Water Reducer oz High Range Water Reducer oz Accelerator oz Total Weight lbs 3,940 3,979 4,067 3,935 4,107 4,126 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 13

18 Table C2 Eastern Transportation Modes and Distances High Mass Materials Crushed Natural Crushed Natural Transportation Mode Units Portland Cement Fly Ash Slag Cement Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Truck mi Rail mi Ocean mi Barge mi Table D2 Eastern Gate to Gate Manufacturing Energy Use per yd3 per m3 Purchased Electricity kwh Natural Gas cuft Secondary Fuels Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) lb Secondary Fuels Solid (tires, etc.) tn.sh Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gal Diesel gal Gasoline gal LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gal Other gal Batching water consumption gal Washing water consumption gal Total water consumption gal Hazardous Solid Waste lbs Non Hazardous Solid Waste lbs NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 14

19 Table E2 Eastern LCA Results Indicator/LCI Metric GWP ODP AP EP POCP PEC NRE RE NRM RM CBW CWW TW CHW CNHW Unit (equivalent) kg CO2 kg CFC 11 kg SO2 kg N kg O3 MJ MJ MJ kg kg m3 m3 m3 kg kg 2500 psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 15

20 kg CO2 eq Figure B2 Climate Change GWP Compressive Strength psi Figure C2 Primary Energy Consump. PEC MJ 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Compressive Strength psi NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 16

21 3-Great Lakes Midwest Region Table A3 Great Lakes Midwest Production Data Summary Number of Plants 39 % Transit Mix Plants 66% % Central Mix Plants 34% yd3 m3 Average Production 53,245 40,709 Total Production 2,076,549 1,587,635 Minimum Production 6,246 4,775 Maximum Production 248, ,883 Figure A3 Compressive Strength Distribution <= 3500 psi >3500 & <=5000 psi > 5000 psi 15% 25% 60% Table B3 Great Lakes Midwest Benchmark Mix Designs (per cubic yard) Compressive Strength psi Portland Cement lbs Fly Ash lbs Slag Cement lbs Mixing Water lbs Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs 1,113 1,103 1,081 1,005 1, Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs Natural Fine Aggregate lbs 1,396 1,383 1,355 1,261 1,301 1,220 Air % % 6% 6% 6% 6% 2% 2% Air Entraining Admixture oz Water Reducer oz High Range Water Reducer oz Accelerator oz Total Weight lbs 3,869 3,896 3,958 3,912 4,071 4,079 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 17

22 Table C3 Great Lakes Midwest Transportation Modes and Distances High Mass Materials Transportation Mode Units Portland Cement Fly Ash Slag Cement Crushed Coarse Aggregate Natural Coarse Aggregate Crushed Fine Aggregate Natural Fine Aggregate Truck mi Rail mi Ocean mi Barge mi Table D3 Great Lakes Midwest Gate to Gate Manufacturing Energy Use per yd3 per m3 Purchased Electricity kwh Natural Gas cuft Secondary Fuels Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) lb Secondary Fuels Solid (tires, etc.) tn.sh Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gal Diesel gal Gasoline gal LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gal Other gal Batching water consumption gal Washing water consumption gal Total water consumption gal Hazardous Solid Waste lbs Non Hazardous Solid Waste lbs NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 18

23 Table E3 Great Lakes Midwest LCA Results Indicator/LCI Metric GWP ODP AP EP POCP PEC NRE RE NRM RM CBW CWW TW CHW CNHW Unit (equivalent) kg CO2 kg CFC 11 kg SO2 kg N kg O3 MJ MJ MJ kg kg m3 m3 m3 kg kg 2500 psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 19

24 Figure B3 Climate Change GWP kg CO2 eq Compressive Strength psi 3,500 3,000 2,500 Figure C3 Primary Energy Consump. PEC MJ 2,000 1,500 1, Compressive Strength psi NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 20

25 4-North Central Region Table A4 North Central Production Data Summary Number of Plants 32 % Transit Mix Plants 69% % Central Mix Plants 31% yd3 m3 Average Production 30,232 23,114 Total Production 967, ,642 Minimum Production 2,278 1,742 Maximum Production 168, ,445 Figure A4 Compressive Strength Distribution <= 3500 psi >3500 & <=5000 psi > 5000 psi 83% 3% 14% Table B4 North Central Benchmark Mix Designs (per cubic yard) Compressive Strength psi Portland Cement lbs Fly Ash lbs Slag Cement lbs Mixing Water lbs Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs Natural Fine Aggregate lbs 1,170 1,148 1,115 1,059 1,092 1,037 Air % % 6% 6% 6% 6% 2% 2% Air Entraining Admixture oz Water Reducer oz High Range Water Reducer oz Accelerator oz Total Weight lbs 3,826 3,820 3,847 3,856 4,009 4,043 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 21

26 Table C4 North Central Transportation Modes and Distances High Mass Materials Crushed Natural Crushed Natural Transportation Mode Units Portland Cement Fly Ash Slag Cement Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Truck mi Rail mi Ocean mi Barge mi Table D4 North Central Gate to Gate Manufacturing Energy Use per yd3 per m3 Purchased Electricity kwh Natural Gas cuft Secondary Fuels Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) lb Secondary Fuels Solid (tires, etc.) tn.sh Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gal Diesel gal Gasoline gal LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gal Other gal Batching water consumption gal Washing water consumption gal Total water consumption gal Hazardous Solid Waste lbs Non Hazardous Solid Waste lbs NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 22

27 Table E4 North Central LCA Results Indicator/LCI Metric GWP ODP AP EP POCP PEC NRE RE NRM RM CBW CWW TW CHW CNHW Unit (equivalent) kg CO2 kg CFC 11 kg SO2 kg N kg O3 MJ MJ MJ kg kg m3 m3 m3 kg kg 2500 psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 23

28 Figure B4 Climate Change GWP kg CO2 eq Compressive Strength psi 3,500 3,000 2,500 Figure C4 Primary Energy Consump. PEC MJ 2,000 1,500 1, Compressive Strength psi NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 24

29 5-Pacific Northwest Region Table A5 Pacific Northwest Production Data Summary Number of Plants 18 % Transit Mix Plants 57% % Central Mix Plants 43% yd3 m3 Average Production 51,846 39,639 Total Production 933, ,507 Minimum Production 1,652 1,263 Maximum Production 347, ,311 Figure A5 Compressive Strength Distribution <= 3500 psi >3500 & <=5000 psi > 5000 psi 47% 6% 47% Table B5 Pacific Northwest Benchmark Mix Designs (per cubic yard) Compressive Strength psi Portland Cement lbs Fly Ash lbs Slag Cement lbs Mixing Water lbs Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs 1,750 1,717 1,651 1,552 1,602 1,503 Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs Natural Fine Aggregate lbs 1,467 1,440 1,384 1,301 1,343 1,260 Air % % 6% 6% 6% 6% 2% 2% Air Entraining Admixture oz Water Reducer oz High Range Water Reducer oz Accelerator oz Total Weight lbs 3,971 3,971 3,982 3,979 4,141 4,166 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 25

30 Table C5 Pacific Northwest Transportation Modes and Distances High Mass Materials Crushed Natural Crushed Natural Transportation Mode Units Portland Cement Fly Ash Slag Cement Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Truck mi Rail mi Ocean mi Barge mi Table D5 Pacific Northwest Gate to Gate Manufacturing Energy Use per yd3 per m3 Purchased Electricity kwh Natural Gas cuft Secondary Fuels Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) lb Secondary Fuels Solid (tires, etc.) tn.sh Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gal Diesel gal Gasoline gal LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gal Other gal Batching water consumption gal Washing water consumption gal Total water consumption gal Hazardous Solid Waste lbs Non Hazardous Solid Waste lbs NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 26

31 Table E5 Pacific Northwest LCA Results Indicator/LCI Metric GWP ODP AP EP POCP PEC NRE RE NRM RM CBW CWW TW CHW CNHW Unit (equivalent) kg CO2 kg CFC 11 kg SO2 kg N kg O3 MJ MJ MJ kg kg m3 m3 m3 kg kg 2500 psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 27

32 Figure B5 Climate Change GWP kg CO2 eq Compressive Strength psi 3,500 3,000 2,500 Figure C5 Primary Energy Consump. PEC MJ 2,000 1,500 1, Compressive Strength psi NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 28

33 6-Pacific Southwest Region Table A6 Pacific Southwest Production Data Summary Number of Plants 43 % Transit Mix Plants 71% % Central Mix Plants 29% yd3 m3 Average Production 73,533 56,220 Total Production 3,161,931 2,417,469 Minimum Production 8,036 6,144 Maximum Production 272, ,402 Figure A6 Compressive Strength Distribution <= 3500 psi >3500 & <=5000 psi > 5000 psi 40% 5% 55% Table B6 Pacific Southwest Benchmark Mix Designs (per cubic yard) Compressive Strength psi Portland Cement lbs ,108 Fly Ash lbs Slag Cement lbs Mixing Water lbs Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs Natural Fine Aggregate lbs 1,208 1,184 1,124 1,027 1, Air % % 6% 6% 6% 6% 2% 2% Air Entraining Admixture oz Water Reducer oz High Range Water Reducer oz Accelerator oz Total Weight lbs 3,835 3,850 3,864 3,847 4,021 4,035 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 29

34 Table C6 Pacific Southwest Transportation Modes and Distances High Mass Materials Crushed Natural Crushed Natural Transportation Mode Units Portland Cement Fly Ash Slag Cement Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Truck mi Rail mi Ocean mi Barge mi Table D6 Pacific Southwest Gate to Gate Manufacturing Energy Use per yd3 per m3 Purchased Electricity kwh Natural Gas cuft Secondary Fuels Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) lb Secondary Fuels Solid (tires, etc.) tn.sh Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gal Diesel gal Gasoline gal LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gal Other gal Batching water consumption gal Washing water consumption gal Total water consumption gal Hazardous Solid Waste lbs Non Hazardous Solid Waste lbs NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 30

35 Table E6 Pacific Southwest LCA Results Indicator/LCI Metric GWP ODP AP EP POCP PEC NRE RE NRM RM CBW CWW TW CHW CNHW Unit (equivalent) kg CO2 kg CFC 11 kg SO2 kg N kg O3 MJ MJ MJ kg kg m3 m3 m3 kg kg 2500 psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 31

36 kg CO2 eq Figure B6 Climate Change GWP Compressive Strength psi Figure C6 Primary Energy Consump. PEC MJ 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Compressive Strength psi NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 32

37 7-Rocky Mountains Region Table A7 Rocky Mountains Production Data Summary Number of Plants 16 % Transit Mix Plants 59% % Central Mix Plants 41% yd3 m3 Average Production 48,510 37,088 Total Production 776, ,414 Minimum Production 6,831 5,223 Maximum Production 165, ,591 Figure A7 Compressive Strength Distribution <= 3500 psi >3500 & <=5000 psi > 5000 psi 59% 5% 36% Table B7 Rocky Mountains Benchmark Mix Designs (per cubic yard) Compressive Strength psi Portland Cement lbs Fly Ash lbs Slag Cement lbs Mixing Water lbs Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs Natural Fine Aggregate lbs 1,332 1,306 1,254 1,162 1,201 1,123 Air % % 6% 6% 6% 6% 2% 2% Air Entraining Admixture oz Water Reducer oz High Range Water Reducer oz Accelerator oz Total Weight lbs 3,868 3,871 3,888 3,863 4,028 4,061 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 33

38 Table C7 Rocky Mountains Transportation Modes and Distances High Mass Materials Crushed Natural Crushed Natural Transportation Mode Units Portland Cement Fly Ash Slag Cement Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Truck mi Rail mi Ocean mi Barge mi Table D7 Rocky Mountains Gate to Gate Manufacturing Energy Use per yd3 per m3 Purchased Electricity kwh Natural Gas cuft Secondary Fuels Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) lb Secondary Fuels Solid (tires, etc.) tn.sh Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gal Diesel gal Gasoline gal LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gal Other gal Batching water consumption gal Washing water consumption gal Total water consumption gal Hazardous Solid Waste lbs Non Hazardous Solid Waste lbs NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 34

39 Table E7 Rocky Mountains LCA Results Indicator/LCI Metric GWP ODP AP EP POCP PEC NRE RE NRM RM CBW CWW TW CHW CNHW Unit (equivalent) kg CO2 kg CFC 11 kg SO2 kg N kg O3 MJ MJ MJ kg kg m3 m3 m3 kg kg 2500 psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 35

40 Figure B7 Climate Change GWP kg CO2 eq Compressive Strength psi Figure C7 Primary Energy Consump. PEC MJ 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Compressive Strength psi NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 36

41 8-South Central Region Table A8 South Central Production Data Summary Number of Plants 62 % Transit Mix Plants 78% % Central Mix Plants 22% yd3 m3 Average Production 50,508 38,616 Total Production 3,131,481 2,394,188 Minimum Production Maximum Production 175, ,305 Figure A8 Compressive Strength Distribution <= 3500 psi >3500 & <=5000 psi > 5000 psi 4% 43% 53% Table B8 South Central Benchmark Mix Designs (per cubic yard) Compressive Strength psi Portland Cement lbs Fly Ash lbs Slag Cement lbs Mixing Water lbs Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs 1,373 1,360 1,306 1,238 1,279 1,211 Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs Natural Fine Aggregate lbs 1,403 1,389 1,334 1,265 1,307 1,238 Air % % 6% 6% 6% 6% 2% 2% Air Entraining Admixture oz Water Reducer oz High Range Water Reducer oz Accelerator oz Total Weight lbs 3,780 3,805 3,804 3,817 3,974 4,010 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 37

42 Table C8 South Central Transportation Modes and Distances High Mass Materials Crushed Natural Crushed Natural Transportation Mode Units Portland Cement Fly Ash Slag Cement Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Truck mi Rail mi Ocean mi Barge mi Table D8 South Central Gate to Gate Manufacturing Energy Use per yd3 per m3 Purchased Electricity kwh Natural Gas cuft Secondary Fuels Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) lb Secondary Fuels Solid (tires, etc.) tn.sh Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gal Diesel gal Gasoline gal LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gal Other gal Batching water consumption gal Washing water consumption gal Total water consumption gal Hazardous Solid Waste lbs Non Hazardous Solid Waste lbs NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 38

43 Table E8 South Central LCA Results Indicator/LCI Metric GWP ODP AP EP POCP PEC NRE RE NRM RM CBW CWW TW CHW CNHW Unit (equivalent) kg CO2 kg CFC 11 kg SO2 kg N kg O3 MJ MJ MJ kg kg m3 m3 m3 kg kg 2500 psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 39

44 Figure B8 Climate Change GWP kg CO2 eq Compressive Strength psi 3,500 3,000 2,500 Figure C8 Primary Energy Consump. PEC MJ 2,000 1,500 1, Compressive Strength psi NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 40

45 9-South Eastern Region Table A9 South Eastern Production Data Summary Number of Plants 146 % Transit Mix Plants 83% % Central Mix Plants 17% yd3 m3 Average Production 34,444 26,334 Total Production 5,028,850 3,844,831 Minimum Production 1, Maximum Production 161, ,132 Figure A9 Compressive Strength Distribution <= 3500 psi >3500 & <=5000 psi > 5000 psi 31% 5% 64% Table B9 South Eastern Benchmark Mix Designs (per cubic yard) Compressive Strength psi Portland Cement lbs Fly Ash lbs Slag Cement lbs Mixing Water lbs Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs 1,375 1,348 1,281 1,187 1,227 1,133 Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs Natural Fine Aggregate lbs 1,080 1,059 1, Air % % 6% 6% 6% 6% 2% 2% Air Entraining Admixture oz Water Reducer oz High Range Water Reducer oz Accelerator oz Total Weight lbs 3,835 3,844 3,844 3,837 4,005 4,027 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 41

46 Table C9 South Eastern Transportation Modes and Distances High Mass Materials Crushed Natural Crushed Natural Transportation Mode Units Portland Cement Fly Ash Slag Cement Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fine Aggregate Truck mi Rail mi Ocean mi Barge mi Table D9 South Eastern Gate to Gate Manufacturing Energy Use per yd3 per m3 Purchased Electricity kwh Natural Gas cuft Secondary Fuels Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) lb Secondary Fuels Solid (tires, etc.) tn.sh Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gal Diesel gal Gasoline gal LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gal Other gal Batching water consumption gal Washing water consumption gal Total water consumption gal Hazardous Solid Waste lbs Non Hazardous Solid Waste lbs NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 42

47 Table E9 South Eastern LCA Results Indicator/LCI Metric GWP ODP AP EP POCP PEC NRE RE NRM RM CBW CWW TW CHW CNHW Unit (equivalent) kg CO2 kg CFC 11 kg SO2 kg N kg O3 MJ MJ MJ kg kg m3 m3 m3 kg kg 2500 psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , psi per yd E , , , per m E , , , NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 43

48 Figure B9 Climate Change GWP kg CO2 eq Compressive Strength psi Figure C9 Primary Energy Consump. PEC MJ 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Compressive Strength psi NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 44

49 Appendix A U.S. National and Regional NRMCA weighted average LCI data and technophere flows per cubic yard of product NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 45

50 This page intentionally left blank NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 46

51 U.S. National and Regional NRMCA weighted average LCI data and technophere flows per cubic yard of product 1-NRMCA U.S. National Region A. LOCATION AND PRODUCTION DATA # Location Location 1 NRMCA Region NRMCA Average 2 Number of Plants Surveyed Production Data Average Ready Mixed Concrete Production Amount Units 3500 psi or less Percentage of Production By Specified Compressive Strength >3500 & <=5000 psi Greater than 5000 psi 46,863 yd 3 49% 45% 6% B. MATERIALS One-Way Distance From Material Materials that were not reported in any surveys are grayed out Source to Plant by Transportation Mode (miles) # Material Amount Units Truck Rail Ocean Barge 1 Portland Cement lbs/ yd Blended Cement 5.12 lbs/ yd White Cement 0.05 lbs/ yd Slag Cement (GGBFS) lbs/ yd Fly Ash (no processing) lbs/ yd Fly Ash (processed) lbs/ yd NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 47

52 7 Silica Fume (no processing) 1.43 lbs/ yd Other Cement/SCM 0.02 lbs/ yd Crushed Coarse Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs/ yd Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs/ yd Natural Fine Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Crushed Returned Concrete lbs/ yd Crushed Demolition Concrete 0.50 lbs/ yd Air Cooled Slag 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Crushed Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Manufactured Lightweight Aggregate 5.75 lbs/ yd Mineral Fillers 1.54 lbs/ yd Other Aggregate 1.21 lbs/ yd Accelerating Admixture-Chlorides 0.06 gallon/yd Accelerating Admixture-Non Chlorides 0.05 gallon/yd Air Entraining Admixture 0.03 gallon/yd Water Reducing Retarding Admixture 0.07 gallon/yd Waterproofing Admixture gallon/yd Water Reducing Admixture (plasticizer) 0.08 gallon/yd High Range Water Reducing Admixture (superplasticizer) 0.05 gallon/yd Shrinkage Reducing Admixture gallon/yd Corrosion Inhibiting Admixture 0.01 gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Synthetic Fibers 0.11 lbs/ yd NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 48

53 32 Steel Fibers 0.02 lbs/ yd Road Dust Control Chemicals (e.g., chlorides) gallon/yd Oil and Lubricants gallon/yd Grease gallon/yd Other Onsite Chemicals gallon/yd Total Water Use gallon/yd 3 38 Fresh Batch Water Use gallon/yd 3 39 Recycled Batch Water Use 3.40 gallon/yd 3 40 Wash Water Use gallon/yd 3 AVERAGE OPERATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION # Energy Type Amount Units 1 Purchased Electricity 3.86 kwh/yd 3 7 Natural Gas-Used at Plant 9.07 ft3/yd 3 8 Secondary Fuels - Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) gallon/yd 3 9 Secondary Fuels - Solid (tires, etc.) lbs/yd 3 10 Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gallon/yd 3 11 Diesel gallon/yd 3 12 Gasoline gallon/yd 3 13 LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gallon/yd 3 14 Other gallon/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 49

54 E.EMISSIONS REPORTING # Air Emissions Amount Units 1 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 2 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 3 Particulates, total ounces/yd 3 4 Lead ounces/yd 3 5 Hg ounces/yd 3 6 CO ounces/yd 3 7 Nox ounces/yd 3 8 Sox ounces/yd 3 9 VOC ounces/yd 3 # Water Emissions Amount Units 1 Total Suspended Solids ounces/yd 3 2 Total Dissolved Solids ounces/yd 3 3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ounces/yd 3 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ounces/yd 3 F. SOLID WASTE REPORTING # Waste Type Amount Units 1 Hazardous Solid Waste 0.69 lbs/yd 3 2 Non-Hazardous Solid Waste 4.50 lbs/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 50

55 2-Eastern Region A. LOCATION AND PRODUCTION DATA # Location Location 1 NRMCA Region Eastern 2 Number of Plants Surveyed 48 3 Production Data Average Ready Mixed Concrete Production Amount Units 3500 psi or less Percentage of Production By Specified Compressive Strength >3500 & <=5000 psi Greater than 5000 psi 54,955 yd 3 52% 42% 6% B. MATERIALS One-Way Distance From Material Materials that were not reported in any surveys are grayed out Source to Plant by Transportation Mode (miles) # Material Amount Units Truck Rail Ocean Barge 1 Portland Cement lbs/ yd Blended Cement 6.94 lbs/ yd White Cement 0.04 lbs/ yd Slag Cement (GGBFS) lbs/ yd Fly Ash (no processing) 2.80 lbs/ yd Fly Ash (processed) lbs/ yd Silica Fume (no processing) 0.80 lbs/ yd Other Cement/SCM 0.09 lbs/ yd NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 51

56 9 Crushed Coarse Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs/ yd Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs/ yd Natural Fine Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Crushed Returned Concrete lbs/ yd Crushed Demolition Concrete 0.76 lbs/ yd Air Cooled Slag 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Crushed Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Manufactured Lightweight Aggregate 9.79 lbs/ yd Mineral Fillers lbs/ yd Other Aggregate 0.60 lbs/ yd Accelerating Admixture-Chlorides 0.11 gallon/yd Accelerating Admixture-Non Chlorides 0.09 gallon/yd Air Entraining Admixture 0.06 gallon/yd Water Reducing Retarding Admixture 0.08 gallon/yd Waterproofing Admixture gallon/yd Water Reducing Admixture (plasticizer) 0.10 gallon/yd High Range Water Reducing Admixture (superplasticizer) 0.11 gallon/yd Shrinkage Reducing Admixture NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report gallon/yd Corrosion Inhibiting Admixture 0.04 gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Synthetic Fibers 0.09 lbs/ yd Steel Fibers 0.05 lbs/ yd Road Dust Control Chemicals (e.g., chlorides) gallon/yd

57 34 Oil and Lubricants gallon/yd Grease gallon/yd Other Onsite Chemicals gallon/yd Total Water Use gallon/yd 3 38 Fresh Batch Water Use gallon/yd 3 39 Recycled Batch Water Use 2.23 gallon/yd 3 40 Wash Water Use gallon/yd 3 AVERAGE OPERATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION # Energy Type Amount Units 1 Purchased Electricity 4.19 kwh/yd 3 7 Natural Gas-Used at Plant 9.61 ft3/yd 3 8 Secondary Fuels - Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) gallon/yd 3 9 Secondary Fuels - Solid (tires, etc.) lbs/yd 3 10 Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gallon/yd 3 11 Diesel gallon/yd 3 12 Gasoline gallon/yd 3 13 LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gallon/yd 3 14 Other gallon/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 53

58 E.EMISSIONS REPORTING # Air Emissions Amount Units 1 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 2 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 3 Particulates, total ounces/yd 3 4 Lead ounces/yd 3 5 Hg ounces/yd 3 6 CO ounces/yd 3 7 Nox ounces/yd 3 8 Sox ounces/yd 3 9 VOC ounces/yd 3 # Water Emissions Amount Units 1 Total Suspended Solids ounces/yd 3 2 Total Dissolved Solids ounces/yd 3 3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ounces/yd 3 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ounces/yd 3 F. SOLID WASTE REPORTING # Waste Type Amount Units 1 Hazardous Solid Waste 0.00 lbs/yd 3 2 Non-Hazardous Solid Waste 2.48 lbs/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 54

59 3-Great Lakes Midwest Region A. LOCATION AND PRODUCTION DATA # Location Location 1 NRMCA Region Great Lakes Midwest 2 Number of Plants Surveyed 39 3 Production Data Average Ready Mixed Concrete Production Amount Units 3500 psi or less Percentage of Production By Specified Compressive Strength >3500 & <=5000 psi Greater than 5000 psi 53,245 yd 3 25% 60% 15% B. MATERIALS One-Way Distance From Material Materials that were not reported in any surveys are grayed out Source to Plant by Transportation Mode (miles) # Material Amount Units Truck Rail Ocean Barge 1 Portland Cement lbs/ yd Blended Cement 0.00 lbs/ yd White Cement 0.00 lbs/ yd Slag Cement (GGBFS) lbs/ yd Fly Ash (no processing) lbs/ yd Fly Ash (processed) 3.35 lbs/ yd Silica Fume (no processing) 8.87 lbs/ yd Other Cement/SCM 0.00 lbs/ yd NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 55

60 9 Crushed Coarse Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs/ yd Crushed Fine Aggregate 6.01 lbs/ yd Natural Fine Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Crushed Returned Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Crushed Demolition Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Air Cooled Slag 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Crushed Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Manufactured Lightweight Aggregate 6.34 lbs/ yd Mineral Fillers 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Aggregate 0.04 lbs/ yd Accelerating Admixture-Chlorides 0.11 gallon/yd Accelerating Admixture-Non Chlorides 0.08 gallon/yd Air Entraining Admixture 0.04 gallon/yd Water Reducing Retarding Admixture 0.06 gallon/yd Waterproofing Admixture gallon/yd Water Reducing Admixture (plasticizer) 0.08 gallon/yd High Range Water Reducing Admixture (superplasticizer) 0.06 gallon/yd Shrinkage Reducing Admixture NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report gallon/yd Corrosion Inhibiting Admixture 0.01 gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Synthetic Fibers 0.14 lbs/ yd Steel Fibers 0.01 lbs/ yd Road Dust Control Chemicals (e.g., chlorides) gallon/yd

61 34 Oil and Lubricants gallon/yd Grease gallon/yd Other Onsite Chemicals gallon/yd Total Water Use gallon/yd 3 38 Fresh Batch Water Use gallon/yd 3 39 Recycled Batch Water Use 0.68 gallon/yd 3 40 Wash Water Use gallon/yd 3 AVERAGE OPERATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION # Energy Type Amount Units 1 Purchased Electricity 3.58 kwh/yd 3 7 Natural Gas-Used at Plant ft3/yd 3 8 Secondary Fuels - Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) gallon/yd 3 9 Secondary Fuels - Solid (tires, etc.) lbs/yd 3 10 Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gallon/yd 3 11 Diesel gallon/yd 3 12 Gasoline gallon/yd 3 13 LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gallon/yd 3 14 Other gallon/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 57

62 E.EMISSIONS REPORTING # Air Emissions Amount Units 1 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 2 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 3 Particulates, total ounces/yd 3 4 Lead ounces/yd 3 5 Hg ounces/yd 3 6 CO ounces/yd 3 7 Nox ounces/yd 3 8 Sox ounces/yd 3 9 VOC ounces/yd 3 # Water Emissions Amount Units 1 Total Suspended Solids ounces/yd 3 2 Total Dissolved Solids ounces/yd 3 3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ounces/yd 3 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ounces/yd 3 F. SOLID WASTE REPORTING # Waste Type Amount Units 1 Hazardous Solid Waste 0.00 lbs/yd 3 2 Non-Hazardous Solid Waste 0.06 lbs/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 58

63 4-North Central Region A. LOCATION AND PRODUCTION DATA # Location Location 1 NRMCA Region North Central 2 Number of Plants Surveyed 32 3 Production Data Average Ready Mixed Concrete Production Amount Units 3500 psi or less Percentage of Production By Specified Compressive Strength >3500 & <=5000 psi Greater than 5000 psi 30,232 yd 3 14% 83% 2% B. MATERIALS One-Way Distance From Material Materials that were not reported in any surveys are greyed out Source to Plant by Transportation Mode (miles) # Material Amount Units Truck Rail Ocean Barge 1 Portland Cement lbs/ yd Blended Cement 2.69 lbs/ yd White Cement 0.00 lbs/ yd Slag Cement (GGBFS) 8.15 lbs/ yd Fly Ash (no processing) lbs/ yd Fly Ash (processed) 1.55 lbs/ yd Silica Fume (no processing) 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Cement/SCM 0.00 lbs/ yd NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 59

64 9 Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs/ yd Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs/ yd Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs/ yd Natural Fine Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Crushed Returned Concrete 0.30 lbs/ yd Crushed Demolition Concrete 7.59 lbs/ yd Air Cooled Slag 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Crushed Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Manufactured Lightweight Aggregate 5.17 lbs/ yd Mineral Fillers 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Aggregate 0.00 lbs/ yd Accelerating Admixture-Chlorides 0.07 gallon/yd Accelerating Admixture-Non Chlorides 0.04 gallon/yd Air Entraining Admixture 0.03 gallon/yd Water Reducing Retarding Admixture 0.05 gallon/yd Waterproofing Admixture gallon/yd Water Reducing Admixture (plasticizer) 0.08 gallon/yd High Range Water Reducing Admixture (superplasticizer) 0.03 gallon/yd Shrinkage Reducing Admixture NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report gallon/yd Corrosion Inhibiting Admixture 0.02 gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Synthetic Fibers 0.35 lbs/ yd Steel Fibers 0.00 lbs/ yd Road Dust Control Chemicals (e.g., chlorides) gallon/yd

65 34 Oil and Lubricants gallon/yd Grease gallon/yd Other Onsite Chemicals gallon/yd Total Water Use gallon/yd 3 38 Fresh Batch Water Use gallon/yd 3 39 Recycled Batch Water Use 0.03 gallon/yd 3 40 Wash Water Use gallon/yd 3 AVERAGE OPERATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION # Energy Type Amount Units 1 Purchased Electricity 2.52 kwh/yd 3 7 Natural Gas-Used at Plant 7.57 ft3/yd 3 8 Secondary Fuels - Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) gallon/yd 3 9 Secondary Fuels - Solid (tires, etc.) lbs/yd 3 10 Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gallon/yd 3 11 Diesel gallon/yd 3 12 Gasoline gallon/yd 3 13 LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gallon/yd 3 14 Other gallon/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 61

66 E.EMISSIONS REPORTING # Air Emissions Amount Units 1 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 2 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 3 Particulates, total ounces/yd 3 4 Lead ounces/yd 3 5 Hg ounces/yd 3 6 CO ounces/yd 3 7 Nox ounces/yd 3 8 Sox ounces/yd 3 9 VOC ounces/yd 3 # Water Emissions Amount Units 1 Total Suspended Solids ounces/yd 3 2 Total Dissolved Solids ounces/yd 3 3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ounces/yd 3 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ounces/yd 3 F. SOLID WASTE REPORTING # Waste Type Amount Units 1 Hazardous Solid Waste 0.00 lbs/yd 3 2 Non-Hazardous Solid Waste 4.29 lbs/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 62

67 5-Pacific Northwest Region A. LOCATION AND PRODUCTION DATA # Location Location 1 NRMCA Region Pacific Northwest 2 Number of Plants Surveyed 18 3 Production Data Average Ready Mixed Concrete Production Amount Units 3500 psi or less Percentage of Production By Specified Compressive Strength >3500 & <=5000 psi Greater than 5000 psi 51,846 yd 3 47% 47% 6% B. MATERIALS One-Way Distance From Material Materials that were not reported in any surveys are grayed out Source to Plant by Transportation Mode (miles) # Material Amount Units Truck Rail Ocean Barge 1 Portland Cement lbs/ yd Blended Cement 0.00 lbs/ yd White Cement 0.00 lbs/ yd Slag Cement (GGBFS) lbs/ yd Fly Ash (no processing) lbs/ yd Fly Ash (processed) 8.81 lbs/ yd Silica Fume (no processing) 0.26 lbs/ yd Other Cement/SCM 0.00 lbs/ yd NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 63

68 9 Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs/ yd Natural Coarse Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Crushed Fine Aggregate 4.75 lbs/ yd Natural Fine Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Crushed Returned Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Crushed Demolition Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Air Cooled Slag 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Crushed Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Manufactured Lightweight Aggregate 0.33 lbs/ yd Mineral Fillers 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Aggregate 0.00 lbs/ yd Accelerating Admixture-Chlorides 0.04 gallon/yd Accelerating Admixture-Non Chlorides 0.04 gallon/yd Air Entraining Admixture 0.03 gallon/yd Water Reducing Retarding Admixture 0.03 gallon/yd Waterproofing Admixture gallon/yd 3 1, Water Reducing Admixture (plasticizer) 0.09 gallon/yd High Range Water Reducing Admixture (superplasticizer) 0.06 gallon/yd Shrinkage Reducing Admixture NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report gallon/yd Corrosion Inhibiting Admixture 0.00 gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Synthetic Fibers 0.06 lbs/ yd Steel Fibers 0.00 lbs/ yd Road Dust Control Chemicals (e.g., chlorides) gallon/yd

69 34 Oil and Lubricants gallon/yd Grease gallon/yd Other Onsite Chemicals gallon/yd Total Water Use gallon/yd 3 38 Fresh Batch Water Use gallon/yd 3 39 Recycled Batch Water Use 6.30 gallon/yd 3 40 Wash Water Use 9.15 gallon/yd 3 AVERAGE OPERATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION # Energy Type Amount Units 1 Purchased Electricity 4.91 kwh/yd 3 7 Natural Gas-Used at Plant 5.52 ft3/yd 3 8 Secondary Fuels - Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) gallon/yd 3 9 Secondary Fuels - Solid (tires, etc.) lbs/yd 3 10 Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gallon/yd 3 11 Diesel gallon/yd 3 12 Gasoline gallon/yd 3 13 LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gallon/yd 3 14 Other gallon/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 65

70 E.EMISSIONS REPORTING # Air Emissions Amount Units 1 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 2 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 3 Particulates, total ounces/yd 3 4 Lead ounces/yd 3 5 Hg ounces/yd 3 6 CO ounces/yd 3 7 Nox ounces/yd 3 8 Sox ounces/yd 3 9 VOC ounces/yd 3 # Water Emissions Amount Units 1 Total Suspended Solids ounces/yd 3 2 Total Dissolved Solids ounces/yd 3 3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ounces/yd 3 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ounces/yd 3 F. SOLID WASTE REPORTING # Waste Type Amount Units 1 Hazardous Solid Waste 0.00 lbs/yd 3 2 Non-Hazardous Solid Waste 8.69 lbs/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 66

71 6-Pacific Southwest Region A. LOCATION AND PRODUCTION DATA # Location Location 1 NRMCA Region Pacific Southwest 2 Number of Plants Surveyed 43 3 Production Data Average Ready Mixed Concrete Production Amount Units 3500 psi or less Percentage of Production By Specified Compressive Strength >3500 & <=5000 psi Greater than 5000 psi 73,533 yd 3 55% 40% 5% B. MATERIALS One-Way Distance From Material Materials that were not reported in any surveys are grayed out Source to Plant by Transportation Mode (miles) # Material Amount Units Truck Rail Ocean Barge 1 Portland Cement lbs/ yd Blended Cement 0.00 lbs/ yd White Cement 0.25 lbs/ yd Slag Cement (GGBFS) 0.07 lbs/ yd Fly Ash (no processing) lbs/ yd Fly Ash (processed) lbs/ yd Silica Fume (no processing) 0.17 lbs/ yd Other Cement/SCM 0.03 lbs/ yd NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 67

72 9 Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs/ yd Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs/ yd Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs/ yd Natural Fine Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Crushed Returned Concrete 1.63 lbs/ yd Crushed Demolition Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Air Cooled Slag 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Crushed Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Manufactured Lightweight Aggregate lbs/ yd Mineral Fillers 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Aggregate 0.14 lbs/ yd Accelerating Admixture-Chlorides 0.00 gallon/yd Accelerating Admixture-Non Chlorides 0.04 gallon/yd Air Entraining Admixture 0.01 gallon/yd Water Reducing Retarding Admixture 0.06 gallon/yd Waterproofing Admixture gallon/yd Water Reducing Admixture (plasticizer) 0.07 gallon/yd High Range Water Reducing Admixture (superplasticizer) 0.03 gallon/yd Shrinkage Reducing Admixture NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report gallon/yd Corrosion Inhibiting Admixture 0.00 gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Synthetic Fibers 0.05 lbs/ yd Steel Fibers 0.00 lbs/ yd Road Dust Control Chemicals (e.g., chlorides) gallon/yd

73 34 Oil and Lubricants gallon/yd Grease gallon/yd Other Onsite Chemicals gallon/yd Total Water Use gallon/yd 3 38 Fresh Batch Water Use gallon/yd 3 39 Recycled Batch Water Use 7.46 gallon/yd 3 40 Wash Water Use gallon/yd 3 AVERAGE OPERATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION # Energy Type Amount Units 1 Purchased Electricity 3.56 kwh/yd 3 7 Natural Gas-Used at Plant 0.91 ft3/yd 3 8 Secondary Fuels - Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) gallon/yd 3 9 Secondary Fuels - Solid (tires, etc.) lbs/yd 3 10 Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gallon/yd 3 11 Diesel gallon/yd 3 12 Gasoline gallon/yd 3 13 LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gallon/yd 3 14 Other gallon/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 69

74 E.EMISSIONS REPORTING # Air Emissions Amount Units 1 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 2 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 3 Particulates, total ounces/yd 3 4 Lead ounces/yd 3 5 Hg ounces/yd 3 6 CO ounces/yd 3 7 Nox ounces/yd 3 8 Sox ounces/yd 3 9 VOC ounces/yd 3 # Water Emissions Amount Units 1 Total Suspended Solids ounces/yd 3 2 Total Dissolved Solids ounces/yd 3 3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ounces/yd 3 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ounces/yd 3 F. SOLID WASTE REPORTING # Waste Type Amount Units 1 Hazardous Solid Waste 0.01 lbs/yd 3 2 Non-Hazardous Solid Waste lbs/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 70

75 7-Rocky Mountains Region A. LOCATION AND PRODUCTION DATA # Location Location 1 NRMCA Region Rocky Mountains 2 Number of Plants Surveyed 16 3 Production Data Average Ready Mixed Concrete Production Amount Units 3500 psi or less Percentage of Production By Specified Compressive Strength >3500 & <=5000 psi Greater than 5000 psi 48,510 yd 3 36% 59% 5% B. MATERIALS One-Way Distance From Material Materials that were not reported in any surveys are grayed out Source to Plant by Transportation Mode (miles) # Material Amount Units Truck Rail Ocean Barge 1 Portland Cement lbs/ yd Blended Cement 0.00 lbs/ yd White Cement 0.00 lbs/ yd Slag Cement (GGBFS) 0.00 lbs/ yd Fly Ash (no processing) lbs/ yd Fly Ash (processed) lbs/ yd Silica Fume (no processing) 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Cement/SCM 0.00 lbs/ yd NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 71

76 9 Crushed Coarse Aggregate lbs/ yd Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs/ yd Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs/ yd Natural Fine Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Crushed Returned Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Crushed Demolition Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Air Cooled Slag 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Crushed Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Manufactured Lightweight Aggregate 6.56 lbs/ yd Mineral Fillers 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Aggregate 0.00 lbs/ yd Accelerating Admixture-Chlorides 0.08 gallon/yd Accelerating Admixture-Non Chlorides 0.06 gallon/yd Air Entraining Admixture 0.03 gallon/yd Water Reducing Retarding Admixture 0.05 gallon/yd Waterproofing Admixture gallon/yd Water Reducing Admixture (plasticizer) 0.09 gallon/yd High Range Water Reducing Admixture (superplasticizer) 0.03 gallon/yd Shrinkage Reducing Admixture NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report gallon/yd Corrosion Inhibiting Admixture 0.05 gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Synthetic Fibers 0.09 lbs/ yd Steel Fibers 0.00 lbs/ yd Road Dust Control Chemicals (e.g., chlorides) gallon/yd

77 34 Oil and Lubricants gallon/yd Grease gallon/yd Other Onsite Chemicals gallon/yd Total Water Use gallon/yd 3 38 Fresh Batch Water Use gallon/yd 3 39 Recycled Batch Water Use 0.74 gallon/yd 3 40 Wash Water Use gallon/yd 3 AVERAGE OPERATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION # Energy Type Amount Units 1 Purchased Electricity 4.05 kwh/yd 3 7 Natural Gas-Used at Plant ft3/yd 3 8 Secondary Fuels - Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) gallon/yd 3 9 Secondary Fuels - Solid (tires, etc.) lbs/yd 3 10 Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gallon/yd 3 11 Diesel gallon/yd 3 12 Gasoline gallon/yd 3 13 LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gallon/yd 3 14 Other gallon/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 73

78 E.EMISSIONS REPORTING # Air Emissions Amount Units 1 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 2 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 3 Particulates, total ounces/yd 3 4 Lead ounces/yd 3 5 Hg ounces/yd 3 6 CO ounces/yd 3 7 Nox ounces/yd 3 8 Sox ounces/yd 3 9 VOC ounces/yd 3 # Water Emissions Amount Units 1 Total Suspended Solids ounces/yd 3 2 Total Dissolved Solids ounces/yd 3 3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ounces/yd 3 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ounces/yd 3 F. SOLID WASTE REPORTING # Waste Type Amount Units 1 Hazardous Solid Waste 0.00 lbs/yd 3 2 Non-Hazardous Solid Waste 1.14 lbs/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 74

79 8-South Central Region A. LOCATION AND PRODUCTION DATA # Location Location 1 NRMCA Region South Central 2 Number of Plants Surveyed 62 3 Production Data Average Ready Mixed Concrete Production Amount Units 3500 psi or less Percentage of Production By Specified Compressive Strength >3500 & <=5000 psi Greater than 5000 psi 50,508 yd 3 53% 43% 4% B. MATERIALS One-Way Distance From Material Materials that were not reported in any surveys are grayed out Source to Plant by Transportation Mode (miles) # Material Amount Units Truck Rail Ocean Barge 1 Portland Cement lbs/ yd Blended Cement 0.00 lbs/ yd White Cement 0.00 lbs/ yd Slag Cement (GGBFS) 3.70 lbs/ yd Fly Ash (no processing) lbs/ yd Fly Ash (processed) 6.56 lbs/ yd Silica Fume (no processing) 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Cement/SCM 0.00 lbs/ yd NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 75

80 9 Crushed Coarse Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs/ yd Crushed Fine Aggregate 6.39 lbs/ yd Natural Fine Aggregate 1, lbs/ yd Crushed Returned Concrete 0.68 lbs/ yd Crushed Demolition Concrete 0.13 lbs/ yd Air Cooled Slag 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Crushed Concrete 0.00 lbs/ yd Manufactured Lightweight Aggregate 2.71 lbs/ yd Mineral Fillers 0.00 lbs/ yd Other Aggregate 0.00 lbs/ yd Accelerating Admixture-Chlorides 0.03 gallon/ yd Accelerating Admixture-Non Chlorides 0.01 gallon/ yd Air Entraining Admixture 0.01 gallon/ yd Water Reducing Retarding Admixture 0.05 gallon/ yd Waterproofing Admixture gallon/ yd Water Reducing Admixture (plasticizer) 0.07 gallon/ yd High Range Water Reducing Admixture (superplasticizer) 0.03 gallon/ yd Shrinkage Reducing Admixture NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report gallon/ yd Corrosion Inhibiting Admixture 0.00 gallon/ yd Other Admixture gallon/ yd Other Admixture gallon/ yd Synthetic Fibers 0.06 lbs/ yd Steel Fibers 0.00 lbs/ yd Road Dust Control Chemicals (e.g., chlorides) gallon/ yd

81 34 Oil and Lubricants gallon/ yd Grease gallon/ yd Other Onsite Chemicals gallon/ yd Total Water Use gallon/ yd 3 38 Fresh Batch Water Use gallon/ yd 3 39 Recycled Batch Water Use 1.64 gallon/ yd 3 40 Wash Water Use gallon/ yd 3 AVERAGE OPERATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION # Energy Type Amount Units 1 Purchased Electricity 3.09 kwh/yd 3 7 Natural Gas-Used at Plant ft3/yd 3 8 Secondary Fuels - Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) gallon/yd 3 9 Secondary Fuels - Solid (tires, etc.) lbs/yd 3 10 Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gallon/yd 3 11 Diesel gallon/yd 3 12 Gasoline gallon/yd 3 13 LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gallon/yd 3 14 Other gallon/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 77

82 E.EMISSIONS REPORTING # Air Emissions Amount Units 1 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 2 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 3 Particulates, total ounces/yd 3 4 Lead ounces/yd 3 5 Hg ounces/yd 3 6 CO ounces/yd 3 7 Nox ounces/yd 3 8 Sox ounces/yd 3 9 VOC ounces/yd 3 # Water Emissions Amount Units 1 Total Suspended Solids ounces/yd 3 2 Total Dissolved Solids ounces/yd 3 3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ounces/yd 3 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ounces/yd 3 F. SOLID WASTE REPORTING # Waste Type Amount Units 1 Hazardous Solid Waste 0.00 lbs/yd 3 2 Non-Hazardous Solid Waste lbs/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 78

83 9-South Eastern Region A. LOCATION AND PRODUCTION DATA # Location Location 1 NRMCA Region South Eastern 2 Number of Plants Surveyed Production Data Average Ready Mixed Concrete Production Amount Units 3500 psi or less Percentage of Production By Specified Compressive Strength >3500 & <=5000 psi Greater than 5000 psi 34,444 yd3 64% 31% 5% B. MATERIALS One-Way Distance From Material Materials that were not reported in any surveys are grayed out Source to Plant by Transportation Mode (miles) # Material Amount Units Truck Rail Ocean Barge 1 Portland Cement lbs/yd Blended Cement 0.01 lbs/yd White Cement 0.00 lbs/yd Slag Cement (GGBFS) lbs/yd Fly Ash (no processing) lbs/yd Fly Ash (processed) lbs/yd Silica Fume (no processing) 1.05 lbs/yd Other Cement/SCM 0.00 lbs/yd NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 79

84 9 Crushed Coarse Aggregate 1, lbs/yd Natural Coarse Aggregate lbs/yd Crushed Fine Aggregate lbs/yd Natural Fine Aggregate 1, lbs/yd Crushed Returned Concrete 3.06 lbs/yd Crushed Demolition Concrete 0.00 lbs/yd Air Cooled Slag 0.00 lbs/yd Other Crushed Concrete 0.00 lbs/yd Manufactured Lightweight Aggregate 4.03 lbs/yd Mineral Fillers 0.00 lbs/yd Other Aggregate 4.25 lbs/yd gallon/yd 3 20 Accelerating Admixture-Chlorides Accelerating Admixture-Non gallon/yd 3 Chlorides Air Entraining Admixture 0.02 gallon/yd Water Reducing Retarding gallon/yd 3 Admixture Waterproofing Admixture gallon/yd Water Reducing Admixture gallon/yd 3 (plasticizer) High Range Water Reducing gallon/yd 3 Admixture (superplasticizer) Shrinkage Reducing Admixture gallon/yd 3 gallon/yd 3 28 Corrosion Inhibiting Admixture Other Admixture gallon/yd Other Admixture gallon/yd Synthetic Fibers 0.15 lbs/yd Steel Fibers 0.03 lbs/yd Road Dust Control Chemicals (e.g., chlorides) gallon/yd NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 80

85 34 Oil and Lubricants gallon/yd Grease gallon/yd Other Onsite Chemicals gallon/yd Total Water Use gallon/yd 3 38 Fresh Batch Water Use gallon/yd 3 39 Recycled Batch Water Use 3.71 gallon/yd 3 40 Wash Water Use gallon/yd 3 AVERAGE OPERATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION # Energy Type Amount Units 1 Purchased Electricity 4.65 kwh/yd 3 7 Natural Gas-Used at Plant 1.71 ft3/yd 3 8 Secondary Fuels - Liquid (waste solvents, etc.) gallon/yd 3 9 Secondary Fuels - Solid (tires, etc.) lbs/yd 3 10 Fuel Oil (other than diesel) gallon/yd 3 11 Diesel gallon/yd 3 12 Gasoline gallon/yd 3 13 LPG (Liquified Propane Gas) gallon/yd 3 14 Other gallon/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 81

86 E.EMISSIONS REPORTING # Air Emissions Amount Units 1 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 2 Particulates, PM ounces/yd 3 3 Particulates, total ounces/yd 3 4 Lead ounces/yd 3 5 Hg ounces/yd 3 6 CO ounces/yd 3 7 Nox ounces/yd 3 8 Sox ounces/yd 3 9 VOC ounces/yd 3 # Water Emissions Amount Units 1 Total Suspended Solids ounces/yd 3 2 Total Dissolved Solids ounces/yd 3 3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ounces/yd 3 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ounces/yd 3 F. SOLID WASTE REPORTING # Waste Type Amount Units 1 Hazardous Solid Waste 0.00 lbs/yd 3 2 Non-Hazardous Solid Waste lbs/yd 3 NRMCA LCA Benchmark Report 82

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