Full-scale plant for the elimination of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater Comparison of advanced treatment technologies

Transcription

1 Full-scale plant for the elimination of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater Comparison of advanced treatment technologies Dr. Issa Nafo Sven Lyko Emschergenossenschaft (Essen, Germany) 1

2 Content Sources and pathways of pharmaceutical residues Current framework regarding pharmaceuticals in waters EU-project PILLS: Elimination of pharmaceuticals at local sources Results of a full-scale investigation Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater Treatment efficiency of MBR, Ozone and Powdered activated carbon 2

3 Emschergenossenschaft (EG) and Lippeverband (LV) 2 Water Associations working as a joint company since approx. 100 years Public corporations Management of the natural catchment areas of Emscher and Lippe Different services around the water cycle 3

4 Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband Public corporations - Management of the catchment of the rivers Emscher and Lippe Emschergenossenschaft Lippeverband Area (km 2 ) 865 3,280 Inhabitants (mil.) Inhabitants / km 2 2, Operation of 60 wastewater treatment plants Treatment of 1 billion m³ sewage/year (approx.) 4

5 Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband Services around the water cycle Restructuring of mining facilities Retention and Management of Rainwater 269 Stormwater treatment devices Residue Disposal Managing Water- flow km Sewer 289 Pumping stations Wastewater Disposal River Restoring and Regeneration Flood Protection 220 km Dikes 49 Flood retention basins River Management Groundwater Management 752 km Watercourse 806 km² Polder area Groundwater monitoring wells

6 Sources and pathways Human drugs 6

7 Sources and pathways Veterinary drugs 7

8 Sources and pathways 8

9 Current framework (1) There are no legal requirements for the discharge of wastewater contaminated by pharmaceuticals residues into waters Pharmaceuticals in wastewater are not relevant for the design of wastewater treatment plants Grid Primary treatment Denitrification Activated sludge Nitrification Phosphate precipitation (Fe, Al) Clarification Filtration (optional) 9

10 Current framework (2) Conventional wastewater treatment plants are not able to eliminate all pharmaceuticals residues efficiently 3,0 2,5 2,0 7,0 4,6 Mean concentration of plant inflow and outflow in μg/l (n = 4) (0) (Elimination rate in %) Inflow Outflow 1,5 (30) 1,0 (80) 0,5 (99) (0) (40) 0,0 Ibuprofen Diclofenac Carbamazepine Iopamidol Iohexol Iopromid 10

11 Current framework (3) There is still a lack of long-term experiences in operating advanced wastewater treatment technologies in "real life" Membrane filtration Oxidation processes Adsorption on activated carbon 11

12 The EU project PILLS Pharmaceuticals Input and Elimination at Local Sources Which pharmaceuticals are relevant? What is the contribution of healthcare institutions to the overall emission? What are the practical and economical consequences of advanced (local) wastewater treatment? What steps are needed for a sustainable reduction of the overall emissions? 12

13 PILLS Partnership Glasgow Zwolle 2 Water associations 2 Universities And 2 research institutes Budget: 8,0 Million Euro Project Duration: Essen Luxemboug Zürich Limoges

14 PILLS Management Structure WP 1 Analysis Responsible partner: UK PROJECT STEERING GROUP Representatives of all partners WP 2 Technology WP 3 Assessment Responsibility & quality control of joint outcomes and products Responsible partner: NL Responsible partner: LU Scientific Board WP 4 Communication Responsible partner: DE LEAD PARTNER Project & financial management 14

15 Work Package Technology Development & Investigation of wastewater treatment technologies at local sources Membrane filtration Oxidation processes Adsorption on activated carbon Microfiltration Ozonation Powdered activated carbon Ultrafiltration Reverse osmosis Advanced oxidation processes (TiO 2 /UV, H 2 O 2 /O 3, UV) Granulated activated carbon 15

16 Small-scale plants Full-scale plants 1.2 m³/day 1-3 m³/day 200 m³/day 10 m³/hour Investigated pilot plants in the PILLS project 16

17 Building of the Pilot plant at Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen (Germany) 17

18 Treatment technologies in the pilot plant Exhaust air treatment Membran-Bioreactor (MBR) Powdered activated carbon reactor (PAC) Ozone reactor 18

19 Pilot plant design allows different operation modes of the treatment technologies Fine Screen Biological Treatment Membrane 200 m³/d Filtration 250 m³ Operation modes: 1. MBR 100% O 3 100% PAC river 2. MBR 100% PAC 100% O 3 river 3. MBR 50% O 3 and 50% PAC river 4. MBR 100% O 3 (partly recirculated) river to Sludge Treatment (external) 5. MBR 50% O 3 and 50% PAC (recycled to MBR) 6. MBR 100% O 3 river 7. MBR 100% PAC river 8. MBR river 9. MBR 100% O 3 SF river 10.PAC addition in MBR river Applied Doses: Sand Filtration (moving bed) 5 mg O 3 /L (0.5 g O 3 /g DOC) 20 mg PAC/L Ozone reactor (3 m³) Powdered activated carbon (PAC, 9 m³) 19

20 Screening Treatment efficiency Conducted sampling campaigns Preliminary sampling campaign before pilot plant implementation: Characterisation of the hospital wastewater Sampling of hospital effluent 24 h flow-proportional composite samples 1 Week intensive screening (31. Jan - 6. Feb 2011) 121 substances 17 groups of substances (pharmaceuticals and metabolites, dsinfection agents, chemicals, ) Main sampling campaign after pilot plant implementation: Process analysis 24 h flow-proportional composite samples Relevant substances in13 groups of pharmaceuticals and metabolites Classical wastewater parameters (TSS, COD, BOD, N, P) Sampling of influent and effluent of treatment processes I F O OS MBR Ozone reactor Sand filter PAC reactor Sand filter AC

21 Pharmaceutical loads in raw hospital wastewater Intensive sampling campaign Pharmaceuticals Jan 31 in hospital Feb 06, raw wastewater 2011(24h composite samples), n = 7 Intensive sampling campaign Jan 31 Feb 06, 2011(24h composite samples), n = 7 X-ray contrast media 98,677% Andere 1,323% Enzyme inhibitor 0,180% Antibiotics 0,322% Betablockers / Antihypertensives Metabolites of 0,119% pharamaceuticals 0,069% Diuretics 0,166% Analgesics / Anti- Inflammatories 0,392% Lipid Regulators 0,031% Antiepileptics 0,025% Psycho-active Drugs 0,009% Hormones 0,004% total loads 3,59 kg/d Cytostatics 0,003% 21

22 Load distribution of analgesics and NSAIDs in the raw hospital wastewater Intensive sampling campaign Jan 31 Feb 06, 2011(24h composite samples), n = 7 Tolfenamic acid 0,1% Propyphenanzone 0,1% Phenanzone 1,5% Tramadol 5,0% Carprofen 0,6% Diclofenac 9,1% Flurbiprofen 0,2% Fenoprofen 0,0% Naproxen 1,8% Paracetamol 30,7% Ibuprofen 41,3% Ketoprofen 0,0% Indoprofen 1,2% Indometazin 8,3% total load: g/day The load of 4 substances (ibuprofen, diclofenac, indometacin and naproxen) represents 60% of the total amount of the detected 14 NSDAIDs in the raw hospital wastewater 22

23 Mean concentration of analgesics and NSAIDs in raw hospital wastewater Intensive sampling campaign Jan 31 Feb 06, 2011(24h composite samples), n = 7 concentration in µg/l

24 Concentration variation of analgesics and NSAIDs in raw hospital wastewater Intensive sampling campaign Jan 31 Feb 06, 2011(24h composite samples), n = conc.µg/l Diclofenac conc.µg/l Naproxen conc.µg/l Indometacin conc.µg/l Ibuprofen Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun 24

25 Evaluation of pilot plant treatment efficiency Focus in this presentation: analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Operation mode MBR 50% O 3 and 50% PAC river I MBR F Ozone reactor O 50% of MBR permeate treated by ozonation PAC reactor Sand filter AC 50% of MBR permeate treated by PAC addition

26 Process performance of the MBR Stable operation since start-up in April 2011 Process Parameter Unit Median ± Standard deviation Flow rate hospital wastewater m³/d 90.0 ± 21.4 MLSS concentration kg/m³ 9.5 ± 0.9 T in bioreactor C 26.8 ± 1.0 ph in bioreactor ± 0.2 O 2 in bioreactor mg/l 0.8 ± 0.5 Sludge production kg/m³ Organic sludge load gcod/gtss/d Permeability L/m²/h/bar 171 ± 46 From April to September 2011 a total of 16,000 m³ hospital wastewater were treated. The average flow rate of 100 m³/d is below the maximum design value of 200 m³/d. 26

27 Effluent quality of the pilot plant MBR had a good biological removal efficiency regarding classical parameters n = 7 Parameter Unit Required effluent quality Influent Effluent Elimination COD mg/l ± ± % Total N mg/l - 64 ± ± % Total P mg/l ± ± % TSS mg/l - 97 ± 33 < 10 > 90 % BOD mg/l ± 112 < 3 > 99 % Biological transformation in the MBR is the major treatment process to achieve the current required effluent quality for the rejection of plant effluent into surface water body 27

28 Elimination of the selected NSDAIs MBR reduced the load of the selected NSAIDs considerably load (g/day) 6,00 5,00 Naproxen Indometacin n = 7 Diclofenac 4,00 Ibuprofen 3,00 96% removed 2,00 1,00 0,00 MBR influent MBR effluent MBR + 5mg O3/L MBR + 20 mgpac/l + SF 28

29 Elimination of the selected NSDAIs Pilot plant reduced the concentration of the selected NSAIDs considerably n = 7 NSAID Elimination MBR Elimination Ozonation Elimination PAC-SF Ibuprofen 99.9% 62.% 52% Diclofenac 25.9% 95.% 59% Indometacin 87.5%* -* -* Naproxen 91.9% 53.8%* 53.8%* * Concentration below detection limit (calculation with detection limit) 29

30 NSAIDs in effluent of the advanced treatment conc. (ug/l) 2,50 n = 7 2,00 1,50 2,00 Ibuprofen Diclofenac Indometacin Naproxen 1,00 0,82 0,50 0,00 <LOQ <LOQ <LOQ 0,05 0,026 0,02 0,10 <LOQ 0,02 <LOQ MBR effluent MBR + 5mg O3/L MBR + 20 mgpac/l + SF 30

31 Some options to reduce pharmaceuticals in waters Politics and Authorities Labeling of existing "water relevant" drugs Changes in the legal framework (human and veterinary drugs) Development and optimization of recycling schemes Industry Development of degradable "water-friendly" drugs Adjustment of the dosage amounts to the needs of the human body Medical System Change in prescribing practice Appropriate counseling in pharmacies Information for a changed use of medicines The minimization of the emissions is a common task! 31

32 Communication Encourage stakeholders for actions 32

33 Key messages Local sources may be hot spots for pharmaceuticals emission in the sewer system MBR, Ozonation and PAC addition can reduce pharmaceutical loads at local sources considerably Advanced wastewater treatment at local sources can be one measure among others for the reduction of pharmaceuticals emissions to waters Integrated actions are required in all steps of the life cycle of pharmaceuticals to reduce the emissions to waters Policy framework is needed which ensure a sustainable approach: Produce environment-friendly substances Use environment-friendly substances or use less substances Reduce losses & emissions 33

34 Thank you for your attention! Acknowledgment: Investments of the full-scale plants and investigations co-financed in the framework of the EU INTERREG IV B project PILLS Staff of the Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen Operation staff of the pilot plant Emschergenossenschaft Joint laboratory of Ruhrverband/Emschergenossenschaft/Lippeverband (chemical analyses) IUTA (chemical analyses) Tuttahs & Meyer (engineering consultancies) 34