American Environmental Movement: From Preservation to Pragmatism
|
|
- Ambrose Hancock
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Kristen Gaston American Environmental Movement: From Preservation to Pragmatism The environmental movement of the twenty-first century encompasses a wide array of fields of study, such as sociology, political science, history, biology, and ecology. However, the movement began to truly take form and gain momentum in the mid-twentieth century as new environmental problems began to surface in the United States and around the world. The decades of the 1960s and 1970s in the United States marked a shift in the environmental movement s focus from one of preservation and conservation to one of practical and international solutions to emerging environmental concerns in American society. To understand this shift in focus, it is essential to have a basic understanding of the environmental movement prior to the 1960s. In the beginning of the twentieth century, a popular Progressive movement existed in the United States. The Progressives, according to Benjamin Kline, believed the materialism of the industrial boom had eroded the purity of the American soul and simple values of the past. With the realization that the country had gone as far west as possible, it had become increasingly important to use the nation s natural resources more responsibly. 1 The Progressives and many Americans turned to the government to manage and regulate the conservation of nature s resources, believing this was the only way to effectively regulate the use of resources. 2 Although Kline claims the conservation movement concentrated on creating policy of responsible, efficient, and planned use of resources, 3 it appears that the Progressives focused mostly on the preservation of resources from the wilderness, specifically lumber. This led to several other problems. Farms overexploited the land after World War I, contributing to environmental decay that led to the Great Dust Bowl in the west. Electricity usage also rose at this time in the large, growing cities. Between 1920 and 1929, electricity consumption rose by 131 million kilowatt-hours, devouring much of the nation s coal, oil, and natural gas resources. 4 Congressional legislation in the 1930s and 1940s were created by the U.S. Congress, such as 1 Kline, Benjamin. First Along the River, 3 rd ed. (Lanham: Rowman& Littlefield Publishers, Inc.), 51 2 Ibid, 52 3 Ibid, 53 4 Ibid, 60-61
2 2 the Taylor Grazing Act (1934), the Soil Conservation Act (1935), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1940). These acts desired to protect the soil from erosion and manage soil and water conservation, as well as established over 160 new wildlife refuges. 5 However, industrial expansion in the 1940s and 1950s continued to develop at the expense of the environment and the nation s resources. Some scientific and social progress during and following World War II caused much environmental degradation. One of these was the development of the atomic bomb, which released radioactive gases into the atmosphere. 6 Another change was the growth of suburbs. By July 1948, thirty-six homes were being completed each work day in Levittown alone. 7 This cost the nation much in terms of timber to build these homes, as well as in gas to move building materials across the country. Chemicals such as DDT had also become available post- World War II and were widely used in agriculture. By 1960, 637,666,000 pounds of DDT potent pesticides were being produced in the United States. 8 The rapid growth in urbanization, suburbs, industry, and technology after WWII not only created greater consumption of resources but new levels of waste as well. This waste quickly affected the quality of air and water in the United States. 9 The conservation of the 1930s and 1940s focused too much on the efficient use of the resources and wilderness, which left local governments to address problems such as resource allotment and water development. 10 This allowed resources to dwindle and water problems to worsen before the federal government would step in to address these issues. In the late 1950s, the Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) began to address the water problem for agriculture, ranching and urban use in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming. However, a controversial debate broke out regarding a proposal in the CRSP to build a dam in the Dinosaur National Monument. The proposal was successfully put down by environmentalists through framing the national parks as sacred. This simply continued to keep the focus on the national parks and wilderness, continuing to neglect other parts of the nation. 11 According to Hal K. Rothman, in most cases, environmentalists of the 1950s and early 1960s took little notice of urban sprawl and pollution except in the most peripheral of ways. 12 However, many changes began to take place in the 1960s that would force the nation to take note of the rising environmental problems. 5 Ibid, Ibid, 71 7 Rothman, Hal K. The Greening of a Nation? Environmentalism in the United States since (Orlando: Harcourt Brace College Publishers), 9-11 (Here after cited as: Greening of a Nation?) 8 Kline, 71 9 Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, 55
3 3 In the 1960s, Americans in general began to develop and embrace a type of utopianism that encompassed the idea that humanity would be happier in simpler circumstances. 13 Americans became consumed with individualism, individual rights, and improving their quality of life. Lyndon Johnson s Great Society contributed to and reinforced this view. 14 Americans wanted to improve their quality of life in their cities, towns, and neighborhoods. Therefore, focus during this time shifted to preserving the whole environment, including the areas in which people lived every day, not on simply preserving the pristine natural areas, which were nice to visit on a vacation. 15 Several factors contributed to the rise of environmental concern in the 1960s that continued through the 1970s. Two of these factors in the growth of environmental awareness were media and literature and the many environmental disasters that took place during the 1960s. During this time, ample amounts of literature and media were released concerning the cost of new technologies and careless actions of Americans on nature, such as Paul Ehrlich s The Population Bomb. 16 However, possibly the most influential piece of literature was Rachel Carson s work published in 1962, Silent Spring. 17 In her book, Carson warned of the impeding environmental crisis of the period, specifically that caused by the use of chemicals such as DDT. She encourages readers to change the path civilization was currently taking toward destruction of the environment. She wrote: We stand now where two roads diverge The road we have been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhighway on which we progress with great speed, but at its end lies disaster. The other fork of the road- the one less traveled by - offers our last, our only chance to reach a destination that assures the preservation of our earth. The choice, after all, is ours to make. 18 Rothman claims that over 600,000 copies circulated in just the book s first year after being released, immediately becoming a best seller! 19 Therefore, Silent Spring is important in understanding the rise in the public s fears and environmental concerns during this time. The Keep America Beautiful campaign also raised awareness concerning the litter and population problem. 20 The program spread awareness using several methods, but arguably one of the most influential was the campaign s television commercial featuring Iron Eyes Cody. 21 The commercial illustrated an American Indian man, Iron Eyes Cody, paddling a canoe in a river polluted with litter through an industrial city. It conveyed a powerful 13 Ibid, Ibid, Kirk, Andrew G. Counterculture Green: The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas), Rothman, Greening of a Nation?, Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. (Boston: The Riverside Press Cambridge) 18 Ibid, Rothman, Hal K. Saving the Planet. (Chicago: The American Way Series), Rothman, Greening of a Nation?, Ibid, 95
4 4 message that People start pollution. People can stop it. 22 The Ad Council claims that this campaign was very successful and reduced litter pollution by as much as 88% in 300 communities, 38 states, and several countries by the campaign s end. 23 These were just two examples of many actions designed to raise awareness of the environmental problems that concerned all of American society that, many argued, could and should be addressed. Several natural disasters came to the attention of the media and mainstream society in the 1960s, as well. These disasters did not concern the wilderness. Instead, they had to do with pollution of the air, rivers and oceans, which affected the everyday lives of people. Cities across the United Sates, such as Los Angeles, began to experience smog, which resulted from the automobile and industrial emissions of the area. 24 The fresh water around populated cities had become increasingly polluted. This became apparent when the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio caught on fire again in The Santa Barbara Oil Spill in 1969, which released 235,000 gallons of crude oil in the ocean and blackened over 30 miles of beach, was another natural disaster of this time. 26 Events such as these quickly brought Americans to the realization that no location or class of society was immune from the impeding environmental crisis. Careless actions and the prosperity of American life carried costs to the environment and, as a result, to the quality of life of all Americans, of every societal class. 27 The increasing in awareness of the environmental crisis led to many changes in policy that focused on the environment as a whole. Samuel P. Hays argues that much of the initial interest [in environmentalism] concerned aesthetics in the early 1960s arose because smoke in cities and raw sewage in streams, such as the Potomac River in Washington D.C., was very unattractive and offensive. 28 However, there was a great concern for citizens health that contributed to the changes as well. In 1963, the Federal Clean Air Act was passed by the U.S. Congress to address the pollution problem. 29 This act allowed the Public Health Service of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to participate in more extensive research and take action to reduce interstate air pollution. It also allowed the federal government to establish regulations on monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions of new vehicles in In 1966, the Clean Waters Act was passed as well to give the government 22 Ad Council, Pollution- Keep America Beautiful- Iron Eyes Cody ( ): Canoe, Ad Council, Keep America Beautiful&url= adcouncil.wmod.llnwd.net/a540/o1/adcouncil/historical/kab_indianincanoe_60.wmv&title=canoe 23 Ad Council, Pollution-Keep American Beautiful- Iron Eyes Cody ( ), Ad Council, 24 Rothman, Greening of a Nation?, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Hays, Samuel P., The Environmental Movement, Journal of Forest History 25 (1981): Rothman, Greening of a Nation?, Schreurs, Miranda A. Environmental Politics in Japan, Germany, and the United States. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 34
5 5 more power to regulate water quality. 31 Also, in 1967, the Air Quality Act established air quality standards in metropolitan regions. 32 Two years later, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was established by the U.S. Congress, which contained several provisions. One such provision was the requirement of environmental impact statements (EIS) to be written for every federal or federally supported undertaking to describe the environmental impact of the project. The NEPA also created the Council of Environmental Quality in 1969 and, in 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA would centralize the federal agencies that had responsibility for environmental affairs. The NEPA did not stop all environmentally risky projects, but it was certainly a step towards creating a check on the government s actions when it concerned the environment. The NEPA even gave President Nixon the ability to halt a $50 million Cross-Florida Barge Canal because of the project s environmental impact. 33 These changes in the United State government s policy clearly demonstrate a switch in focus towards sustaining the quality of the environment in all parts of the country, not just the beautiful American wilderness. The 1970s marked an increase in interest and the popularity of the environmental movement. The public had become energized and as a result an increased amount of legislation was passed. 34 The first Earth Day, celebrated on April 22, 1970 was evidence that the public responded to the new focus of the movement. Earth Day began as a series of environmental teach-ins in which people expressed their views at colleges, high schools, and community centers across the United States. 35 Newspapers posted lists of the teach-ins for the public. The Chicago Tribune, for example, listed over 30 environmental teach-ins that were being held in the Chicago area alone in observance of Earth Day. 36 These teach-ins concentrated on issues concerning pollutions of the air, water, solid waste, chemicals, and noise, but in general their main focus was to discuss real solutions to make life better. 37 This idea of pragmatism was a theme that had become very popular in the environmental movement during this time. In fact, Andrew G. Kirk claims that this was the central idea behind The Whole Earth Catalog published in the early 1970s- to spread practical ideas of selfsustainability through the use of environmental-friendly designs and alternative technologies. 38 About twenty million people, from school-aged children to adults, participated in Earth Day celebrations in 1970, making it the largest demonstration in 31 Rothman, Greening of a Nation?, Schreurs, Rothman, Greening of a Nation?, Ibid, Ibid, Here s List of Environmental Teach-Ins in the Chicago Area, Chicago Tribune, April 19, 1070, sec. 1A 37 Hill, Gladwin, Nation Set to Observe Earth Day, New York Times, April 21, 1970, p Kirk, Andrew G. Counterculture Green: The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas), 90
6 6 American history. 39 This shows that mainstream American society had become very concerned with the environment and believed it was time to take action in to protect it. Alternative technology and self-sustainability, as previously mentioned, were prominent ideas of environmentalism during the 1970s. This was further prompted by the first interruption of oil from the Middle East in 1973 and Following the oil embargo, an alternative energy program was created and began to emphasize greater efficiency in the use of energy. 40 Although many were not new concepts, soft technologies such as windmills moved to the forefront of the environmental movement. 41 The environmental movement had certainly begun to aim its attention to using human ingenuity to find solutions to environmental issues. Although much of this research has been focused on environmentalism and policy changes in the United States, the environmental movement was much more widespread. Countries such as Great Britain, Japan, and Germany had similar problems of pollution post-world War II. Each of these nations began to individually take action in government policies to combat pollution in the 1950s and 1960s. Two examples of such policies enacted were the Clean Air Act of 1956 in Great Britain and the 1959 Federal Emissions Control Law in Germany. 42 However, countries across the world began to discover that many environmental issues seemed to be transnational and global. 43 Just as the Leopold Report of 1963 in the U.S. had pointed out, it was once again discovered that boundaries are political not ecological. 44 Pollution of the seas, oceans, and air, as well as the depletion of ocean fisheries and destruction of tropical forests, affected many nations. Therefore, several nations would have to work together to eliminate these problems. One of the first steps taken towards this collaboration was the United Nations Conference on the Environment held in Stockholm in At this conference, there was an official recognition of the international concern for the environment and the creation of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). 46 This is why the 1970s are viewed as the beginning of the international collaboration on environmental concerns that has continued to the present day. The environmental movement during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s resulted in a change of focus. The movement of the early twentieth century concentrated on the preservation and conservation of the wilderness. However, this alienated most of the population in the United States who lived in the suburbs and urban areas. As environmental 39 Ibid, Hays, Kirk, Schreurs, Hays, Rothman,53 45 Hays, Kline, 94
7 7 problems increased in the cities and suburbs, American society, out of necessity, had become more concerned with the protection of the quality of their air and water. This caused the movement to shift its focus towards finding solutions to environmental concerns in technology. Environmentalism of the twenty-first century, now based on ideas of alternative technology and self-sustainability, took form in the mid-twentieth century in this way. Bibliography Books Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. Boston: The Riverside Press Cambridge, Kirk, Andrew G. Counterculture Green: The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, Kline, Benjamin. First Along the River, 3 rd ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Rothman, Hal K. Saving the Planet. Chicago: The American Way Series, Rothman, Hal K. The Greening of a Nation? Environmentalism in the United States since Orlando: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Schreurs, Miranda A. Environmental Politics in Japan, Germany, and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Articles Ad Council, Pollution-Keep American Beautiful- Iron Eyes Cody ( ), Ad Council, Accessed February 26, Hays, Samuel P., The Environmental Movement, Journal of Forest History 25 (1981): Here s List of Environmental Teach-Ins in the Chicago Area, Chicago Tribune, April 19, 1970, sec. 1A Hill, Gladwin, Nation Set to Observe Earth Day, New York Times, April 21, 1970, p.36 Hendricks, Rickey L., The Conservation Movement: A Critique of Historical Sources, The History Teacher 16 (1982): Nonwritten Sources Ad Council, Pollution- Keep America Beautiful- Iron Eyes Cody ( ): Canoe, Ad Council, Keep AmericaBeautiful&url= cal/kab_indianincanoe_60.wmv&title=canoe. Accessed February 26, 2011.
The Environmental Movement
The Environmental Movement Background The movement was fueled by the post WWII desire for a better quality of life in America. Also, the realization of the harmful toll an expanding economy took on the
More informationHistory of the Environmental Movement
History of the Environmental Movement Political cartoon, "A Big Job," Times Union (Jacksonville), January 14, 1905. Napoleon Bonaparte Broward, governor of Florida, prepares to drain the Everglades Major
More informationEnvironmental Policies in the United States
SECTION 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Many people in the United States have demonstrated a concern about environmental problems. In both local and national elections in the United States,
More informationCritical Thinking. Answer Key. Skills Worksheet. ANALOGIES 1. c 5. c 2. b 6. b 3. d 7. a 4. c
Skills Worksheet Critical Thinking Answer Key ANALOGIES 1. c 5. c 2. b 6. b 3. d 7. a 4. c INTERPRETING OBSERVATIONS 8. Environmental problems in general are market failures. In this case, the market price
More informationThe Global Reaction to Water and Air Pollution
The Global Reaction to Water and Air Pollution By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff on 05.30.17 Word Count 900 Level 1160L White plume smoke containing many pollutants is emitted from a quenching tower
More informationGrowth of the U.S. Environmental Movement
Environmental Movement The Industrial Revolution American Urbanization Key changes across the American countryside (1870-1920) caused concerns by many Outdoorsmen and Progressives Conservationists Take
More informationChapter 17: Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution
Name: Per. Due Dates: See the HW Guides for Week 1 and 2 of this unit EPA s 6 Criteria Pollutants (plus 2) Air Pollutant List Major Anthropogenic and Natural Sources (if applicable) Carbon monoxide (CO)
More informationARGUABLY the most important entity
The Environmental Protection Agency ARGUABLY the most important entity in the United States in terms of environmental health is the Environmental Protection Agency. The work of the EPA ensures a healthy
More informationThe Three C s of Urban Transportation Planning
The Three C s of Urban Transportation Planning Edward G. W etzel Engineer of Transportation Policy Port of New York Authority The need for continuing, comprehensive, urban transportation planning on a
More informationUS Environmental Protection Agency. MIT DC Internship Program 2015
US Environmental Protection Agency MIT DC Internship Program 2015 History The EPA was established on December 2, 1970 following President Richard Nixon's 'Reorganization Plan No. 3' issued in July 1970.
More informationCritical Thinking ANALOGIES. Agricultural Revolution :: a. animal muscle : fossil. consumption b. developing nation :
Skills Worksheet Critical Thinking ANALOGIES Mark the letter of the pair of terms that best completes the analogy shown. An analogy is a relationship between two pairs of words or phrases written as a
More informationThe Idea of Sustainable Development in Public Administration
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Public Administration Faculty Publications School of Public Administration 1-2006 The Idea of Sustainable Development in Public Administration John R.
More informationThe Hoover Dam By Michael Stahl
The Hoover Dam The Hoover Dam By Michael Stahl Hydropower is a process that uses running water to generate energy. Mankind has used it for centuries. Around the globe during more primitive times, man used
More informationTeaching Time: 1 hour and 15 minutes
Lesson Summary Students will discuss human output of greenhouse gasses and then calculate the amount of CO2 that their family cars produce per gallon. Prior Knowledge & Skills Data interpreting skills
More informationFoundation Course. Semester 3 THREATS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Foundation Course Semester 3 THREATS TO THE ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION Atmosphere, water and soil are the most important components of environment in which we live. Atmospheric factors like rainfall, humidity,
More informationSEMESTER AT SEA COURSE SYLLABUS University of Virginia, Academic Sponsor
SEMESTER AT SEA COURSE SYLLABUS University of Virginia, Academic Sponsor Voyage: Fall 2015 Discipline: Environmental Science EVSC 1559: Conservation of Natural Resources Division: Lower Faculty Name: Alan
More informationgoing back to the 1900s when President Taft started the Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale
Johanna Cramer March 22, 2012 Oil-Shale Mining: Should We or Shouldn t we? Mining of oil shale has been a long time topic for the United States (U.S.) government, going back to the 1900s when President
More informationChapter 10 Land, Public and Private
Chapter 10 Land, Public and Private Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science for AP, second edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company/BFW AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which
More informationFresh Water Treaty. International Setting and Issues in Water, Environment and Development
Fresh Water Treaty Preamble International Setting and Issues in Water, Environment and Development 1. In recent years most countries have faced a grave economic crisis which generated a great decrease
More informationHuman Caused Hazards and Pollution. "When you fully understand the situation, it is worse than you think." Barry Commoner
Human Caused Hazards and Pollution "When you fully understand the situation, it is worse than you think." Barry Commoner Pollution Definition: any material or product produced by humans in quantity and
More informationEnvironmental Geography
Environmental Geography Lecture 13 Water Pollution Lecture 13: Water Pollution I. Water Pollution A. Groundwater B. Surface Water C. Regulation II. Water Use in California 1 I. Water Pollution Types of
More informationIntroductory Briefing Note: The Green Economy
Introductory Briefing Note: The Green Economy The Situation The pursuit of global economic growth has advanced the living standards of millions of people all over the world, and in pursuit of such growth
More informationTopics on the test and their approximate distribution
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS ETH-210-TE This TECEP explores the concept of environmental ethics, a philosophy that extends the ethical concepts traditionally applied to human behavior to address the entire natural
More informationThe Role of Social Development in Achieving Environmental Goals Remarks of Elliott Harris Assistant Secretary General, UNEP
Expert Group Meeting on the Priority Theme of the 53rd & 54th Sessions of the Commission for Social Development: Strengthening Social Development in the Contemporary World May 19-20, 2015 The Role of Social
More informationLecture 29 Air Pollution. Air Pollution. Clean Boundary Layer. Clean Boundary Layer
Lecture 29 Air Pollution Air Pollution Conditions that promote air pollution episodes Ozone Hole Air Pollution Elevated levels of aerosols and harmful gases Most pollution enters atmosphere near the surface.
More informationSection 4 The Air We Breathe
Section 4 The Air We Breathe Key Concept Air is an important natural resource that is affected by human activities. What You Will Learn Air pollution is caused by human activities, such as burning fossil
More informationTo Keep the City out of the Country, Keep the Country out of the City.
To Keep the City out of the Country, Keep the Country out of the City. And a brief proposal for an Extension Delivery System to Enable Local Choice for Urban Planning May 16. 2002 John S. Jacob, Ph.D.
More informationBasic Issues in Environmental Science
Lecture -1: Basic Issues in Environmental Science ENV 107: Introduction to Environmental Science Dr. A.K.M. Saiful Islam Case Study: Shrimp, Mangroves and Pickup Trucks: Local and Global Connections Reveal
More informationSection 6.1: A Changing Landscape. Name: Block: Date:
Section 6.1: A Changing Landscape Name: Block: Date: 1. Our daily activities impact the quality of Earth s natural resources:,, a. These activities are:,, 2. The Effect of Human Activity :Agriculture a.
More informationRanching In The Mojave. Noah Amme Professor Raymond E. Arvidson Pathfinder 202; March 2014
1 Ranching In The Mojave Noah Amme Professor Raymond E. Arvidson Pathfinder 202; March 2014 Mojave Desert and Boundaries: Mojave desert occupies much of southeastern California, northwestern Arizona, southern
More informationWEST PALM BEACH CITY COMMISSION Agenda Cover Memorandum
WEST PALM BEACH CITY COMMISSION Agenda Cover Memorandum Originating Department: Public Utilities (PU) Subject: Meeting Type: Regular Special Agenda Date: 05/28/2013 Advertised: Required?: Yes No Date:
More informationKeefer Pasture Drift Fence Project. Challis-Yankee Fork Ranger District Salmon-Challis National Forest
Keefer Pasture Drift Fence Project Challis-Yankee Fork Ranger District Salmon-Challis National Forest PROPOSED ACTION The Challis-Yankee Fork Ranger District proposes construction of approximately.11 miles
More informationENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT-Vol.II- Capacity For Developing Innovative Production Technologies - Ying Chen
CAPACITY FOR DEVELOPING INNOVATIVE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES Ying Chen Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, People s Republic of China, China Keywords: Technological
More informationDECLARATION 6 TH OCTOBER 2015, NGO ACTION DAY AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
DECLARATION 6 TH OCTOBER 2015, NGO ACTION DAY AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE We, NGO s in official partnership with UNESCO signatories of the Declaration, spokespersons of population s victims of Climate Change,
More informationWorld Energy Sources & Fossil Fuel Power Production. Josh Barnes, Cyrus Hughlett...and Karl. SL/AP Physics Hour 2
World Energy Sources & Fossil Fuel Power Production Josh Barnes, Cyrus Hughlett...and Karl. SL/AP Physics Hour 2 Different World Energy Sources There are many different forms of energy used throughout
More informationFact Sheet to Accompany Press Release: Rodman Dam s Special Use Permit Under Fire in Petition for Rulemaking
Fact Sheet to Accompany Press Release: Rodman Dam s Special Use Permit Under Fire in Petition for Rulemaking What is a Petition for Rulemaking? Federal agencies sometimes fail to develop regulations that
More informationBiodiversity and Conservation
Chapter Test A CHAPTER 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the phrase or sentence that best answers each question. Part B: Matching 1.
More informationAustralia Advertising Effectiveness ROI. October2011
Australia Advertising Effectiveness ROI October2011 Background & Methodology Visit California entered the Australian market with paid media in 2010, building upon other international presence the agency
More informationEconomics. What Is Economics?
LESSON 1 Economics Guiding Question: How is sustainability affected by economics? Describe two basic concepts of economics. Explain the relationship between economics and the environment. Describe ways
More informationTHE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND METROPOLITAN PROBLEMS
The problems of urbanization are real and urgent, and the federal government has an important responsibility. It is also apparent that state and local governments must not be ignored, or crowded out of
More informationAGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYMAKING: ISSUES, ACTORS AND STRATEGIES-STATE GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVE
AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYMAKING: ISSUES, ACTORS AND STRATEGIES-STATE GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVE Karen Armstrong-Cummings Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet As American
More informationSustainability: What s all the hype?
Sustainability: What s all the hype? Brad Tuininga, M.Ed. Environmental Education Adjunct Instructor, Sustainability Bellingham Technical College Development Director, Bellingham Technical College Foundation
More informationCOOPERATIVE EXTENSION Bringing the University to You
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Bringing the University to You Fact Sheet-05-19 Public Policies Affecting Water Use in Nevada Water Issues Education Series No. 1 Loretta Singletary Extension Educator, University
More informationFree Response 2000 #4 human population age structure diagram 2003 #2 human population growth rate (calculations)
APES Main Chapters to Review C.4 Human population Multiple Choice 1998 # 8 stable population # 36, 37, 38 population growth rate # 51, 52 population pyramid # 56 population impact # 62 population size
More informationINDUSTRIAL POLLUTION PREVENTION STRATEGY - CLEANER PRODUCTION
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION PREVENTION STRATEGY - CLEANER PRODUCTION SHI Lei, LI Ruirui and WEN Xianghua Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, P.R. China Keywords: Cleaner production,
More informationGeorgia IS HUMAN ACTIVITY A SUBSTANTIAL CAUSE OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE? ARGUMENTATIVE Task: Copyright 2014 by Write Score, LLC
Georgia ARGUMENTATIVE Task: IS HUMAN ACTIVITY A SUBSTANTIAL CAUSE OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE? Copyright 2014 by, LLC Humans and Global Climate Change The yearly global temperature has been above normal
More informationEnvironmental Problems, Their Causes, & Sustainability
Environmental Problems, Their Causes, & Sustainability tutorial by Paul Rich OUTLINE 1 The Scope of Environmental Science definitions, concepts, wealth gap 2 Resources ecological vs. economic renewable
More informationFrom the Decline of Arctic Sea Ice to Trends in Energy Use
Embargoed: not for publication or broadcast until after 9am GMT From the Decline of Arctic Sea Ice to Trends in Energy Use New UNEP Report Tracks the Changing Global Environment over the Past Two Decades
More informationCONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT ENACTMENT 1996 CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT (PRESCRIBED ACTIVITIES) ORDER 1999
(No. JPBN. 1509/27 Vol. II CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT ENACTMENT 1996 CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT (PRESCRIBED ACTIVITIES) ORDER 1999 In exercise of the powers conferred by section 5 of the Conservation
More informationHistory of significant air pollution events
Ch17 Air Pollution A thick layer of smoke and haze covers Santiago, Chile. History of significant air pollution events Many of the worst air pollution episodes occurred in the last two centuries in London
More informationSustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Saving Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services
LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT, 18e G. TYLER MILLER SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN 10 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Saving Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services Core Case Study: Costa Rica A Global Conservation Leader
More informationUnderstanding the Importance of Managing Soil, Water, and Waste
Lesson A2 5 Understanding the Importance of Managing Soil, Water, and Waste Unit A. Mechanical Systems and Technology Problem Area 2. Soil and Environmental Technology Systems Lesson 5. Understanding the
More informationGeorgia Milestones Grade 6 EOG Study/Resource Guide for Students and Parents Page 201 of 218
Unit 8: Canada Today In this unit, you will examine our neighbor to the north, Canada. You will learn about its forms of government, including presidential, unitary, monarchy, and parliamentary systems
More informationGrade 8. Materials One or more copies of the book The Lorax, by Dr. Seuss
Exploring North Carolina s Government and Environment with The Lorax Overview Students will examine the impact of North Carolina s economic and technological advances on the environment, as well as North
More informationEnvironmental science: An interdisciplinary area of study that includes both applied and theoretical aspects of human impact on the world.
Chapter 1: Environmental Interrelationships THE NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environmental science: An interdisciplinary area of study that includes both applied and theoretical aspects of human impact
More informationCommunity role of civil society in the household waste management and urban farming
International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 2014; 2(1): 45-49 Published online February 20, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijema) doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20140201.15 Community
More informationTacoma Historical Society Job Announcement Director
Tacoma Historical Society Job Announcement Director Location: Tacoma Historical Society Museum, 919 Pacific Avenue Reports to: President and Board of Directors Supervises: Museum Manager, Curator; Collections
More informationGood Practice Urban Agriculture and Better Built Environment in India
Good Practice Urban Agriculture and Better Built Environment in India Abstract There must be a long term regional perspective to make cities sustainable through urban agriculture. The rivers, canals, agricultural
More informationENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Advanced Placement ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Agriculture + Pesticides Student 2014 Agriculture and Pesticides Food Production At present 11% of the world s land is being used to produce crops. This represents
More informationPrecious Metals, precious wilderness
DULUTH NEWS TRIBUNE Precious Metals, precious wilderness Steve Koschak, owner of River Point Resort, walks through an area in the Superior National Forest that was recently drilled in the Duluth Metals
More informationA river runs between them: An instructional case in professional services provided by a CPA firm
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota UST Research Online Accounting Faculty Publications Accounting 12-2014 A river runs between them: An instructional case in professional services provided by a CPA firm
More informationWhat are the different types of pollution in the ocean? How can we preserve ocean resources?
CHAPTER 13 5 Ocean Pollution SECTION Exploring the Oceans BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are the different types of pollution in the ocean?
More informationWATER QUALITY AND STANDARDS Vol. I - Basic Concepts and Definitions in Water Quality and Standards - Yasumoto Magara
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS IN WATER QUALITY AND STANDARDS Yasumoto Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Keywords: Evaluation of standard, groundwater, monitoring, river water, tolerable daily intake
More informationChapter 20 Air Pollution
Chapter 20 Air Pollution Overview of Chapter 20 Atmosphere as a Resource Types and Sources of Air Pollution Effects of Air Pollution Controlling Air Pollution in the US Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
More informationFOREST SERVICE MANUAL NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS (WO) WASHINGTON, DC
Page 1 of 13 FOREST SERVICE MANUAL NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS (WO) WASHINGTON, DC CHAPTER 2500 ZERO CODE Amendment No.: 2500-2010-2 Effective Date: November 23, 2010 Duration: This amendment is effective until
More informationCLASS 3: HISTORY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)
TU103: Life and Sustainability CLASS 3: HISTORY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) Lecturers: Nuttavikhom Phanthuwongpakdee Chantanee Ngernpermpoon BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UN-SUSTAINABILITY
More informationWhy are there large quantities of the un-natural (Man Made) CFCs in Antarctica?
Ozone Depletion and Climate Change Why are there large quantities of the un-natural (Man Made) CFCs in Antarctica? In a recent (last August 2016) BBC documentary on the Antarctic weather changes, it has
More informationMaking a Difference One Watt at a Time
Making a Difference One Watt at a Time Introduction Is the world getting warmer? If so, are the actions of mankind to blame for earth s temperature increases? What can/should be done about these issues?
More informationExploring Natural Resources
Lesson A1 1 Exploring Natural Resources Unit A. Natural Resources Problem Area 1. Introduction to Natural Resources Lesson 1. Exploring Natural Resources New Mexico Content Standard: Pathway Strand: Natural
More information1 An Interconnected Planet
CHAPTER 6 1 An Interconnected Planet SECTION The Environment KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: How are humans and the environment connected? What is the difference between
More informationMARINE POLLUTION DEGRADATION MITIGATION MANAGEMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR IMPROVING MARINE ENVIRONMENT
MARINE POLLUTION DEGRADATION MITIGATION MANAGEMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR IMPROVING MARINE ENVIRONMENT The health of the world s oceans and marine life is degrading rapidly as a result of excess human activities.
More informationIntroducing Environmental Science and Sustainability
1 Introducing Environmental Science and Sustainability Overview of Chapter 1 Human Impacts on The Environment Population, Resources and the Environment Sustainability Environmental Science Addressing Environmental
More informationHuman-environment interaction and methods to analyze Ecosystem Services. Prajal Pradhan 21 June 2010
Human-environment interaction and methods to analyze Ecosystem Services Prajal Pradhan 21 June 2010 the most subtle and dangerous threat to man s existence is the potential destruction, by man s own activities,
More informationStudy: Gallatin Coal Plant
Study: Gallatin Coal Plant Presented by Helen Li, Policy Intern, Tennessee Environmental Council Photo: http://www.metropulse.com/news/2012/nov/14/power-play-tvas-plans-gallatin-plant-draw-ire-envi/ Table
More informationYes: Y No: N (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Checklist: 3. Hydropower Stations, Dams and Reservoirs (1) 1 Permits and Explanation 2 Pollution Control (1) EIA and Permits (2) Explanation to the Local Stakeholders Main Check s Have EIA reports been
More informationPOLLUTION. TIME NECESSARY : About 12 hours, that is 1 hour a day for 12 days.
POLLUTION OBJECTIVES OF THE UNIT : By the end of this unit, you should be able to describe the effects of pollution, write a letter of complaint, write slogans. TIME NECESSARY : About 12 hours, that is
More informationIntroduction Page I-1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction Page I-1 INTRODUCTION The Arcata General Plan: 2020 will help shape how the city of Arcata will look, function, provide services, and manage resources for the next 20 years. The plan is the
More informationDina Battisto, Assistant Professor Graduate Studies in Architecture + Health Clemson University
Final Report for Sustainable Universities Initiative Mini Grant New Learning Module on the Relationship Between Architecture, Human Health and Sustainable Environments Dina Battisto, Assistant Professor
More informationSam Cramer INTRODUCTION
AN EXAMINATION OF LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY BEFORE AND AFTER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CHESAPEAKE 2000 PROGRAM 1 Sam Cramer Voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) are becoming
More informationThe Climate Crisis. An Introductory Guide to Climate Change
The Climate Crisis An Introductory Guide to Climate Change DAVID ARCHER AND STEFAN RAHMSTORF Most climate scientists wholeheartedly agree with the above statement by the US president. An incredible wealth
More informationChapter 13 of Agenda 21
Chapter 13 of Agenda 21 What is Agenda 21? Agenda 21 is the global plan of action that was adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
More informationJen Powis The Powis Firm, PLLC
Jen Powis The Powis Firm, PLLC The Powis Firm, PLLC is a full service law firm offering general counsel services to nonprofits and small businesses. Specializing in environmental and conservation work,
More informationNO PISA, PLEASE - TELEVISION AS A COMMUNICATION DEVICE IN CONSERVATION
85 NO PISA, PLEASE - TELEVISION AS A COMMUNICATION DEVICE IN CONSERVATION Glenn A. Kovar u. S. Forest Service Angeles National Forest Pasadena, California About one-third of the way down the Italian coast
More informationScience and the Environment. Mrs. Svedstrup
Science and the Environment Mrs. Svedstrup Objective Define environmental science and compare environmental science with ecology What Is Environmental Science? Environmental Science is the study of the
More informationWorld Scientists' Warning to Humanity (1992)
file:///c /Documents%20and%20Settings/Chris%20...s/My%20Documents/My%20Webs/globaleco/warn1.htm (1 of 7) [8/24/2004 1:33:42 PM] (1992) In mid-1993, with little fanfare, 1680 scientists from 49 countries
More informationAn overview of environmental engineering education in the past decade: a global perspective
2 nd WIETE Annual Conference on Engineering and Technology Education 2011 WIETE Pattaya, Thailand, 25-28 January 2011 An overview of environmental engineering education in the past decade: a global perspective
More informationChapter 11 Industry and Manufacturing
AP Human Geography Chapter 11 Industry and Manufacturing Key Issues Where is industry distributed? Why are situation and site factors important? Why does industry cause pollution? Why are situation and
More informationPeak Oil: Inevitable Catastrophe, or Innovation Opportunity? Prof. Kevin Wehr, CSU Sacramento
Peak Oil: Inevitable Catastrophe, or Innovation Opportunity? Prof. Kevin Wehr, CSU Sacramento Peak Oil The concept of peak oil is relatively straightforward: As we pump oil we first take the cheap, easy,
More informationCommunity-Based Watershed Management
Page 1 of 6 Ohio State University Fact Sheet School of Natural Resources 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210 Community-Based Watershed Management WS-0001-00 Joe Bonnell Project Coordinator, Ohio Watershed
More informationThe President's Proposed Energy Policy
The President's Proposed Energy Policy by President Jimmy Carter U.S President Jimmy Carter delivered this televised speech on April 18, 1977. Tonight I want to have an unpleasant talk with you about a
More informationEXTERNALITIES: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PART II
EXTERNALITIES: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PART II We have forgotten how to be good guests, how to walk lightly on the earth as its other creatures do. Barbara Ward COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS o Marginal analysis
More informationTHE ECONOMICS OF ECOLOGY AND CIRCULATION FOR COEXISTANCE BETWEEN HUMANITY AND NATURE
THE ECONOMICS OF ECOLOGY AND CIRCULATION FOR COEXISTANCE BETWEEN HUMANITY AND NATURE Katsuya Fukuoka Rissho University, Japan Keywords: Renewable Resources, Nonrenewable Resources, Industrial Wastes, Household
More informationThere are 900 million (900,000,000) vehicles on the planet. 2) 80% of the Earth's mineral wealth is consumed by what percentage of the population?
1) How many vehicles are there on the planet today? HOME Worksheet Part II There are 900 million (900,000,000) vehicles on the planet. 2) 80% of the Earth's mineral wealth is consumed by what percentage
More informationChapter 6 Review. 3. A resource that cannot be replenished by natural processes is called a. common. b. renewable. c. nonrenewable. d. conserved.
Name Hour Chapter 6 Review 1. Which of the following human activities was NOT important in transforming the biosphere? a. agriculture b. industry c. urban development d. aquaculture 2. Civilizations could
More informationSUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE TWENTY - FIRST CENTURY Vol. II - Ecological and Environmental Change - Mohamed A. Serageldin
ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Mohamed A. Serageldin Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Disclaimer - The
More informationThe Los Angeles Desalination Project
DRAFT PROPOSAL The Los Angeles Desalination Project Author: Brian Nissen Company: Bella Machines www.bellamachines.com The Los Angeles Desalination Project CALIFORNIA WATER The California water crisis
More informationTHE QUABBIN RESERVOIR Boston s Drinking Water Supply Area Aerial Google Earth Images
THE QUABBIN RESERVOIR Boston s Drinking Water Supply Area Aerial Google Earth Images The Quabbin Reservoir is Surrounded by 58,000 Acres of Public Forest Which Protects the Drinking Water for Boston and
More informationThe Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development
The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development Dublín, Ireland, January 31, 1992 Contents Introduction Guiding Principles Principle 1 Principle 2 Principle 3 Principle 4 The Action Agenda Alleviation
More informationWestern Water Law Doctrine
Western Water Law Doctrine 1 Primary Question How to determine ownership and amount? Unlike many commodities: Naturally renewing Hard to package always on the move Can be degraded for secondary users Highly
More information