Field of Activity Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

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1 Field of Activity Water, Sanitation & Hygiene International Cooperation

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3 5.2 Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Having access to safe drinking water and to sanitation are human rights. With our programmes, we contribute to improving the health and well-being of poor, marginalised groups by enabling equitable access to, and sustainable management of, safe drinking water, adequate sanitation and by improving hygiene practices (WASH). Furthermore, we aim to strengthen the resilience of the population by ensuring access to, and efficient use of, water for enhanced food production. Relevance & context Water is a prerequisite for fighting hunger and poverty. In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly explicitly recognised access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation as basic human rights. Although significant progress has been made in the provision of drinking water in the past decade, more than 663 million people still lack access to improved drinking water sources. In addition, a staggering 2.4 billion people more than one third of the world s population lack access to improved sanitation (UNICEF, WHO 2015). Close to half of the population in developing countries are suffering from health problems caused by poor water and sanitary conditions and lack of hygiene practice at any one time, with children under five being particularly vulnerable (UN 2011). The vast majority of those without improved sanitation are poorer people living in rural areas. According to the 2014 GLAAS Report, progress on rural sanitation where it has occurred has primarily benefited the non-poor (WHO 2014a). Already a decade earlier, the 2006 Human Development Report linked the problem of scarcity of water to the fact that some people notably the poor are systematically excluded from access by their poverty (UNDP 2006). Power, poverty and inequality are stated to be at the heart of the global water crisis. Caritas Switzerland is committed to empowering these marginalised people to claim their rights to sufficient and safe water and sanitation, to fight the growing disparity between the powerful and the marginalised, and to highlight the importance of water not only as essential for human consumption, but also as a key resource in the production of food and securing of livelihoods. All the more alarming is the fact that approximately 2.8 billion people, or 40 per cent of the world s population, live in areas impacted by water scarcity (USAID, SIDA, MFA-NL 2013). Indeed, the pressure on this vital but limited resource increases further as demand for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes grows. Climate change, larger hydrologic variability and the more frequent occurrence of extreme weather events further jeopardise water security. Managing water resources in a fair and sustainable manner by using participatory and integrated approaches is critical to mitigate negative impacts. A new global road map, the Agenda 2030 with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was adopted in September The recognition of a dedicated goal on water and sanitation (SDG 6) to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all calls for concerted and increased efforts to address these fundamental needs. SDG 6 expands the MDG focus by now including the entire water cycle, management of water, wastewater and ecosystems. The provision of not only sufficient but also safe drinking water is one of the key issues to be addressed as at least 1.8 billion people regularly consume water that is contaminated with faeces (UNICEF, WHO 2015). Conceptual framework & outcomes During the past decades, Caritas Switzerland has been strongly engaged in promoting good hygiene practices, ranging from proper hand washing and personal hygiene to safe water, food storage, clean households and neighbourhoods. Recently, a number of internal studies on our current practice have led to the adaptation of our approaches. With the overall goal to contribute to achieving universal and equitable access to water and sanitation for all, Caritas Switzerland defines three entry points in the present field of activity: 1) access to safe drinking water, 2) adequate sanitation and improved hygiene and 3) access to water for food. These entry points, their interlinkages and embedment in the environment are illustrated in the graph below. 5.2 Water, Sanitation & Hygiene 43

4 Clean and Safe Environment Recycling of secondary resources Water catchment, treatment, storage and distribution Healthy and Prosperous Communities OUTCOME 1 OUTCOME 2 OUTCOME 3 Safe disposal of waste Diagram 10: Water, sanitation & hygiene framework At Caritas, people and communities are at the centre of the work, with a special focus on empowering marginalised groups in claiming their rights to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, grounded in the human rights based approach. We aim for a healthy, safe and clean environment that assures people s well-being and a life in dignity. Caritas Switzerland is well aware that water challenges go beyond the provision of water and sanitation and improving hygiene practices. Our work on other relevant water-related topics, such as sustainable and integrated natural resource management, is part of our concept for improved food security and markets. Furthermore, climate change and its impact on water resources, along with the assessment and management of water-related risks, is part of climate change and disaster risk reduction. Adaptation measures for climate change, in particular, to ensure the sustainable management of water resources as well as the mitigation of hydrological risks are of vital importance. Similar to many other development NGOs, Caritas work has a strong focus on rural settings. In future, we intend to extend this focus to urban centres, e. g. small towns and peri-urban settlements. The demand there is obvious, since the number of urban poor has contin Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

5 ually increased over the last years. Moreover, living conditions with regard to health and hygiene, access to basic services (e. g. water supply and waste management), as well as the legal situation and social security are often more fragile than in rural areas. Approaches in these areas will have a strong cross-thematic orientation, especially with regard to WASH, environmental sanitation, disaster risk reduction, income generation and social security. OUTCOME 1: DRINKING WATER Marginalised groups in urban and rural settings have improved, equitable and sustainable access to safe drinking water and water for domestic use. Caritas Switzerland supports the provision of sufficient, safe, acceptable and affordable water for all people. In our work we particularly focus on the unserved or underserved, and thus marginalised groups to guarantee an equitable share of this vital resource. We address water in both dimensions; quantity in terms of availability and quality for safe consumption and use. The provision of safe drinking water often remains a challenge as it requires appropriate and affordable treatment technologies, functioning management structures, lasting supply chains and safe storage. Since safe drinking water is a rare precious good, we promote water recycling for domestic water uses, such as washing clothes, cleaning the house or watering plants, where a lower water quality is acceptable. We therefore explicitly differentiate between the provision of safe drinking water for human consumption and water for domestic use. Our experience shows that ensuring good water quality that meets national or international standards demands a good regulatory framework which, among other things, requires monitoring and control of services. Ambitious regulatory frameworks exist in most countries. However, very often, there is a lack of know-how or technical and financial means to ensure, enforce and systematically monitor these quality standards. To tackle this issue, Caritas will intensify its focus on drinking water quality improvement by applying quality management concepts, which consider the baseline situation and initiate a stepwise procedure for quality improvement as laid out in the water safety plans by the WHO (2014b). Establishing adequate structures and plans, building capacities and skills to manage, operate and maintain water supply services has a high priority in our work. In most of our projects, management systems are community based. Especially in rural settings, water infrastructure and services are handed over to trained Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Committees to ensure operation beyond project duration. However, these often voluntary and semi-professional management structures can hardly achieve the quality of professionally managed public services. Therefore, Caritas Switzerland strives towards a strong involvement of other stakeholders, such as authorities and existing public utilities, in order to build their capacity for replication and up-scaling, thereby strengthening the sustainability of the systems. In cases where the lead is not with the community but with professional public or private partners, we strive for a strong involvement of beneficiary groups and a strong voice of the civil society in general. Management, operation and maintenance for sustaining WASH services also imply finances. Caritas Switzerland uses IRC s life-cycle costs approach to quantify the total costs of installing and sustaining such services (Fonseca et al. 2011). However, only reasonable and fair costsharing among stakeholders ensures a lasting and sustainable supply for all. Wherever possible, we promote a metered supply coupled with a fair tariff system based on water consumption. Fair fees are not only important to ensure the financial sustainability of the service, but also help to avoid water wastage. However, an essential basic supply for all users, especially for the poor, must be assured regardless of any economic considerations. Caritas Switzerland applies water integrity approaches to improve transparency, accountability and participation of WASH services. Rainwater harvesting is a viable option to provide water for human consumption and / or water for productive use. Technical options range from rooftop harvesting at domestic or institutional level, as for instance largely applied in our WASH for schools projects, to the collection of surface runoff in ponds and dams. In areas, where rainwater harvesting is not sufficient or technically or economically not the best solution, other water resources, such as manual or mechanical groundwater extraction from simple dug wells to sophisticated deep wells or catchment of spring and surface water are considered. 5.2 Water, Sanitation & Hygiene 45

6 As an overarching theme, Caritas Switzerland will increasingly strengthen water integrity by incorporating / mainstreaming the integrity approach into project implementation as a dedicated principle. Improving water integrity is a constructive approach to reduce and prevent corruption and to improve the performance of the water sector. In most countries water crises are not due to resource scarcity but primarily to governance failures. Governance failures and corruption keep the poor in poverty and make achievements in improving access to water and sanitation services unsustainable. OUTCOME 2: SANITATION AND HYGIENE Marginalised groups in urban and rural settings have improved, equitable and sustainable access to environmental sanitation and have improved their hygiene practices. Human contact with excreta, with its billions of pathogens, poses a considerable threat to human health. The most effective way to stop the spread of diseases is to ensure safe disposal of faeces and good hygiene practices. Often communities are unaware that contaminated water or an unhygienic and polluted environment can lead to the transmission of diseases such as diarrhoea. To improve this situation, Caritas Switzerland has the following integrated strategy: In order to establish and maintain a clean and safe environment for people to prevent disease transmission, we apply an environmental sanitation approach. Environmental sanitation is not limited to the improvement of latrines, it also includes integrated measures on efficient and safe management of excreta and waste, protection of food from contamination as well as vector control. Furthermore, Caritas strongly promotes the protection of the environment and natural resources. Caritas fosters the systematic management of anthropogenic material flows with the aim of avoiding any unnecessary pollution of the environment and to increase resource efficiency. Whenever possible, Caritas Switzerland aims to close the loop between sanitation and agriculture. Faeces and urine are rich in nutrients, such as phosphorous and nitrogen, and contain organic matter that can be reused in agriculture as a soil conditioner and fertiliser. Water, especially greywater from showering, washing and cooking can be reused for watering household gardens. However, such solutions need to be developed with the close participation of the community, right from the beginning. According to the WHO, every dollar invested in improved sanitation is well invested, since it leads to an average of 5.5 USD economic benefit and thereby improves people s living conditions considerably (WHO 2012). Our programmes place a special focus on the empowerment of women and girls, since they suffer disproportionally from a lack of access to safe water and sanitation. They carry most of the burden of water collection, bear the responsibility for home health, are especially South India: Women gain access to drinking water In South India, Caritas supports APSSS (Andra Pradesh Social Service Organisation) in strategically strengthening civil society bodies. A special focus is placed on marginalised women, who are organised in networks and empowered to know, claim and gain their rights. For instance, in rural Nandikotkur Mandal, thousands of women and their families lacked access to proper drinking water. Repeated formal requests for the provision of water infrastructure to the Mandal Development Officer met with no success. So the women took action and mobilised a mass campaign to put pressure on the Officer to consider their request. With this, they achieved their goal: impressed by the well-founded and systematically pursued demand, the Officer released the necessary funds. Drinking water tanks, pipelines and public taps were constructed in the neighbourhoods of the impoverished communities. This is just one example of the ways in which the APSSS women s networks mobilised access to drinking water for more than 67,000 households in Women s networks have to fight in India for people s right to access to safe drinking water (Pia Zanetti / Caritas Switzerland) Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

7 vulnerable when practising defecation in the open and have particular needs for menstrual hygiene. Improved water supply and sanitation conditions can only be effective in combination with good hygiene practice. Where hygiene practice is poor, water-related diseases spread fast. Therefore, improving hygiene practice has a very high priority in our work. Depending on the target group (e. g. communities or students at schools) and the local context, we work with different approaches to raise awareness, impart critical hygiene related knowledge and to overcome existing barriers to behaviour change, thereby inducing safe hygiene practice. This leads to an improved human environment with reduced risks for health. Experience shows that in most cases, awareness and knowledge alone are insufficient to trigger behaviour change. For this purpose, behaviour change campaigns have to go a step further. They have to improve acceptance of, and adaptation to, new hygiene practices and to change unhygienic habits. Behaviour is the result of psychological processing of factors within the individual. Practitioners must understand which of these behavioural factors keep the target community attached to existing hygiene behaviours (barriers) (Mosler et al. 2013). We take latest scientific findings into account and thereby contribute to the design and implementation of cutting-edge behaviour change campaigns. Our projects start with in-depth baseline surveys to assess the community s knowledge, perception, attitude and common hygiene practices. This allows us to develop and adapt effective and context-specific project activities and to provide a reference for impact monitoring. Hygiene promotion, including training sessions, information campaigns and social marketing, are common approaches applied to improve hygiene practice. WASH in school is an important topic which will be further emphasised in our work. For more than a decade, we have successfully applied the Children Health and Sanitation Training (CHAST), a training tool developed by Caritas Switzerland especially for school children, imparting practical knowledge to improve personal health and general environmental conditions. To date, CHAST has been adopted by various organisations and became part of the national school curriculum in Somaliland. Women and girls are at the centre of our work, and are given special consideration in our WASH in schools programmes. In future, we will complement this approach with components focusing on disaster resilience and natural resource management. Depending on local requirements, schools will be upgraded e. g. to earthquake or flood resistant safe havens. Knowledge of disaster preparedness will be imparted to students and teachers and the corresponding structures will be set up. In loca- Kenya: Integrated school WASH project Free primary education almost doubled enrolment numbers in Kenya within a period of ten years, placing a severe strain on the school infrastructure. In this situation, Caritas stepped in to address the urgent needs in terms of WASH in rural areas and townships with an integrated approach to improve access to safe drinking water, adequate sanitation, and improved hygiene in schools. For example, in Kericho County, Caritas is constructing tanks for rain-water harvesting and gender-sensitive sanitation facilities in 21 primary schools. Emphasis is placed on hygiene and sanitation promotion to achieve permanent behaviour change. To this end, the students complete the Children s Hygiene and Sanitation Training (CHAST) and form School Health Clubs. Menstruation receives special attention during the CHAST sessions. In addition, bathrooms are constructed and concepts developed jointly with the school management to create a more favourable environment for menstruating girls, which stops girls from dropping out of school. Furthermore, school gardens are established and the students and their parents are introduced to organic farming methods and Sanitation facility for girls with urinals, bathroom and talking wall at Mabasi primary school, Kenya (Caritas Switzerland) multiple uses of grey water. With the surplus from selling the vegetables they have grown, most schools are now buying soap for their hand-washing facilities. 5.2 Water, Sanitation & Hygiene 47

8 tions where climate adaptation is required, specific training modules are developed and delivered. In addition to school-based approaches, we will increasingly apply community-driven approaches, thereby empowering communities to change their sanitation conditions and hygiene behaviour. Their capacity to innovate and take action to improve their lives should be strengthened, not undermined. Wherever possible, Caritas Switzerland applies the principles of non-direct subsidy aimed at providing tailor-made solutions that contribute to improved health, thereby strengthening local entrepreneurship and markets. OUTCOME 3: WATER FOR FOOD Smallholders and pastoralists use water for food production in an effi cient and sustainable manner. Caritas Switzerland aims to ensure access to water by providing an optimised, demand-oriented amount of water for small-scale irrigation and livestock while considering sustainable management of the water resources and reducing potential conflicts of use. In rural areas, the livelihood of families often depends on small-scale agriculture and animal husbandry. Especially in water-scarce areas, a reliable water supply is essential for securing the families food production and income. With regard to aspects of resource efficiency and the need for climate change adaptation, it is often either inappropriate or impossible to increase water supply for food production. For this reason, more integrated approaches are jointly developed and implemented with the beneficiaries. These new approaches aim to increase productivity while conserving resources at the same time. An example for this is the shift from flush irrigation to solar powered drip irrigation in Bangladesh. However, the shift requires that participating farmers fundamentally rethink their traditional farming methods and are willing to shift to a new, more sustainable and climate resilient practice. Our projects will apply an integrated resource-based approach to water management. These approaches are based on area-related management practices of natural resources with the aim of increasing efficiency and at the same time strengthening an equitable and ecologically sustainable use of resources. Area-related approaches allow us to develop different cross-thematic outcomes, based on the individual demand and framework conditions within certain contexts. This can be, for example, a community based water resource management project with a focus on income generation through appropriate irrigation methods while improving soil infiltration, ground water recharge and micro climates at the same time. Bangladesh: Solar-powered drip irrigation Smallholder farmers in rural Bangladesh have little access to and control over irrigation. Farmers who do not own a pump often rely on water lords who charge them exorbitant rates for pump rent, diesel, and transportation. The cost incurred for irrigation cuts the farmers already small profits by about one third. This is exacerbated by traditional farmers perception that flood water increases yields. In response, Caritas Switzerland promotes a shift from flush irrigation to solar-powered drip irrigation. Bangladesh has good solar resources, with high availability during the peak irrigation season. As a result, solar pumping of water for irrigation presents an environment-friendly solution. In 2011, Caritas introduced robust, low cost, environment-friendly solar water pumps that can be used for irrigation, livestock watering and for household purposes. In training sessions, the farmers learn to apply more efficient drip irrigation methods and are extensively supported in making the shift to a new, more sustainable and climate-resilient practice. Given the positive results, Caritas has replicated the approach in several global programmes. Drip Irrigation applied using water extracted through solar water pump (Golam Rosul / Caritas Bangladesh) Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

9 Humanitarian Context WASH Services in Humanitarian Crisis Situations Natural and man-made disasters cause devastation, chaos and human suffering. Both communal and state capacities to cope with the effects of a disaster are often overstretched and call for external support. However, manifold challenges must be addressed to respond to disasters in an effective manner and prevent what is commonly known as second disaster. Caritas Switzerland s concept and principles to respond to humanitarian crisis are outlined in the separate chapter Humanitarian Aid. Access to safe WASH services is one of the key preconditions to ensure human survival after a disaster and during crisis situations. The fast and continuous provision of sufficient and safe drinking water may be the most obvious requirement, but access to sanitation facilities, waste disposal services and practising good hygiene behaviour are equally important to prevent the spread of illnesses and diseases. Communities that are hit by a humanitarian crisis are particularly vulnerable to illnesses and epidemics caused by polluted water, lack of sanitation facilities and poor hygiene practices. Caritas Switzerland s approach to WASH emergency relief strongly depends on the particular context, local needs, available resources and capacities. It ranges from the distribution of hygiene kits including soap, washing powder and other sanitary products as practised in the hurricane response in the Philippines to cashbased support for sanitary products in the Ukraine and financial contributions to water trucking services in Indonesia or the distribution of rainwater harvesting containers in Myanmar. Traditionally Caritas Switzerland has been strongly engaged in the rehabilitation and reconstruction of housing and public infrastructure, including the rehabilitation of water supply and irrigation networks, sanitation systems and WASH facilities and services in schools. Caritas Switzerland can draw on its decades of WASH experiences in both humanitarian aid and development cooperation. Conflict-sensitive approaches, disaster-resilient construction and working in fragile context with non-existent or poor regulations and weak, overwhelmed government institutions is a humanitarian reality, but equally and increasingly important for many of our WASH development programmes. Participatory processes, capacity- building or community empowerment are slow and time intensive processes but essential to achieve a long-term impact. These competences are at the core of development cooperation and must be integrated at the early stages of a humanitarian response. Humanitarian response is by nature limited to a short time-frame. Successful WASH interventions often require time intensive behaviour change processes, for instance to continuously practise safe handling and storage of drinking water, daily usage of latrines or practising hand-washing at critical times that may not be successfully achieved within the timeframe of a humanitarian response. Long-term support can be assured through combined programming, as for instance realised in Haiti, where the initial WASH in schools rehabilitation project has been followed up by WASH education specialists to strengthen skills and capacities. Dam collecting the water at the bottom of a rock catchment in Loffi, South Sudan (Pia Zanetti / Caritas Switzerland). South Sudan: Rock catchments for safe drinking water and water storage Many water infrastructures in South Sudan were destroyed during the civil war, leaving only 34 per cent of the people with access to improved water sources. Frequently emergency aid interventions moved from water trucking to provision of water through boreholes, which miss out on communities ownership. Caritas Switzerland, instead, went for an approach that involves the local communities from the start. Rock catchments stand for a technology that is simple in design, demands relatively low maintenance, and is very effective for collecting large amounts of rainwater in a short period of time. Repairs are relatively easy to carry out, and trained community members are able to sustainably operate and maintain the water systems. It is also a technology that does not deplete the ground water table, prevents flooding, and has a longer lifespan than boreholes, what justifies the slightly higher investment costs. With the help of Caritas, some thirteen rock catchments in Eastern Equatoria State are now providing the local communities with clean drinking water and with access to water even during the dry seasons. Additionally, safe hygiene and sanitation training has been introduced, and the communities have started to construct household latrines with locally available materials and without further subsidies. The demand coming from the communities, and the great interest in these specific technology expressed by other international organisations, demonstrate that the overall aim to sustainably improve the well-being and health conditions of the poorest and most vulnerable communities in South Sudan has been met. 5.2 Water, Sanitation & Hygiene 49

10 Combining water for productive use, which is often a priority for beneficiaries, with other activities that are less requested but also important, can be an effective way to trigger a rethinking of priorities within communities and improve their health and hygiene conditions. Examples are projects focusing on livestock husbandry of pastoralists in East Africa. For them, livestock is often the only source of income and therefore of vital importance. With advancing climate change, their basis of existence is increasingly at risk. In our projects, co-benefits are created by combining the highly prioritised water for livestock with safe drinking water supply and hygiene training for pastoralist families. Future projects, which are developed under this outcome, will strongly focus on capacity-building for climate change adaptation by applying cross-sectoral approaches. Partnerships, networks, advocacy Our water projects are planned and implemented together with the local target group, in close cooperation with local partner organisations, in coordination with governmental bodies and in cooperation with private businesses. In the water sector, an internal expert team operating from Lucerne, Switzerland, as well as Nairobi, Kenya, offers consultancy services, links up with external experts and contributes Caritas perspective at con ferences and workshops. Caritas is engaged in important thematic networks such as Aguasan and the Swiss Water Partnership (SWP). Aguasan is a community of practice of water sector specialists. SWP is a multi-stakeholder platform bringing Swiss organisations from the academic, civil society, public and private sectors together to find innovative water solutions in developing and transition countries. Caritas is also member of the Swiss Water and Sanitation Consortium, a partnership of eight Swiss NGOs implementing projects in Africa and Asia. With Georg Fischer, Caritas has teamed up with a private sector company and the world leader in the provision of environment-friendly piping systems. This partnership enables Caritas to implement projects worldwide, thereby improving thousands of people s access to clean drinking water as well as benefiting from the technical expertise of its partner. Literature Fonseca Catarina et al. 2011: Life-cycle costs approach. Costing sustainable services. Briefing Note 1a. IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Hague. Mosler Hans-Joachim et al. 2013: A guideline for behaviour change. EAWAG aquatic research, Dübendorf. UN 2011: The Human Right to Water and Sanitation Today. Media brief. United Nations Office to support the International Decade for Action Water for Life / UN-Water Decade Programme on Advocacy and Communication (UNW-DPAC). United Nations, New York. UNDP 2006: Human Development Report Beyond Scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis. United Nations Development Programme, New York. UNICEF, WHO 2015: Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water Update and MDG Assessment. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). UNICEF, World Health Organization, New York / Geneva. USAID, SIDA, MFA-NL 2013: Securing Water for Food. A Grand Challenge for Development. US Agency for Development, Swedish International Development Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Netherlands, Washington / Stockholm / The Hague. WHO 2012: Global costs and benefits of drinking-water supply and sanitation interventions to reach the MDG target and universal coverage. World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO 2014a: UN-Water Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water (GLAAS) Report 2014: Investing in Water Sanitation. Increasing Access, Reducing Inequalities. World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO, 2014b: Water safety plan: A field guide to improving drinking-water safety in small communities. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

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12 Our commitment Caritas Switzerland is committed to a world without poverty that is guided by solidarity, justice and peace. We provide professional, effective and efficient help to people in need irrespective of their political or religious beliefs, gender or ethnicity. The aim of all programmes is to reduce poverty, strengthen people s resilience, ensure that their rights are respected and expand their capabilities to realise goals they have reasons to value. We are an independent Swiss aid organisation and a member of Caritas Internationalis, a network comprising more than 160 national Caritas organisations. Expertise and Networks Our experts based in Lucerne and Nairobi offer consultancies, network with other experts and share the Caritas perspectives at conferences and workshops. Memberships: Aguasan, Swiss Water Partnership, Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, Rural Water Supply Network. Kim Müller Senior Advisor Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Phone: kmueller@caritas.ch Franziska Bieri Senior Advisor Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Phone: fbieri@caritas.ch Lucie Leclert Senior Advisor Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Phone: lleclert@caritas.ch Caritas Switzerland Adligenswilerstrasse 15 P. O. Box CH-6002 Lucerne Phone: Fax: info@caritas.ch Website: Doing the right thing