Infiltration in Permeable Pavement Aggregate Beds (Draindown)

Transcription

1 Infiltration in Permeable Pavement Aggregate Beds (Draindown) Liv Haselbach Civil & Environmental Engineering Washington State University Brandon Werner Mina Yekkalar 1

2 Good Morning, Part I: What are Permeable Pavements and Pervious Concrete? Part II: Draindown Testing Optional Part III: Testing Methods (porosity, infiltration) Part IV: Summary of Surface Studies Part V: Powerwashing Cleaning (Sloan and PACCAR) 2

3 Acknowledgements Husseman Fund, Washington State Department of Ecology Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates, USDOT University Transportation Center Fulbright-ALCOA (Distinguished Chair in the Environmental Sciences and Engineering in Brazil). Washington State University Facilities Services The City of Spokane And thanks to Somayeh Nassiri and the many WSU students who helped. 3

4 Part I: Permeable Pavement Systems! STRUCTURED SURFACE PLUS: Surface Infiltration Underground Storage Pollutant Removal: - on top - in ground - in reservoir - to air? 4

5 Permeable Pavement Systems! What is the surface? - Pervious Concrete - Porous Asphalt - Permeable Pavers What depth should the aggregate bed be? -For structure (loads) -For water storage (runon and storms) - For frost depth 5

6 Permeable pavements on slopes? Remember it is a System Be careful that the water from surrounding areas (runon) does not flow too fast and overshoot! 6

7 What is Pervious Concrete? Mixture of : Coarse aggregate, Cementitious material, Admixtures, and Water. Carefully controlled amounts of water & cementitious materials are used to create a paste that forms a thick coating around aggregate particles without flowing off during mixing & placing. 7

8 Unique Structure of Pervious Concrete Vertical Porosity Distribution Top Transition Zone Micro/Macro Pores Connected/Disconnected Pores 8

9 Porosity of Pervious Concrete Total Porosity Ranges: ~13%-40% Recommended: ~20-25% Tortuousity (vertical and horizontal flow) Compressive Strength(not used for specifying): Typically psi. (7-20 Mpa) 9

10 How is pervious concrete placed? Concrete Traditional PC Cement 1 1 Aggregate 3 4+ Water 1/2 ~1/3 Fines 2 ~0 Mixed Cured 7 days Compacted & Covered 10

11 Part II: Community Placement Draindown 11

12 Placement Wet the rock before you place the concrete. 12

13 Placement. 13

14 . Placement Done in seven days! 14

15 Community Hall Sidewalk Case Study Retention 15

16 Soil Moisture and Temperature Sensoring at Community Hall Sidewalk Case Study Retention 16

17 Soil Moisture and Temperature Sensoring at Community Hall Sidewalk Case Study Retention 17

18 Draindown Test Results from Test 1 on October 17, 2015: Zone C Observation Well Time (minute) Water Depth (in) Time (minute) Water Depth (in) Time (minute) Water Depth (in) Haselbach, Low Impact Development Feasibility Project on the WSU Pullman Campus, Final report To Washington State Department of Ecology. 18

19 Draindown Results 19

20 5/26/2015 5/31/2015 6/5/2015 6/10/2015 6/15/2015 6/20/2015 6/25/2015 6/30/2015 7/5/2015 7/10/2015 7/15/2015 7/20/2015 7/25/2015 7/30/2015 8/4/2015 8/9/2015 8/14/2015 8/19/2015 8/24/2015 8/29/2015 9/3/2015 9/8/2015 Sensors' VWC readings- Deep Sensors Sensors' VWC readings- Middle Sensors Soil Moisture: Middle and Deep: Summer 2015 Community 0.5 A12 A22 B12 B22 C A23 B13 B23 C Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2016) Impacts of a Pervious Concrete System on Neighboring Clay Soils in Warm-Dry Months, submitted May to J of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements 20

21 Soil Moisture and Temperature Sensoring at Finch Arboretum Spokane Case Study Detention Porous asphalt parking lot 21

22 Soil Moisture and Temperature Sensoring at Finch Arboretum Spokane Case Study Detention Mix of soil layers Weather station at GEG 22

23 PACCAR Parking Lot: WSU Pullman Pervious Concrete 23

24 12/30/15 1/3/16 1/7/16 1/11/16 1/15/16 1/19/16 1/23/16 1/27/16 1/31/16 2/4/16 2/8/16 2/12/16 2/16/16 2/20/16 2/24/16 2/28/16 Absolute VWC (m 3 /m 3 ) Precipitation (mm) Finch Results: Mid Winter: Middle Sensors 0.4 A12 A22 B12 B22 Rain Snow Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2017) Impacts of a Detention-Based Permeable Pavement System on Neighboring Clay Soils under Cold-Wet Weather Conditions, submitted July to TRB 24

25 Part III: ASTMc1754 Standard Test Method for Density and Void Content of Hardened Pervious Concrete Montes, Felipe, Srinivas Valavala, Liv M. Haselbach: A New Test Method for Porosity Measurements of Portland Cement Pervious Concrete, Journal of ASTM International, January 2005, Vol. 2, No. 1 Take Mass dry (room!) submerge for >30 minutes and take mass submerged. 25

26 Testing methods for pervious concrete infiltration rate in the laboratory ASTM C1701 ISO Modified using Shrinkwrap with a small lip on top and less water 26

27 ASTM 1701 in Field 27

28 Part IV: Surface Runon Older Placements in Pullman Valley Playfield Walks Vetmed Circle Sloan Sidewalk 28

29 Site Information and Winters Experienced as of Spring 2014 Site ID Site Winters Paved Run-on Sources Other Clogging Sources Approximate Size of paved Area Producing Run-on VPE VPC Valley Playfield East Valley Playfield Center 4 Incline Standard Concrete Grass/Wetlands On East Side 3 None Rubber Particles VM VetMed 3 Incline Standard Concrete SL Sloan Sidewalk 2 Incline Standard Concrete Surrounding Landscaping Landscaping Along Edge 2500 ft 2 Negligible 4000 ft ft 2 Haselbach, L. and Werner, B., Pervious Concrete Performance in Eastern Washington: Surface Infiltration, Proceedings ASCE Low Impact Development Conference, Houston Texas, January 2015.

30 More Placements: PACCAR Parking Lot: Pervious Concrete, WSU Pullman: Summer

31 Summary of seven pervious pavement sites at WSU Pullman as of Summer 2015 Age (yr) Size (sq.ft.) Mix VetMed Circle Concrete Sloan Hall Sidewalk Concrete East Valley Playfields Concrete Center Valley Playfields Concrete Allen Center Walk and ADA Parking Asphalt Community Hall Concrete PACCAR Concrete 31

32 Sloan Wintertime Date Infiltration Each Location (in/hr ) (2015) Temp ⁰F A B C D 7 January January January February February 59 N/A February 58.3 N/A February 38.7 N/A March 66.2 N/A March 59.4 N/A April 67.1 N/A N/A May 69.6 N/A N/A May 77.5 N/A N/A June 82.2 N/A N/A April 2014 N/A

33 Clogging with Time at Sloan Werner, B. and Haselbach, L.(2016) Temperature and testing impacts on surface infiltration rates of pervious concrete, submitted Special Issue on Environmental Sustainability of Transportation Infrastructure in Cold Climates, ASCE J of Cold Regions Engineering 33

34 Part V: Maintenance Options? Blowing.not usually Street sweepers/cleaners Powerwashing Special equipment 34

35 Cleaned Sloan! Woohoo! September 2015 Hose and Nozzle Upper ~15 feet Lower ~20 feet Just as fast now as center portion which has not been cleaned after 3 winters, but still functioning well. 35

36 Cleaning Paccar July Performed by Washington State University Facility Services Photos by Liv Haselbach

37 Vacuum Truck For loose gravel and dirt.

38 Deep Cleaning only for Clogged Areas Pre-wetting

39 Deep Cleaning only for Clogged Areas Powerwashing with Wet Vacuum

40 Deep Cleaning only for Clogged Areas Dislodged Dirt

41 Deep Cleaning only for Clogged Areas Function Restored

42 Thank you!? 42