Dallas BEC Understanding Hygrothermal Modeling October 11, 2012 WUFI. hygrothermal simulation software
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1 WUFI hygrothermal simulation software christine cronin; wiss, janney, elstner associates; Cronin buildingscience.com 1 of 17
2 importance of hygrothermal analysis 1. Increasingly complex assemblies 2. Decreased tolerance for moisture of materials 3. Decreased drying potential of assemblies Cronin buildingscience.com 2 of 17
3 what does WUFI do User inputs the wall assembly, interior and exterior climate conditions and the computer plots temperature and relative humidity and moisture content of each component for each hour over a set period of time.* WUFI Wall Assembly - Sample * simplified description Cronin buildingscience.com 3 of 17
4 WUFI outputs Water Content Temperature & Relative Humidity Cronin buildingscience.com 4 of 17
5 mechanisms of heat transfer 1. Convection bulk movement of fluid (liquid or gas) 2. Conduction direct contact of solid, liquid or gas 3. Radiation flow of electromagnetic waves through a gas, vacuum or porous materials Cronin buildingscience.com 5 of 17
6 mechanisms of moisture transfer* 1. Liquid transport - Movement of clusters of water molecules - Direction of flow is dependent on gravity, wind, momentum, etc. - Examples: rain, groundwater, capillarity 2. Vapor diffusion - Movement of water molecules through materials - Direction of flow is dependent on a concentration gradient (more to less) and a thermal gradient (hot to cold) 3. Air transport - Movement of air carrying water molecules - Requires a path and a pressure difference - Direction of flow is from more to less pressure * There are other mechanisms of moisture transfer (ex: surface diffusion, liquid diffusion), however for the purposes of analyzing moisture transfer in buildings the three listed above are most significant. Cronin buildingscience.com 6 of 17
7 states of water SEM image of semi-permeable membrane (vapor open, liquid & air closed) H O H Vapor H 2 O Liquid H 150 O 75 Solid Cronin buildingscience.com 7 of 17
8 thermodynamic potential of water Willis Carrier Cronin buildingscience.com 8 of 17
9 Reasonably reliable estimate possible Difficult to estimate confidence in WUFI estimate / user estimate sources of heat and moisture 1. Initial Conditions initial temperature and moisture content of materials 2. Environmental conditions a. External environment (climate): temperature, relative humidity, rainfall (below grade: groundwater) b. Interior environment: temperature, relative humidity dependent on occupant behavior: breathing, cooking, showering, using appliances, etc. Cronin buildingscience.com 9 of 17
10 factors influencing how assembly responds to heat & moisture 1. Material properties of each component thermal conductivity (moisture & temperature dependent), water storage capacity, liquid transport redistribution, liquid transport suction, permeability (moisture dependent), 2. Organization within the assembly exposure to climate conditions and other layers within the assembly 3. Exposure of assembly orientation (north, south, east, west; wall or roof) Cronin buildingscience.com 10 of 17
11 factors influencing how assembly responds to heat & moisture 4. Mechanisms of heat transfer within component & assembly a. convection (air flow) b. conduction c. radiation 5. Mechanisms of moisture transfer within component & assembly a. liquid transport i. rain ii. groundwater iii. capillarity b. vapor diffusion c. air transport Cronin buildingscience.com 11 of 17
12 vapor diffusion diffusion Cronin buildingscience.com 12 of 17
13 vapor diffusion vs air leakage diffusion air leakage Cronin buildingscience.com 13 of 17
14 Dallas BEC Understanding Hygrothermal Modeling October 11, 2012 vapor diffusion vs air leakage vs bulk transport* 10% of 1% of incident rain diffusion air leakage bulk transport *Diffusion & air leakage graphic courtesy of Lstiburek, Builder s Guide to Hot Humid Climates (2006); bulk transport graphic from C. Cronin, approximation based on 1% incident rain penetrating cladding (ASHRAE 160P) and10% of that entering the wall cavity. Calculations (all cases) based on climate data for Atlanta, GA. Cronin buildingscience.com ~2/3 pint of water Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates 14 of 17
15 The most influential factors affecting the hygrothermal performance of the wall are: (1) the hardest to estimate and, (2) at the discretion of the modeler Wiss, Janney, Elstner Christy Associates Cronin Wiss, Janney, Elstner October Associates 2012 Cronin buildingscience.com 15 of 17
16 modeled results vs measured data CMHC Study: Prince Albert Masonry Retrofit Comparison of measured and simulated RH behind masonry for various leakage scenarios Straube & Schumacher, Comparison of Modeled and Monitored Performance of a Wall Insulation Retrofit in a Solid Cronin Masonry Building (2003), buildingscience.com 16 of 17
17 challenges and limitations - Accounting for liquid transport of water - Accounting for air leakage - Limited knowledge of material properties - Limited knowledge of boundary conditions - Limited knowledge of material tolerances Cronin buildingscience.com 17 of 17
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