Integration. 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1

Transcription

1 GidTi Grid Tied dsolar PVBasics Hardware, Markets and Grid Integration 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 1

2 Agenda This seminar will provide an introduction to today s fast growing PV industry including: The components that make up a complete system from residential to utility-scale grid tied projects The policies and other factors that are driving market growth The challenges of grid integration in the coming high penetration environment 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 2

3 About PV Powered Grid-Tied Solar Electric Inverters Designed & Manufactured In America - Founded in Largest US-based Manufacturer of Solar Power Inverters (Acquired by AEI in 2010) - World Class LEAN Manufacturing Facility, Bend, OR - PV & Inverter Technology Center: 70 kw Array - Training, Field Service & Support Experienced Executive Team - Proven Track Record Leading High Growth Companies - Strength in Every Function Customer Centric - Service Focused Culture - Flexible & Easy To Do Business With - Understand How To Partner for Mutual Success 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 3

4 About PV Powered Together with AE we are the largest US-Based inverter manufacturer Founded New Management Team SEGIS Stage I Award 30kw 75/100kw 260kw Awarded Largest NW Utility Project (15MW) Residential Market Entry Acquired by AE in % growth % growth Almost 20,000 inverters shipped Over 100 employees Recognized Reliability Leader Solar America Gen 3 Resi Initiative with Platform Boeing /Uni- OEM $ Solar Contract with GE $4M+ SEGIS Stage II Award 2010 Capacity Expansion started to reach 450MW capacity Acquired by Advanced Energy PV Powered Confidential 4

5 2010 Residential Inverter Products PVP1100 PVP2000 PVP2500 PVP2800 PVP3000 PVP3500 PVP4600 PVP4800 PVP5200 Continuous Output Power 1100W 2000W 2500W 2800W 3000W 3500W 4600W 4800W 5200W AC Voltage (V) CEC Efficiency 90.5% 92% 94.5% 92% 93.5% 95.5% 5% 95.5% 5% 96% 96% Max AC Current (A) MPPT Range (VDC) Temp Range ( C) C to 40 Dimensions (H x W X D ) 30 3/8 x 15 5/8 x 8 1/4" 35 x 18 1/8 x 8 5/8

6 Commercial Product Line 30kW 35kW 50kW 75kW 100kW 260kW PowerVault AC Output Voltage 208 or , 480, , 480, , 480, , 480, , kV-35kV CEC Eff (480 VAC) 93.5% 95.5% (est) 96% (est) 95.5% 96.0% 97.0% N/A DC Fusing Options N/A Customizable with 11 fuse sizes from 50A to 200A Customizable with 15 fuses sizes from 75A to 600A MPPT PV Powered Confidential

7 Bayamon Solar Project Largest Solar PV System in Puerto Rico 585 kw CONFIDENTIAL 7

8 PV Hardware: Components & Systems

9 A Grid-Tied PV System 1. PV Modules: Collect the sun s energy and converts it into DC electricity 2. Racking: Holds the modules in place and assists it in grounding and wiring ii 3. Inverter: Converts DC into AC electricity and synchronizes to utility power 4. Utility Service: Enables the PV system to trade energy with the grid All PV systems large and small have these same basic parts 8/6/2010 9

10 Types of Grid-Tied PV Systems Residential kw, offsets site loads -Typically roof mounted Commercial -20kW to multi-mw -Can offset site load, or connect direct to the grid Utility - 2MW to 500MW -Ground Mounted -Connect to grid at Medium Voltage 8/6/

11 Solar Photovoltaics (PV) Technical Foundation of PV is the Photovoltaic Effect - When light falls on a semiconductor material electrons are released and can be collected as DC electricity it PV materials are used to generate electricity - In PV systems approximately 5-15% of the energy in light is converted to electricity - The efficiency and cost of these PV materials varies widely 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 11

12 Parts of the PV System CONFIDENTIAL 12

13 The PV Module or Solar Panel Absorbs sunlight and converts it into direct current All modules require a semiconductor material, metal grid (collects electrons), glass cover and aluminum frame (protects and seals), plastic or glass backing, electrical junction box Two primary types are crystalline and thin film, but there are many versions of each type as well as organic dye and other exotic materials PV modules typically makes up 50% of system cost at a price of $2 to $4 per watt. 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 13

14 Photovoltaic Effect in Action 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 14

15 Various PV Materials Amorphous Silicon Cadmium Telluride Crystalline Silicon 6 8% efficient 8 10% efficient 16-20% efficient 8/6/

16 Making Crystalline Silicon 2. Convert sand into metallurgical l grade silicon, then solar grade silicon using chemicals and heat 1. Separate pure silica from sand 3. Melt SG Silicon and pull and ingot

17 From Silicon to PV Cell

18 Thin Film Production Similar to spray on process Relatively low temperature No cutting or slicing waste Sometimes no silicon content for example: - CdTe -CIS -CIGS

19 Mounting PV Modules Need to secure modules for 25+ years Three ways to install PV Modules: 1. Roof Mount- saves space, production directly offsets load, requires care to prevent leaks 2. Ground Mount- used for large field of PV 3. Tracker/Pole Mount- increases energy production up to 30%, but adds cost 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 19

20 Inverter An inverter converts DC energy from PV modules to grid synchronized AC power Inverters are selected based primarily on their conversion efficiency (typically 90%-97%) Inverters are made of copper, iron, steel and electronics/circuit boards Approximately 10-20% of the system cost 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 20

21 Basic Single Phase Inverter 1 2 IGBT AC to DC conversion step is approx 97-99% efficient Transformer is approx 97%-99% efficient

22 Pulse Width Modulated Switching Creates clean sine wave from DC input

23 Balance of System (BOS) Additional materials and functions are needed to complete a grid tied PV installation: -Power and communications wiring -AC and DC disconnect switches for safety -Miscellaneous hardware -Permits/Inspections (major cost/time driver) -Loans/financing 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 23

24 PV System Data Monitoring Data monitoring is a critical part of today s PV systems A monitoring system provides two important functions - Revenue grade production monitoring - Required for PPA s and any Feed in Tariffs - Performance monitoring - Analytic tools plus alerts and alarms that enable owners or operator to monitor performance and repair system quickly CONFIDENTIAL 24

25 Leading Data Monitoring Options

26 Revenue Grade Meter Integrated into the inverter with matched, wide temperature current clamps 0.2% class revenue certifiable energy meter Meets ANSI C12.20 and IEC 687 accuracy classes Multifunction measurements including voltage, current, power, frequency and energy

27 DC Sub-Array Monitor High Performance Current Sensing Isolated DC current measurements with <1% accuracy of full scale rating Temperature rated for inverter environment (-40C to +70C) Analog to Digital Converter

28 Smart Combiner Box DC String Monitoring i Quickly detect underperformance due to failed modules, shading or soiling NEMA 4X fiberglass enclosure with powder-coated back pan and touch safe fuse blocks Solid busbar eliminates messy wiring to fuse blocks Standard modbus protocol and UL1741 listed

29 Interpreting Monitoring Graphs Inverter transient Ideal power production Western orientation

30 Interpreting Monitoring Graphs Network interruptions ti Lots of Clouds Small Clouds Shading in the morning

31 Sample Interface- Fat Spaniel Software Focused Largest Installed Base Portfolio management PMRS Approved 31

32 Sample Interface- DECK 32

33 PV Market Update and Insights

34 Solar is Now Big Business $40B in worldwide PV revenues expected in 2010 By today s standards this 40MW system is large. In the future this will be common. Overview 550,000 Thin Film Modules 40MW of solar modules 40 million kwh/yr About 290 acres Started in 2007 Finished in 2009

35 Investment has Driven Growth >$250B in capital invested worldwide in PV since 2005

36 Systems are getting bigger 8/6/

37 CA is still the leader but others are rapidly catching up 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 37

38 Worldview of the PV Industry Supply Source Installations

39 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 39

40 Why is the US so far behind? Germany and others DO NOT have more sun! The European markets are driven by stable feed in tariffs (FIT) that offer an attractive return on investment The U.S. can be thought of as 50 countries, with each state having their own objectives, incentives and rules about solar electricity (or worse, 2,000+ utilities ) The U.S. has no consistent ste t Federal policy, yet but momentum for action is building because of the but momentum for action is building because of the need for jobs growth and clean energy.

41 Patchwork of State Programs CA, NJ, CO, OR, WA, MD, FL, CT, AZ and a few others are using a mix of tactics to start or accelerate statewide programs

42 Net Metering is Now Standard 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 42

43 Interconnect Rules- Fragmented & Slow 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 43

44 Tax Credits Growing 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 44

45 Situation in Puerto Rico Dr. Albith Colon - EnergTech CONFIDENTIAL 45

46 Grid Parity is the PV Holy Grail: But What is PV Grid Parity? Utilities think that, based on their current costs, a PV system on their side of the grid will not reach Grid Parity during the working life of the system. Consumers will buy solar if it has a reasonable payback, py their measure of Grid Parity. This means tax credits, incentives and subsidies. Governments aretryingto to figureout whatincentiveprograms are needed to stimulate demand and get to unsubsidized Grid Parity. Climate change groups are counting the clean attributes of solar and think we re near Grid Parity now. The financial sector wants to see movement toward Grid Parity to encourage investment. Solar could be the next dot com or internet. The solar community wants to put solar everywhere and make a profit doing it. The quicker ik we get to unsubsidized bidi dgidp Grid Parity the happier we ll be!

47 Where is Grid Parity in CA? 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 47

48 But, is Grid Parity relevant? Solar Energy is the only renewable energy technology with enough resource to produce tens of terawatts Bolkovon Roedern Bolkovon Roedern National Center for Photovoltaics National Renewable Energy Laboratory March 13, 2007

49 Barriers to Future Growth

50 Barriers to Continued Growth Rate Policy PV needs consistent stable policies to attract investment Technical Standards for PV grid connection are primarily governed by UL1741 and IEEE These standards are now outdated and are causing problems in areas where PV penetration ti is high - New Grid integration technology and standards are required to reduce system cost and enable PV to become a valuable citizen of the grid 8/6/2010 NR 350/499- Solar Energy & Energy Efficiency Module- Lecture #1 50

51 Various Government Options All these newer option are either starting to be used, or are under active consideration 1. Cap and trade: Issue pollution rights, decrease them over time. Let market figure out how. 2. Carbon tax: More carbon = higher price. Coal hit hardest, renewables not affected. (revenue neutral) 3. Fee-bate: Revenue neutral tax & credit swap 4. Feed in Tariff: Guaranteed rate for 20 years for putting PV and other renewables onto the grid 5. Renewable Portfolio Standard: Utilities required to serve a set portion of their load with renewables

52 Utilities are a Special Case Electric & Gas utilities are natural monopolies In exchange for monopoly status, utilities accepted state regulation which regulates prices and profits Capital cost-based profit created an unintended disincentive for efficiency New Decoupling programs are separating capital spending from profits flipping this model with promising results

53 Monopolies Inhibit Innovation Behavior of a Monopoly with a Guaranteed Rate of Return

54 Decoupling Concepts Pay utilities more per kwh if they reduce overall demand. This is a WIN-WIN: -Utilities avoid capital costs of new plants, increase revenue and increase profitability -Consumers use less energy and modestly lower bills or keep them the same. Put a cap on carbon emissions. Provide a cash payment for decreasing emissions below cap -Utilities can decide if they do this with more efficient coal plants, solar, or efficiency.

55 Technology- a Smarter Grid Why do we need a Smart Grid? If Alexander Graham Bell were somehow transported to the 21st century, he would not begin to recognize the components of modern telephony cell phones, texting, ti cell towers, PDAs, etc. while Thomas Edison, one of the grid s key early architects, would be totally familiar with the grid. If the grid were just 5% more efficient, the energy savings would equate to permanently eliminating i the fuel and greenhouse gas emissions from 53 million cars.

56 Current State of the Grid Today s grid was built to be a ONE WAY system with: 9,200 electric generating units more than 1,000,000 MW of generating capacity (solar contributed 8,000MW) 300, miles of transmission lines The average US generating station was built in the 60s using even older technology. The average age of a substation transformer is 42, two years more than their expected life span.

57 What is a Smart Grid? 1. A distributed set of generation resources that are smaller, smarter, and more flexible - Small gas plants, On Site CHP, solar, geothermal, wind, landfill gas, etc 2. Consumer and commercial loads that are part of the electric internet - Wired to respond to utility price signals 3. Balancing supply with demand, and doing more with less - Reduce or eliminate spinning reserves (8%)

58 Example of a Distributed Grid

59 Inverters are Making PV Smart The next generation of PV Inverter will offer many advanced utility interactive functions The first set will include the ability to set Power Factor and KvAR output as well as control upwards ramp rate and remote on/off. The next round will include grid support function including low voltage ride through and zero-voltage ride through as well as dynamic voltage control This will require a fresh look at current regulations like UL1741 and IEEE1547. PV Powered is a leader in solving these future integration issues. Please see our white paper p at p PV Powered Confidential

60 Questions? CONFIDENTIAL 60

61 Contact Information Bob Knapik John Foster CONFIDENTIAL 61