Determination of Economic Thresholds in Stored Products.

Transcription

1 Determination of Economic Thresholds in Stored Products. Paul Fields Entomologist Winnipeg, Canada IPM in Stored Products Alternatives and Innovation, 21 Feb. 2014, Monterey, Mexico

2 Did the Fumigation/Heat/Cleaning Work? Paul Fields Entomologist Winnipeg, Canada IPM in Stored Products Alternatives and Innovation, 2 21 Feb. 2014, Monterey, Mexico

3 Will I pass the audit? Paul Fields Entomologist Winnipeg, Canada fields.paul@gmail.com IPM in Stored Products Alternatives and Innovation, 3 21 Feb. 2014, Monterey, Mexico

4 Will I lose customers? Paul Fields Entomologist Winnipeg, Canada fields.paul@gmail.com IPM in Stored Products Alternatives and Innovation, 4 21 Feb. 2014, Monterey, Mexico

5 5 POWER AND SYRED / SPL / BARCROFT MEDIA

6 Number of Insects 1e+6 1e+6 9e+5 8e+5 7e+5 6e+5 5e+5 4e+5 3e+5 2e+5 1e+5 0 S. oryzae 14% mc o C 25 o C 29 o C 1,000, , Month 6

7 Food & feed processors 7

8 The Dilemma Customers want insect-free products without using insecticides. 8

9 Economic Threshold The economic threshold is the density of a pest at which a control treatment will provide an economic return Wikipedia 9

10 Legal Limits: USA, CDN, MX Unacceptable levels Pre-milling: over 50 insect fragments /50 g flour Post-milling: over 20 insect fragments /50 g flour Rodent hairs: 2 hairs/50 g flour 10

11 Legal Limits: USA, CDN, MX Unacceptable levels Pre-milling: over 50 insect fragments /50 g flour Post-milling: over 20 insect fragments /50 g flour Rodent hairs: 2 hairs/50 g flour Zero tolerance for live insects in flour 11

12 Overview Treatments Bioassays Pheromone Traps Rebolt Sifter Tailings Measuring gas/heat 12

13 Canadian MB Alternative Trials Methyl bromide: Sulfuryl fluoride (ProFume): Phosphine, heat and CO 2 : Heat: IPM / Sanitation: 7 treatments 8 treatments 2 treatments 6 treatments 1 treatment 13 mills, 5 provinces, 5 milling companies, over 9 service providers 13

14 MB and SF Fumigations 14

15 Phosphine, Heat and Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide at 3-6% Heat at o C Phosphine at 100 ppm, ECO 2 FUME Sensitive equipment: remove or seal Minimizes corrosion 15

16 Heat: Portable Steam Heaters Armstrong International Inc Mill 3, June 2006 Roo Can Inc. Mill 2, September

17 Heat Treatments in Germany

18 Raj Hulasare: Temp Air Heat treatment, the future of pest control 18

19 How Many Insects? 19

20 Flour Mills are Complex Structures 20

21 Overview Treatments Bioassays Pheromone Traps Rebolt Sifter Tailings Measuring gas/heat 21

22 Overview Treatments Bioassays (insects in vials) Pheromone Traps (insects on floor) Rebolt Sifter Tailings (insects in flour stream) Measuring gas/heat 22

23 Bioassay Put insects at stage of interest in vial Expose to gas/heat Mortality after treatment 23

24 Stage Specific Toxicity for Various Fumigants. Gas Insect CT to kill 95% of the population (g-h/m 3 ) Egg Larvae Pupae Adult Reference sulfuryl fluoride confused flour beetle Kenga 1957 granary weevil Kenga 1957 methyl bromide confused flour beetle* Heseltine & Thompson 1974 confused flour beetle* Bell et al rice weevil Krohne & Lindgren 1958 phosphine Indian meal moth* Bell 1976 confused flour beetle Lindgren & Vincent * complete kill.

25 Most Resistant Stage Depends on species, control method MB: Pupae, 2x SF (Profume) : Egg, 20-50x PH 3 : Egg, 5-70x Heat: Young larvae, 2-8x (T. castaneum) Cold: Adult, 5x (C. ferrugineus) 25

26 Online Tool for Insect ID Canadian Grain Commission 26

27 Bioassays Boring science Good public relations Simple to run Does not give real time data 27

28 Insect Bioassays: Methyl Bromide MB: 7 trials 100% adult mortality 1 trial, 98.8% egg mortality PH 3 +CO 2 +Heat: 2 trials 100% adult mortality 99% egg mortality 28

29 Insect Bioassays: Sulfuryl Fluoride Mill Date Treatment Conc.-Time (g-h/m 3 ) Adult Mortality (%) Immatures 4a Dec SF a Oct SF July 2006 SF Aug SF Aug SF Sep SF Sep SF Oct SF

30 Insect Bioassays: Heat Mill Date Treatment Maximum Temperature ( 0 C) Adult Mortality (%) Immatures 1 Aug Heat: forced air* Aug Heat: forced air* Sept Heat: forced air* Sept Heat: steam** June 2006 Heat: steam*** * Temp-Air ** Roo Can portable heaters *** Armstrong International portable heaters 30

31 Demonstration of Efficacy Link to video of insects under heat 31

32 Overview Treatments Bioassays Pheromone Traps (insects on floor) Rebolt Sifter Tailings 32

33 Pheromone Traps pheromone baited 5-10 traps/floor sifter and roll floors weekly counts expressed as % of pretreatment populations 33

34 Tribolium Traps Dome trap - Trécé Pheromone = 4R,8R-dimethyldecanal Food bait = cereal oil 34

35 Release and Recapture Study trap x x x x x x x x x x x release points x 35

36 Release and Recapture Study Males released Timed until Exited bullseye Caught in trap 10 minutes up x x x x x x x x x x x x 36

37 Release and Recapture Study Treatment Not in trap In trap Pheromone

38 Pheromone Traps Methyl Bromide 7 Nov CT: Mill 4a, 377 g-h/m 3 Mill 4b, 99 g-h/m 3 Flour Beetles in Pheromone Trap (% of MB pre-treatment) Methyl Bromide 7 June 2004 Mill 4B Mill 4A Sulfuryl Fluoride 3 Dec CT: Mill 4a, 457 g-h/m 3 Mill 4b, 490 g-h/m Weeks before and after fumigation 38

39 Trap Catches Roll Stand (% pre-treatment) Sulfuryl Fluoride Mill 4a, 457 gh/m3 Mill 4a, 1096 gh/m3 Mill 5, 1280, gh/m3 Mill 8, 836 gh/m Weeks Post Treatment 39

40 40

41 Different Insects, Different Pheromones Swords, P. and A., V.R Summary of commercially available pheromones of common stored product moths. 10 th IWCSSP Swords, P. and Van Ryckeghem, A Summary of commercially available pheromones of common stored-product beetles. 10 th IWCSSP 41

42 Precision Trapping Pinpoints location of infestation Need 10 to 50 times more traps/area Analysis data with spatial statistics Or use triangulation 42

43 Precision Trapping Distribution of merchant grain beetle in a botanical warehouse. Arbogast et al

44 Methods: Grain Samples A- 10 cm from edge B- Centre C C- 10 cm from edge B A Edge Grain samples: 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 d Barrel of wheat 44

45 Barrel 1 Barrel 2 Barrel 3 R. dominica live Day 0 45

46 Barrel 1 Barrel 2 Barrel 3 R. dominica live Day 2 46

47 Barrel 1 Barrel 2 Barrel 3 R. dominica live Day 4 47

48 Methods: Temperatures D 0 cm from surface C B A A- 10 cm from edge B- 20 cm from edge R. dominica 40 cm from surface 80 cm from surface 120 cm from surface C- 50 cm from edge (Center) Barrel of wheat D- 10 cm from edge 48

49 Barrel 1 Barrel 2 Barrel 3 Day 0

50 Barrel 1 Barrel 2 Barrel 3 Day 2

51 Barrel 1 Barrel 2 Barrel 3 Day 21

52 Italian Flour Mills Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniel 52

53 Pheromone Mass Trapping 53

54 Jerry Heaps Insect Growth Regulators (IGR s) and mating disruption 54

55 Overview Treatments Bioassays Pheromone Traps Rebolt Sifter Tailings (insects in flour stream) 55

56 Rebolt Sifter Tailings Sift insects out of flour Usually just before load-out bins Pin mill before or after Every load, once a day or 3x/wk Only larvae and adults Eggs pass through 56

57 Pheromone Trapping Rebolt Sifter Tailings Flour Beetles in Pheromone Traps (% of MB pre-treatment) Methyl Bromide 13 May 2005 CT: Mill 4a, 447 g-h/m 3 Mill 4b, 274 g-h/m Sulfuryl Fluoride 21 Oct CT: Mill 4a, 850 g-h/m 3 Mill 4b, 1124 g-h/m 3 Mill 4B Mill 4A Number of live and dead insects found in rebolt sifter (% pre MB treatment) Methyl Bromide 13 May 2005 CT: Mill 4a, 447 g-h/m 3 Mill 4b, 274 g-h/m Sulfuryl Fluoride 21 Oct CT: Mill 4a, 850 g-h/m 3 Mill 4b, 1124 g-h/m Weeks before and after fumigation Weeks before and after fumigation 57

58 During Cleaning When cleaning equipment, sifters, roll stands, etc Note number of insects, None = 0 insects Low = 1-10 insects Medium = insects High = 20+ Document, follow trends over time 58

59 Overview Treatments Bioassays Pheromone Traps Rebolt Sifter Tailings Measure gas/heat 59

60 Measuring Temperatures 60

61 Detailed Monitoring of Gas Ellen Thoms: Dow AgroScience 61

62 Take Home Message Adults in vials easy to kill Adult bioassays in fumigation useless Pheromone trapping gives numbers Rebolt sifter tailings variable Mature control techniques: fumigation, heat, bioassays not needed. 62

63 Acknowledgements Participating flour mill companies Grant Duke, Tannis Mayert, Noel White (Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada) Gordon Harrison (Canadian National Milling Association) Abell Pest Control, PCO Services, Maheu and Maheu, Steritech Group Inc. Armstrong International, Cytec Canada, Dow AgroSciences, Roo-Can International, Temp-Air James Campbell for some images 63

64 Links Insect Identification: Canadian Grain Commission KSU Heat Treatment Workshop KSU Stored Product Text Book International Working Conferences on Stored-Product Protection 64

65 Acknowledgements Participating flour mill and pasta companies Grant Duke, Tannis Mayert, Noel White (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) Abell Pest Control, PCO Services, Maheu and Maheu, Steritech Group Inc., Groupe Cameron Inc. Armstrong International, Cytec Canada, Dow AgroSciences, Roo Can International, Temp-Air Images: James Campbell 65

66 Copyright This powerpoint is covered by MIT Copyright Free to use any part of talk,combination and redistribution, as long as talk also covered by MIT Copyright. Can not use and charge for use. 66

67 MIT Copyrighted Copyright (C) 2014 Paul Fields Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this PowerPoint and associated documentation files (the "PowerPoint"), to deal in the PowerPoint without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the PowerPoint, and to permit persons to whom the PowerPoint is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the PowerPoint. THE PowerPoint IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE PowerPoint OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE PowerPoint. 67

68 Links to internet images Services_Ltd noprofil frsociete.html 68