Renewable Transportation

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Kelley Andrews
6 years ago
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1 Renewable Transportation Definitions and Metrics Mass versus Personal transportation Full Fuel Cycle Analysis Regulations that Control HEV Design

2 Sustainable Transportation Goals Sustainable transportation is defined as follows: In the natural environment: limit emissions and waste that pollute air, soil and water within the urban area s ability to absorb/recycle/cleanse; provide power to vehicles from renewable or inexhaustible energy sources such as solar power in the long run recycle natural resources used in vehicles and infrastructure In society: provide equity of access for people and their goods, in this generation and in all future generations; enhance human health; help support the highest quality of life compatible with available wealth; facilitate urban development at the human scale; limit noise intrusion below levels accepted by communities; and be safe for people and their property. In the economy: be financially affordable in each generation; be designed and operated to maximize economic efficiency and minimize economic costs; and help support a strong, vibrant and diverse economy. Transportation Association of Canada

3 Some Sustainability Metrics Societal Portion of transport costs subsidized by public Land area given over to transportation Personal transportation expenses Environmental Greenhouse gas emissions Per capita transportation energy use Criteria pollutants Noise levels Rate of Non-renewable energy consumption / rate of alternative consumption Cultural/Equity Related Proportion of population with public transit within 500m % of residential population exposed to road noise Jeon and Amekudzi, 2005.

4 Transportation Specific Problems Transportation is <1% renewable (Science 315, 796 (2007);

5 Transportation-Specific Problems Why is transportation so unsustainable? Technologies must deal with consumers Methanol poisoning, very safe EV chargers Personal Transportation has very high production scales Cost is very important, mass produceable Technology problems transmitting and storing renewable energy (electricity, H2) Renewable energy scales are different than auto scales (you cant put an anaerobic digester on a car) INFRASTRUCTURE Societal and Personal hierarchy of needs for nonrenewable energy Societal from most to least important (Defense, agriculture, mass transit, long-range travel, personal travel) Personal priorities could be largely reversed.

6 Energy Consumption of Mass Transit Heavy Commuter Rail = ACWh/person/mi Toyota RAV4 EV = ACWh/mi cruise = 70 miles/passenger/gallon kerosene Greyhound bus = 162 miles/passenger/gallon diesel LHV of Diesel is ~11kWh/L LHV of Gasoline is ~10kWh/L Calculate your car s fuel economy in Wh/mi We need a way to compare apples to apples Colorado Grid is 46% efficient, US is 45%, CA=61% Eta = fuel inputs/ac output, no transmission losses (EGRID 2002)

7 Full Fuel Cycle Analysis Seattle fuel cell bus example GREET full fuel cycle analysis from ANL Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation Who are the winners and losers of the full fuel cycle analysis? What are we trying to optimize for?

8 From ANL

9 Negative is bad = more fossil energy in than energy out

10 Other means of renewable transportation Compressed air taxis for Mexico City Flywheels Ultracapacitors Fuel cell vehicles Do these really help sustainability?

11 Other means of renewable transportation Electric Vehicles Plug in HEVs

12 Non-Redundant Each Technology Represents Improvement Towards ZEV Goals Full Fuel Cycle Analysis 2025 Vehicle Technologies CA Mix FCV H2, NG FCV MeOH, NG FCV CARFG Feedstock Fuel Vehicle Electric PHEV LS Diesel HEV LS Diesel PHEV CARFG HEV CARFG CV LS Diesel SIDI CARFG CV CARFG Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO 2 equivalent g/mile)

13 Which technologies can address which sustainability metrics? Societal Portion of transport costs subsidized by public Land area given over to transportation Personal transportation expenses Environmental Greenhouse gas emissions Per capita transportation energy use Criteria pollutants Noise levels Rate of Non-renewable energy consumption / rate of alternative consumption Cultural/Equity Related Proportion of population with public transit within 500m % of residential population exposed to road noise Jeon and Amekudzi, 2005.

14 HEV Regulations Corporate Average Fuel Economy (EPAct) Clean Air Act / California ZEV Mandate (CA Health and Safety Code) US EPA Emissions Requirements (The Tier 2 Vehicle and Gasoline Sulfur Program)

15 Passenger Car CAFE Million Barrels per Day Corporate Average Fuel Economy The Average fuel economy of the entire corporation s fleet Every MPG increase costs each automaker $1B To date automakers have met these requirements with Electrified accessories, cylinder deactivation, high efficiency tires, etc. EVs and HEVs will play a role in the future Model Year Projected Transportation Oil Use Transportation Oil Use Domestic Production Current Policy (R&D Only) Plus ANWR (Ref. EIA SR/O&G/ , and USGS Report 98-34)

16 California ZEV Program California is the only state which is allowed to set its own vehicle emissions standards Why? 80% of Californians live in unhealthy air (according to US EPA) Required 2% ZEV sales in California by 1998 (1990) Modified to require a good faith effort (1996) and high technology vehicles Modified to allow ZEV demonstrations and SULEV gasoline vehicles (2003)

17 US EPA Emissions Requirements Tier II Emissions Standards are in EPAct Emissions are measured over a test cycle, with units of g/mi

18 US Emissions Standards

19 Discussion Points Why would California and others be so insistent on Zero Emissions Vehicles? Are emissions and fuel economy concomitant or independent?

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT II

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT II Lambros Mitropoulos Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Hawaii, Manoa Sustainable Infrastructure (CEE 444) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) LCA Software Economic Input-