RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN STANDARDISATION & CERTIFICATION OF OXO-DEGRADABLE PLASTICS
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1 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN STANDARDISATION & CERTIFICATION OF OXO-DEGRADABLE PLASTICS Do they bring more clarity? Sam DECONINCK Bruno DE WILDE 8th European Bioplastics Conference, December 10th & 11th, Berlin, Germany
2 TOPICS OWS Terminology & more Standards on oxo-degradable plastics Data on (bio)degradation Available certification systems Discussion & conclusions Desk research study performed for 2
3 COMPANY PROFILE DRANCO technology UG, 1983 (pilot in 1984) Founded in 1988 Consolidated sales ( ): 19 million /yr Export: 90% 70 employees Head office: Gent, Belgium Affiliates: OWS Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA DRANCO N.V. BES GmbH, Germany Partner: DJK International, Tokyo, Japan 3
4 COMPANY STRUCTURE 4
5 CONTRACT RESEARCH LABORATORY One-stop laboratory for biodegradability & compostability testing Strictly independent Quality control: ISO Recognized by all certification bureaus worldwide Active in standardization: CEN/ASTM/ISO Member of several certification committees & industrial associations (EuBP, BBP, ) More than 20 years of experience samples tested for 750+ clients 5
6 REFERENCES 6
7 TOPICS OWS Terminology & more Standards on oxo-degradable plastics Data on (bio)degradation Available certification systems Discussion & conclusions Desk research study performed for 7
8 8
9 TERMINOLOGY CEN/TR 15351: defines processes, not materials Oxo-degradation : Degradation identified as resulting from oxidative cleavage of macromolecules Term oxo-(bio)degradable plastics introduced by the oxo-degradable plastics industry, not standardized. Biodegradable plastics = hydro-degradable plastics For the purpose of this study: oxo-degradable plastics and biodegradable plastics 9
10 DEFINITIONS Conventional polyolefins + inorganic additive Additive: transition metal salts based on Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ce Heavy metals: usually no issue Typical loading rate: 1% Claimed to be programmable (concentration, formulation) Degradation process: Abiotic degradation step: cleavage by oxygen, heat and/or UV light Biotic degradation step: formation of acids, alcohols, esters, 10
11 CLAIMS Role of additive claimed not to be initial cleavage of polymer chains, but acting as catalysator in formation of biodegradable intermediates UV light said to accelerate degradation, but once triggered, degradation is claimed to continue in absence of UV light Moisture inhibits/slows down the process (Day et al., 1997) 11
12 TOPICS OWS Terminology & more Standards on oxo-degradable plastics Data on (bio)degradation Available certification systems Discussion & conclusions 12
13 STANDARDS ON OXO-DEGRADATION First standards: ASTM D6954 (USA, 2004) XP T (France, 2007) Rapid growth since 2009: UAE.S 5009 (United Arab Emirates, 2009) SPCR 141 (Sweden, 2010) BS 8472 (UK, 2011) AC T (France, 2012) JS 2004 (Jordan, 2012) 11/2013: UK (BSI) proposal for EN standard not accepted 13
14 COMPONENTS OF OXO-DEGRADATION Majority based on 3 Tiers Degradation Environmental safety TIER 1: Abiotic degradation TIER 3: HM & Ecotoxicity TIER 2: Biotic degradation 14
15 STANDARDS ON OXO-DEGRADATION No consistency in tests Standard Abiotic degradation Biotic degradation HM & Ecotoxicity ASTM D6954 (USA) XP T (FR) UAE.S 5009 (UAE) BS 8472 (UK) SPCR 141 (SE) AC T (FR) : included : not included 15
16 STANDARDS ON OXO-DEGRADATION No consistency in criteria (pass level and/or time frame) Standard Abiotic degradation Biotic degradation HM & Ecotoxicity ASTM D6954 (USA) XP T (FR) UAE.S 5009 (UAE) BS 8472 (UK) SPCR 141 (SE) AC T (FR) : criteria included : no criteria included 16
17 STANDARDS ON OXO-DEGRADATION Only 2 standards, others are merely guidelines 1. UAE.S 5009 (United Arab Emirates, 2009) Mw 5,000 within 4 weeks 60% biodegradation in 6 months Requires testing to be performed in triplicate and at an accredited laboratory 2. SPCR 141 (Sweden, 2010) Mw 10,000 within 4 weeks (Tier 1 at 70 C) 60-90% biodegradation in 24 months 17
18 MORE LEGISLATION United Arab Emirates Since 2012: plastic carrier bags have to be oxo-degradable Since 2013: extended to all disposable plastic products Islamabad (Pakistan) Since 2013: all plastic products made from PE, PP or PS have to be oxo-degradable Vietnam To be published soon: applicable to carrier bags only Philippines Scheduled for 2014 Yemen, Morocco, DR Congo, Countries with visual pollution 18
19 TOPICS OWS Terminology & more Standards on oxo-degradable plastics Data on (bio)degradation Available certification systems Discussion & conclusions 19
20 DATA ON OXO-DEGRADABLE PLASTICS One source: publically available literature TIER 1 (abiotic degradation) Majority reaches Mw 10,000, only few 5,000 Often at elevated T (40-75 C) & for longer periods (up to 8 weeks) Extrapolation following Arrhenius equation: NO proof over large T range Source: Jackubowicz,
21 DATA ON OXO-DEGRADABLE PLASTICS TIER 2 (biotic degradation) Reliability/value of test results Testing facility Peer reviewed Test method used (CO 2, Mw, mass loss, microbial growth, ADP/ATP) Quality control (reference material) Number of replicates used Level of abiotic degradation Value: High score: 91% after 733d in soil - 10d at 65 C Source: Jackubowicz et al., 2011 Medium score: 49-63% after 600d in soil - 44d at 55 C Source: Chiellini et al., 2003 Positive results so far not (yet) reproduced 21
22 TOPICS OWS Terminology & more Standards on oxo-degradable plastics Data on (bio)degradation Available certification systems Discussion & conclusions 22
23 CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS EMAS (UAE) Based on UAE.S 5009 standard 5 certified additive producers Several certified finished products Only data on Tier 1 on website Testing done by additive producer/affiliate 60% biodegradation within 6 months? Oxo-biodegradable Plastics Association (US) Industrial association No reference to guidelines/standards No certification scheme, specifications or rules Certification if product complies with definition of CEN Self certification(?) 23
24 CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS SP Technical Research Institute (SE) Based on SPCR 141 standard 1 additive certified: SMC 2522 (P-Life, Japan) 60% biodegradation within 24 months Biosystems America (US) Independent testing facility Compliance with ASTM D6954 (only guideline) 4 certified products Singapore Green Labeling Scheme (SG) Administered by Singapore Environment Council Certification for wide variety of applications New category for oxo-degradable plastics under development Own certification scheme: biodegradation not needed 24
25 TOPICS OWS Terminology & more Standards on oxo-degradable plastics Data on (bio)degradation Available certification systems Discussion & conclusions 25
26 DISCUSSION TIER 1 (abiotic degradation) Unrealistic conditions (Very) high temperatures: C Long(er) periods: days No guarantee of Arrhenius principle over wide range of T (evidence of Mw decrease at ambient T not available) Extrapolation to real-life conditions not possible 26
27 DISCUSSION CO 2 production is not the correct parameter Material Wood fibers Flax fibers Oak leaves Birch leaves Pine needles Biodegradation in compost 71% (728d) 64-91% (60-225d) 65-76% ( d) 76% (365d) 52% (365d) Biodegradation in soil 50-70% ( d) 95% (365d) 50-91% ( d) 56% (365d) 62% (365d) Microbial growth, ADP/ATP, also proof of biodegradation No, only proof of biological activity (95% PE/5% starch) 27 Source: European projects AIR, FAIR, BIOPAL & BIOPACK
28 DISCUSSION Molecular weight decrease is proof of (bio)degradation Two main questions remain: Pass level of 5,000 or 10,000 Dalton low enough? Does the Mw decrease continues over time? MULTI-CLIENT PROJECT 28
29 CONCLUSIONS 1.Very few positive biodegradation results, achieved after unrealistic pretreatmet and so far not repeated 2. Oxo-degradable plastics do not meet the requirements of industrial and/or home compostability 3.Better term: thermo- or photo-fragmentable plastics 29
30 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Summary & report available for download: 30
31 CONTACT DETAILS OWS N.V. Dok Noord 5 B-9000 Gent Belgium sam.deconinck@ows.be bruno.dewilde@ows.be Website: 31
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